栟茶河断裂第四纪活动性最新研究

栟茶河断裂是20世纪50年代石油部门在开展石油勘探时发现的。由于该断裂的隐伏性,很多地学家对该断裂的活动性提出了质疑。本着求实的科学精神,我们通过多层次、多波浅层地震勘探、钻孔联合剖面探测以及新地质年代测定等技术方法,对栟茶河断裂的活动性展开调查。关于栟茶河断裂得出以下结论:(1)在浅地震有效探测深度范围内,栟茶河断裂并非单一的一条断层,而是由2条N倾断层组成的断阶带,且断裂带宽度自SE往NW具收敛趋势;(2)证实了栟茶河断裂是走向NWW、视倾角约为60°~75°、上陡下缓的铲形正断层;(3)南支(F_(1-1))是主要、新活动明显的断面;(4)由南支(F_(1-1))断错中更新统顶部的黏土层,推测其最新活动时代为中更新世晚期至晚更新世早期。     

利用浅层地震反射法探测夏垫断裂浅部特征及空间展布

为进一步深入研究夏垫断裂的发震构造及活动性,在夏垫断裂震中区开展浅层地震勘探,布设小道距、高密度地震勘探测线,对地震反射剖面进行综合解释。以潘各庄段为中心,向两侧展开布设,共布设浅层地震勘探测线12条,测线总长约18 km。野外数据采集采用中间激发、双边不对称接收、满覆盖次数不少于12次的观测系统。原始资料经过常规处理和精细处理,获得了高质量的反射波叠加时间剖面。地震反射时间剖面揭示的波组变化特征明显,断裂特征清晰,解释夏垫断裂为倾向SE、视倾角约为72°的正断层;同时展现了自小石各庄至南张岱延伸约20 km范围内夏垫断裂的空间展布及浅部构造特征,解释测线范围内夏垫断裂走向约为N40°E。在此基础上,结合微地貌测量和以往研究成果,推测夏垫断裂为全新世活动断裂,其中夏垫断裂中心段伴随次断裂发育和断层绕射波,该特征向两侧减弱,与断裂陡坎的分布和连续的高差变化相对应,同时验证了夏垫镇潘各庄附近为震中的结果。探测结果所揭示的夏垫断裂的空间展布及地层结构特征与地质资料吻合。      

昌平-丰南断裂构造浅层地震勘探新证据

昌平-丰南断裂是根据卫星遥感图像解译发现的一条隐伏活动断层,是NWW向张家口-蓬莱断裂带中规模最大的断裂,为进一步调查确认断裂的存在、空间位置、性质和断裂构造特征,并重新厘定其活动性,在卫星遥感影像解译断裂大体空间位置的基础上,布设了2条浅层地震勘探测线,对昌平-丰南断裂进行了高分辨率地震勘探,获得了测线控制范围内地下结构和断裂构造的清晰成像。结果表明,昌平-丰南断是一条倾向S、走向NWW的走滑正断层,浅层地震剖面揭示断层上断点埋深80~100 m,断错了上更新统底界,结合测线附近钻孔资料推测其最新活动时代为晚更新世。     

西秦岭北缘断裂漳县盆地段浅层人工地震及钻孔联合探测

在地质调查与盆地区浅层人工地震初步勘探基础上,在西秦岭北缘断裂带漳县盆地隐伏段的盆地内布设了3条浅层人工地震详勘测线,用于精确定位该断层的空间展布,判定其浅地表活动特征。在此基础上,用钻孔联合剖面方法对人工地震探测结果进行验证,同时确定了各地震测线处断层上断点的位置和埋深,通过钻孔揭露断层错断地层的特点,认为西秦岭北缘断裂漳县盆地隐伏段错断全新统,指示该断层全新世以来活动性较强。     

