惠民凹陷沙三段岩性油藏勘探中地震技术的应用

针对惠民凹陷岩性油藏勘探存在的难题,开展了岩性油藏勘探技术研究。以地震、地质资料为基础,采用井震联合及小波变换技术,完善了层序地层等时格架建立方法,确定了各三角洲的时空展布规律。应用多元综合标定、地震相划分、正演模拟和测井约束反演一系列技术,实现了不同沉积类型有利砂体的描述。形成了适合惠民凹陷沙三段岩性油藏勘探的技术系列,可以指导惠民凹陷沙三段岩性油藏的勘探。     

塔河油田卡4段地层相控储层预测

塔河油田石炭系卡4段储层灰岩含量较高,造成地震预测多解性严重,文章提出相控储层预测的思路和研究方法：提出以区域等时地层格架为约束的局部区域和同一沉积体系的准层序级别的砂体等时对比新思路,以Wheeler域年代地层切片技术为手段建立精细等时层序地层格架,进而开展准层序级别的变时窗属性提取分析,采用振幅和伪熵属性表征卡4段沉积微相展布,以Wheeler反变换技术实现了实践意义上的相控储层预测理念,雕刻了有利储层空间形态,为该区岩性圈闭的发现提供了参考.     

岩性油气藏关键技术攻关与应用研究——以准噶尔盆地准东阜11井区为例

随着准噶尔盆地腹部及准东地区勘探程度不断提高,勘探对象也变得复杂,已往古凸起上的断块和低幅度背斜为主的勘探目标变得越来越少,勘探目标转向斜坡区和深凹陷的岩性油气藏成为必然趋势,此类油气藏的主要特点是:圈闭幅度较低,砂层厚度较小,横向变化快,地震识别、落实评价困难.本文针对地质难点,以准噶尔盆地准东阜11井区岩性油气藏为研究对象,逐步形成准噶尔盆地岩性油气藏勘探方法、应用效果体系;在具体工作中利用地质、地震、测井相结合的综合研究方法,分析了准东阜11井区岩性油气藏特征,建立了岩性油气藏勘探理论和方法,开发和自研出了一套适合准噶尔盆地碎屑岩岩性圈闭识别与评价的技术系列,主要包括精细的井震标定技术、精细的全三维自动追踪技术、断裂识别技术、动态构造演化分析技术、沉积微相分析技术、储层预测技术、流体预测技术及有利目标区块选择评价技术;利用此技术系列对准东地区阜11井区侏罗系三工河组(J1s)发育的岩性圈闭进行了综合预测,识别了三个可供钻探的断层-岩性圈闭,其沉积微相为扇三角洲前缘的席状砂,圈闭面积在1.75 km2～6.1 km2之间,砂岩厚度在10 m～25 m之间,油气检测处于有利位置,累计圈闭面积达12.39km2,从而扩大了该区岩性圈闭识别的数量和精度,为岩性油气藏的勘探、开发提供了有力的技术支撑.     

基于层序地层学的地质统计学反演

地质统计学反演具有较高的空间分辨率,在薄储层预测中应用广泛,其反演精度受地质框架模型、纵/横向变程和岩性空间展布趋势的影响较大.传统地质框架模型、变程及岩性空间展布趋势的选取主要通过参数测试来实现,效率低,反演精度不高,并不能完全反应储层空间变化特征,尤其是对于储层横向变化较快的曲流河沉积,其储层叠置特征和空间展布特征刻画难度更大.为此,本文以渤海W油田为例,将层序地层学理论引入地质统计学反演中,以层序地层学理论为指导,建立精细的层序地层格架,并构建相应的地质框架模型,借助储层沉积学分析,进而开展层序地层格架约束下变程及地质框架模型约束下岩性空间展布趋势选取方式及其对反演精度影响的研究.研究认为,基于层序地层学选取反演参数效率高、精度高,所选参数地质含义明确;反演结果空间分辨率高,与井上信息吻合度更高,储层内部砂体的叠置特征及空间展布特征更加清晰,从而为油田开发提供了高品质数据支撑.     