金坛-如皋断裂北东段浅层地震勘探新证据

NE向的区域性深大断裂——金坛-如皋断裂为苏北坳陷区和南通隆起区的分界断裂。为了调查金坛-如皋断裂北东段的空间位置、性质和断裂构造特征并重新厘定其活动性,文中在石油地震勘探剖面提供的金坛-如皋断裂北东段大体空间位置及反射标志层的基础上,布设了4条浅层人工地震勘探剖面,对金坛-如皋断裂北东段进行了高分辨率地震反射成像,获得了测线控制范围内清晰的地下结构和断裂构造成像结果。结果表明,金坛-如皋断裂北东段并非单一的一条断层,而是由2条N倾、NEE走向的正断层组成的断裂带。浅层地震叠加剖面揭示活动性更强的南支上断点埋深235～243m,断错了下更新统底界,结合测线周边的钻孔资料推测其最新活动时代为第四纪早更新世(Q1P)。文中的研究结果为确定金坛-如皋断裂北东段的位置及其活动性评价提供了可靠的地震学资料。     

华北平原沧县隆起边界断裂的第四纪活动性及深部构造特征

沧东断裂是渤海湾裂谷盆地西侧规模最大的正断层,也是沧县隆起与黄骅坳陷的分界断裂,其活动和发展直接控制了沧县隆起和黄骅坳陷的发育与演化。采用近三十年来横跨沧东断裂不同段落获取的5条浅层地震勘探成果资料,并结合测线附近的钻孔资料,深入研究沧东断裂的第四纪活动性及深部构造特征。浅层地震勘探结果发现,沧东断裂上断点埋深从南至北由深变浅,但集中在埋深118～300 m范围,错断的最新地层为中更新统,推断其最新活动时代为中更新世,而且断裂的活动时代未发现具有分段性特征。进一步综合深地震反射、大地电磁测深、沧州地区小地震分布与中强地震震源机制等资料,对沧东断裂的深部构造特征分析后发现,沧东断裂具有典型的铲状正断层特点,在深度10 km左右转为了近水平延伸,沧东断裂并非区域上主要控震断裂,或者只是低风险活动断裂,未来发生中强地震的风险可能相对较低。     

宁河-昌黎断裂基于浅层地震勘探资料研究

宁河—昌黎断裂长约170 km,为燕山隆起、山海关隆起与黄骅拗陷的分界断裂,断裂西南起自宁河,向东北经南套南、大夫庄南、杨家坨,过昌黎转向东入海,断裂走向NE50°~70°,倾向SE,为上陡下缓的铲形正断层,该断裂为一条地壳基底深断裂,控制了南侧黄骅坳陷北段中、新生代沉积。河北省工程地震勘察研究院于2007年、2014年先后在昌黎、滦南、唐海、丰南布设了4条浅层地震勘探测线对宁河—昌黎断裂进行了探测,浅层地震勘探应用美国GEOMETRICS公司STRATAVISOR NX96高分辨数字地震勘探系统,采用70 kg冲击震源,单边激发多次覆盖观测系统,覆盖次数12次。应用Vista地震处理软件系统,通过对数据进行真振幅恢复、地表一致性振幅补偿等处理方法,获得高质量的地震勘探时间剖面。为获得断裂活动时代的重要信息,通过浅层地震勘探处理过程中的中间数据获得地震剖面时—深转换速度参数,从而获得地震勘探深度剖面,结合测线附近地层层序资料,与地震勘探深度剖面进行对比分析,从而获得断裂的上断点埋深和最新活动时代认识。浅层地震勘探剖面揭示,宁河—昌黎断裂浅部由一条主断层和一条次级断层组成;断层上断点埋深40~110 m,断裂活动时代具有分段活动特征,断裂北段活动时代为晚更新世早期,南段为晚更新世中期;断裂走向为北东的段落,为正断层,走向为北西的段落,以走滑运动为主。     

2003年甘肃民乐——山丹地震隐伏发震构造的浅层地震勘探研究

采用浅层高分辨率多次覆盖共中心点地震反射技术,对2003年10月25日民乐—山丹地震隐伏发震构造:民乐—永昌断裂和童子坝河断裂,进行了地球物理勘探研究.地震勘探剖面揭示,民乐—永昌隐伏断裂与先前推测的断裂性质基本一致,为逆冲断层,倾向北东,倾角越往深部越缓,约在30°—45°之间,测线处上断点深度小于15m;童子坝河隐伏断裂根据地震剖面结合地貌特征及区域应力分析,可判定具正断层特性,倾向南西,倾角约77°,并非以前所认为的逆冲断层.上述两条断裂于晚第四纪表现出了一定的新活动性,其共同作用导致了2003年10月25日民乐—山丹MS6.1和MS5.8地震的发生.     

镇江地区主要NW向断裂的第四纪活动性

五峰山-西来桥断裂和丹徒-建山断裂是镇江地区2条主要的NW向断裂,可能与镇江多次破坏性地震相关。文中通过浅层地震勘探和钻孔联合剖面探测方法,对五峰山-西来桥断裂和丹徒-建山断裂的展布特征及第四纪活动性进行了系统研究。五峰山-西来桥断裂在浅层地震剖面上倾向NE,倾角约为60°,断距约为5~9m,以正断活动为主;大路镇场地上,该断裂断错的最新地层为中更新统底部,位错量为2m,判断五峰山-西来桥断裂的最新活动时代为中更新世早期。丹徒-建山断裂在浅层地震剖面上倾向SW,倾角约为50°~55°,断距约为2~7m,以正断活动为主;访仙镇场地上,中更新统之上的地层没有被断错的迹象,中更新统底部可能被断层影响,判断丹徒-建山断裂的最新活动时代为早更新世—中更新世早期。     

太原盆地田庄断裂东段探测和活动性初步研究

田庄断裂为太原盆地内一条较大的隐伏断裂,采用地质调查、浅层地震勘探等方法对该断裂东段(西温庄—滨河东路)开展研究。地质调查结果显示:田庄断裂对太原断陷盆地的地貌形态有明显的控制作用,并且控制着太原盆地的沉降;浅层地震勘探结果揭示:该断裂空间位置比原来认定的位置向北偏移了约250~600 m,并且在其上盘发育有与主断裂倾向相反的次级断裂。结合TZ2测线北侧附近"太原市活断层探测与地震危险性分析"项目中小店区钻孔联合剖面地层测年资料,认为该断裂错断了上更新统下部地层,并且上断点埋深有向浅部延展的趋势,初步认为田庄断裂的最新活动时代为晚更新世。     