OpendTect系统在层序地层研究中的应用

在等时层序格架建立的基础上,利用地震资料研究各体系域内部沉积体的空间展布、叠置样式和沉积演化过程,进而预测各体系域中砂体的分布,是层序地层学应用于勘探实践的重要内容.OpendTect系统在三维地震倾角扫描的基础上,①以地震采样点空间信息为导向,实现了层序界面控制下的地震小层自动追踪,可以精细刻画出体系域内部沉积体地震反射结构和空间展布;②通过对各层序单元内部地震小层追踪结果进行层拉平,实现了时间域到Wheeler域的自动变换,可以更加直观地分析地层沉积演化历史;③通过沿沉积体内部小层面提取地震属性,实现了等时地层切片的提取,减少了地震属性多解性,提高了预测精度.OpendTect系统提供了一种新的基于层序地层的地震综合解释技术和思路.     

低勘探程度地区地层速度提取方法与应用——以琼东南盆地深水区为例

如何在低勘探程度地区提取地层速度一直是地球物理勘探面临的难题,由于低勘探程度地区钻井资料十分稀少,需要借助地震资料才能够实现全区地层速度提取,而地震资料具有一定的频带,直接通过地震资料反演获取的地层速度缺失低频分量,必须进行低频速度补偿.本文提出一种以地震资料为主、测井资料为辅的地层速度提取方法.首先,通过有色反演方法提取地震资料的相对速度分量;然后,利用地震速度谱资料构建低频速度模型,低频速度模型构建受层序地层格架约束;最后,将低频和相对速度分量合成为宽频带的地层速度.应用该方法提取琼东南盆地深水区地层速度,结果表明提取的地震绝对速度精度较高,可作为该地区地层速度提取的一种行之有效的方法.利用该方法获得的高精度地层速度剖面在中央峡谷水道砂体的速度-岩性识别和地层压力预测方面获得良好的应用效果.     

柴达木盆地三湖地区北斜坡岩性地层气藏形成的地质条件与预测技术研究

三湖地区北斜坡褶皱发育,相变快,生储盖组合优越,具备形成岩性地层气藏的构造背景和地质务件.由于本区储层厚度薄(1～3m),缺乏三维地震资料,砂体分布难以准确追踪,导致岩性地层气藏勘探难以取得突破.已知气藏解剖和理论研究表明地层含气后会产生特殊的地震响应,通过地震异常信息研究,结合构造、沉积和成藏条件分析,发现驼西地区是岩性圈闭发育带,Tzh2井获得工业气流证明该区带具备形成岩性气区的潜力.     

层序地层学在乌尔逊凹陷北部大磨拐河组隐蔽油气藏勘探中的应用

隐蔽油气藏勘探要以高分辨率地震资料为基础,以层序地层学理论为指导,结合测井和沉积学综合研究.本文讨论了层序地层学在陆相湖盆隐蔽油气藏勘探中的的理论基础和工作方法,并将其应用于海拉尔盆地乌尔逊凹陷北部大磨拐河组隐蔽油气藏识别中,指出大磨拐河组为一套完整的二级层序,由低水位体系域、水进体系域和高水位体系域组成,其中低水位体系域发育的湖底扇和斜坡带发育的岩性上倾尖灭砂体为研究区主要的隐蔽油气藏类型.     

博兴洼陷西部沙三段有利储集砂体分布探讨

博兴洼陷油气勘探已进入隐蔽油气藏为主的勘探阶段,储集砂体的分布,尤其是能够形成地层岩性油藏的有利储集砂体的分布,是油气勘探的关键.研究区主要发育有浊积扇、辫状三角洲前缘和近岸水下扇三种类型的储集砂体,其中浊积扇扇体是岩性圈闭勘探的最有利砂体.通过已发现油气藏的地层位置分析,发现MSC8、MSC7、MSC6、MSC5、MSC2旋回的上升半旋回是有利储集砂体发育的主要层段,浊积扇砂体发育,且具有有利的油气成藏条件.平面上,MSC8旋回的有利储集砂体主要发育在高青断层东南侧的狭长区域内,MSC5、MSC6、MSC7旋回的有利储集砂体发育在坡折带之下的洼陷区.综合上述分析,预测了坡折带下部洼陷区、高青断裂下降盘和高24-高27井间区域3个岩性和构造-岩性圈闭勘探有利区.     

叠后地震数据的谱反演处理技术及其应用浅析

受限于现有三维地震资料的分辨能力,薄储层、小断裂等小尺度地质目标识别难题始终影响着岩性油气藏勘探开发的精度.基于高分辨地震分频技术的谱反演处理技术为提高薄层识别与预测精度提供了一条新的思路和方法.在原始叠后地震数据基础上开展谱反演处理,可获得全频带地震反射系数序列数据.该数据具有很高的分辨率,完全可以用于微小级别地质体及地质体内部细节的描述与形态刻画.本文对谱反演处理技术的基本原理和实现方法进行了简要阐述,并将其应用到实际生产资料中.实例应用表明,谱反演处理获得的反射系数数据成果分辨率非常高,可清晰识别目标薄储层反射特征及各类层序变化边界,有较强的实用和应用价值.     

Changes in sediment transport in the Kuye River in the Loess Plateau in China

In this paper, the changes in sediment transport over 51 years from 1955 to 2006 in the Kuye River in the Loess Plateau in China are assessed. Key factors affecting sediment yield and sediment transport, such as precipitation depth, discharge, and human activities are studied. To investigate the changes in sediment yield in this watershed, a trend analysis on sediment concentration, precipitation depth, and discharge is conducted. Precipitation depths at 2 Climate Stations （CSs）, as well as discharge and sediment transport at 3 Gauging Stations （GSs） are used to assess the features of sediment transport in the Kuye River. The rtmoff modulus （defined as the annual average discharge per unit area, L/（s·km^2）） and the sediment transport modulus （defined as the annual suspended sediment transport per unit area, t/（yr km^2）） are introduced in this study to assess the changes in runoff and sediment yield for this watershed. The results show that the highest average monthly discharge during the study period in the Kuye River is 66.23 m^3/s in August with an average monthly sediment concentration of 88.9 kg/m^3. However, the highest average monthly sediment concentration during the study period in the Kuye River is 125.34 kg/m^3 and occurs in July, which has an average discharge of 42.6 m^3/s that is much less than the average monthly discharge in August. It is found that both the runoff modulus and sediment transport modulus at Wenjiachuan GS on the Kuye River has a clear downward trend. During the summer season from July to August, the sediment transport modulus at Wenjiachuan GS is much higher than those at Toudaoguai and Longmen GSs on the Yellow River. The easily erodible loess in the Kuye River watershed and the sparse vegetation are responsible for the extremely high sediment yield from the Kuye River watershed. The analyses of the grain size distribution of suspended load in the Kuye River are presented. The average monthly median grain size of suspended load in the Kuye River is largest in February and then decreases until June. In July, the average monthly median grain size of suspended load approaches another peak and decreases until September. Then, the median grain size of suspended load starts to increase until February of the following year. However, the average monthly median grain size of suspended load in the Yellow River at Toudaoguai and Longmen GSs is the smallest between early summer and late fall The median grain size in the Yellow River starts to increase in November and approaches the largest size in January.     

TritiogenicHe in groundwater in Takaoka

³He/⁴He ratios up to 3.5 times the ratio of atmospheric He were found in groundwater samples. The³He enrichment can be attributed to radiogenic³He produced by in-situ beta-decay of³H. This shows that tritiogenic³He is accumulating in confined waters. From tritiogenic³He and³H concentrations, ages of groundwaters can be calculated. Detection of tritiogenic³He gives a tool to trace a tritium contamination which occurred in the past and cannot be assessed only by the³H counting method.     

Projected changes in flood indices in selected catchments in Poland in the 21st century

The aim of this study is to estimate likely changes in flood indices under a future climate and to assess the uncertainty in these estimates for selected catchments in Poland. Precipitation and temperature time series from climate simulations from the EURO-CORDEX initiative for the periods 1971–2000, 2021–2050 and 2071–2100 following the RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 emission scenarios have been used to produce hydrological simulations based on the HBV hydrological model. As the climate model outputs for Poland are highly biased, post processing in the form of bias correction was first performed so that the climate time series could be applied in hydrological simulations at a catchment-scale. The results indicate that bias correction significantly improves flow simulations and estimated flood indices based on comparisons with simulations from observed climate data for the control period. The estimated changes in the mean annual flood and in flood quantiles under a future climate indicate a large spread in the estimates both within and between the catchments. An ANOVA analysis was used to assess the relative contributions of the 2 emission scenarios, the 7 climate models and the 4 bias correction methods to the total spread in the projected changes in extreme river flow indices for each catchment. The analysis indicates that the differences between climate models generally make the largest contribution to the spread in the ensemble of the three factors considered. The results for bias corrected data show small differences between the four bias correction methods considered, and, in contrast with the results for uncorrected simulations, project increases in flood indices for most catchments under a future climate.     

Variations in trace gas concentrations in different environments in India

Observations of trace gases (SO₂, NH₃, NO₂ and O₃) were made during the period 1981 to 1984 at 6 different locations representative of urban industrial, urban, nonurban, thermal power plant and marine environment. Diurnal variations of the trace gases were studied in an urban environment. Except in the urban industrial environment, the concentration of NH₃ was found in the range of background values. Also, the average concentrations of NO₂ and O₃ at the different environments were in the order of background values. However, the concentrations of SO₂ were substantially higher by about 7 times, in urban industrial and thermal power plant environments. The diurnal variations of SO₂, NH₃ and NO₂ showed anitphase relationship with surface temperature at the urban environment station which is relatively free of industrial pollution. Discussion is centred on trace gas variations in different environments in India together with the values reported for various countries in the world.     

Changes in thermal extremes in Poland

Changes in thermal extremes of the climate of Poland in 1951–2010 are examined. Warm extremes have become more frequent, while cold extremes have become less frequent. In the warming climate of Poland, the increase in the number of extremely warm days in a year and the decrease in the number of extremely cold days in a year have been observed. Also the increase of the maximum number of consecutive hot days in a year and the decrease of the maximum number of consecutive very cold and extremely cold days in a year have been observed. However, the trends are not of ubiquitous statistic significance, as the natural variability is strong.     

Copper in natural waters in Transbaikalia

Cu concentrations in surface (river and lake) and subsurface waters are determined. The geographic pattern of Cu distribution in natural water is identified. This pattern is controlled by the difference between its concentrations in drained rocks and soils and the geochemical redox conditions of its migration. Territories with low, medium, and elevated Cu concentrations in natural waters are identified. The concentrations of Cu in natural waters of the region are found to be generally lower than the Clarke values.     

Hydrological changes in the Ganges system in Bangladesh in the post-Farakka period

Abstract

The basin area of the Ganges River in Bangladesh is extremely dependent on a regular water supply from upstream to meet requirements for agriculture, fisheries, navigation, salinity control, and domestic and industrial sectors. In 1975, India commissioned a barrage on the Ganges River at Farakka to divert a significant portion of the dry season flow in order to make the Calcutta Port navigable. Statistical analyses of discharge and water level data have been carried out to determine if significant changes have occurred in the hydrology of the Ganges system in Bangladesh in the post-Farakka period. Siltation of the Gorai River (an offtake of the Ganges River) has also been examined using the stage-discharge relationship and regression analysis. The analyses show that the diversion has caused considerable hydrological changes in the Ganges system in Bangladesh. The water supply in the dry season has been reduced substantially, while siltation of the Gorai River has increased significantly.     

Resistivity methods in geothermal prospecting in Iceland

Resistivity techniques have been used successfully to identify and delineate geothermal resources in Iceland. The most frequently used techniques include Schlumberger, central loop TEM and head-on profiling. Geothermal systems in Iceland are located both within and outsite the active volcanic regions. Outsite the active volcanic regions the temperature in the upper most kilometer of the geothermal systems is below 150° C whereas the temperature in the geothermal fields within the active volcanic regions exceeds 200° C. The resistivity of the rock in geothermal fields located outside the active volcanic regions ranges from about 10 m to some hundreds of m, and are characterized by considerably lower resistivity than of the surrounding rocks. Most of the geothermal systems within the active volcanic regions, show common resistivity structure with low resistivity of 1–5 m surrounding an inner core of higher resistivity. This increasing resistivity with depth is associated with a change in the conduction mechanism, from interface conduction to electrolyte conduction due to a change in alteration minerals at about 240° C. Examples of resistivity surveys of geothermal fields from both outsite and within the active volcanic regions are discussed.