RESEARCH ON THE CHARACTERISTICS OF QUATERNARY ACTIVITIES OF SU-XI-CHANG FAULT

Running across the urban areas of Changzhou, Wuxi and Suzhou, the NW-trending Su-Xi-Chang Fault is an important buried fault in Yangtze River Delta. In the respect of structural geomorphology, hilly landform is developed along the southwest side of the Su-Xi-Chang Fault, and a series of lakes and relatively low-lying depressions are developed on its northeast side, which is an important landform and neotectonic boundary line. The fault controlled the Jurassic and Cretaceous stratigraphic sedimentary and Cenozoic volcanic activities, and also has obvious control effects on the modern geomorphology and Quaternary stratigraphic distribution. Su-Xi-Chang Fault is one of the target faults of the project "Urban active fault exploration and seismic risk assessment in Changzhou City" and "Urban active fault exploration and seismic risk assessment in Suzhou City". Hidden in the ground with thick cover layer, few researches have been done on this fault in the past. The study on the activity characteristics and the latest activity era of the Su-Xi-Chang Fault is of great significance for the prevention and reduction of earthquake disaster losses caused by the destructive earthquakes to the cities of Changzhou, Wuxi and Suzhou. Based on shallow seismic exploration and drilling joint profiling method, Quaternary activities and distribution characteristics of the Su-Xi-Chang Fault are analyzed systematically. Shallow seismic exploration results show that the south branch of the Su-Xi-Chang Fault in Suzhou area is dominated by normal faulting, dipping to the north-east, with a dip angle of about 60° and a displacement of 3~5m on the bedrock surface. The north branch of the Su-Xi-Chang Fault in Changzhou area is dominated by normal faulting, dipping to the south, with a dip angle of about 55°~70° and a displacement of 4~12m on the bedrock surface. All breakpoints of Su-Xi-Chang Fault on the seismic exploration profiles show that only the bedrock surface was dislocated, not the interior strata of the Quaternary. On the drilling joint profile in the Dongqiao site of Suzhou, the latest activity of the south branch of Su-Xi-Chang Fault is manifested as reverse faulting, with maximum displacement of 2.9m in the upper part of Lower Pleistocene, and the Middle Pleistocene has not been dislocated by the fault. The fault acts as normal fault in the Pre-Quaternary strata, with a displacement of 3.7m in the Neogene stratum. On the drilling joint profile in the Chaoyang Road site of Changzhou, the latest activity of the north branch of Su-Xi-Chang Fault is manifested as reverse faulting too, with maximum displacement of 2.8m in the bottom layer of the Middle Pleistocene. The fault acts as normal fault in the Pre-Quaternary strata, with a displacement of 10.2m in the bedrock surface. Combining the above results, we conclude that the latest activity era of Su-Xi-Chang Fault is early Middle Pleistocene. The Su-Xi-Chang Fault was dominated by the sinistral normal faulting in the pre-Quaternary period, and turned into sinistral reverse faulting after the early Pleistocene, with displacement of about 3m in the Quaternary strata. The maximum magnitude of potential earthquake on the Su-Xi-Chang Fault is estimated to be 6.0.     

商丹断裂南阳盆地第四纪活动研究

为了研究商丹断裂的空间展布及断裂活动性特征,跨断裂布设了4条浅层地震勘探测线和1条钻孔联合地质剖面.综合分析表明,商丹断裂为一条走向NWW的正断层,钻孔联合地质剖面揭示断裂上断点埋深为13—19 m,最新活动时代为中更新世晚期.     

NEW EVIDENCES FOR LATE QUATERNARY ACTIVITY IN THE SOUTHERN SEGMENT OF THE YISHU-TANGTOU FAULT,THE TAN-LU FAULT ZONE,AND ITS TECTONIC IMPLICATION

The Tan-Lu Fault Zone(TLFZ), a well-known lithosphere fault zone in eastern China, is a boundary tectonic belt of the secondary block within the North China plate, and its seismic risk has always been a focus problem. Previous studies were primarily conducted on the eastern graben faults of the Yishu segment where there are historical earthquake records, but the faults in western graben have seldom been involved. So, there has been no agreement about the activity of the western graben fault from the previous studies. This paper focuses on the activity of the two buried faults in the western graben along the southern segment of Yishu through combination of shallow seismic reflection profile and composite drilling section exploration. Shallow seismic reflection profile reveals that the Tangwu-Gegou Fault(F₄)only affects the top surface of Suqian Formation, therefore, the fault may be an early Quaternary fault. The Yishui-Tangtou Fault(F₃)has displaced the upper Pleistocene series in the shallow seismic reflection profile, suggesting that the fault may be a late Pleistocene active fault. Drilling was implemented in Caiji Town and Lingcheng Town along the Yishui-Tangtou Fault(F₃)respectively, and the result shows that the latest activity time of Yishui-Tangtou Fault(F₃)is between(91.2±4.4)ka and(97.0±4.8)ka, therefore, the fault belongs to late Pleistocene active fault. Combined with the latest research on the activity of other faults along TLFZ, both faults in eastern and western graben were active during the late Pleistocene in the southern segment of the Yishu fault zone, however, only the fault in eastern graben was active in the Holocene. This phenomenon is the tectonic response to the subduction of the Pacific and Philippine Sea Plate and collision between India and Asian Plate. The two late Quaternary active faults in the Yishu segment of TLFZ are deep faults and present different forms on the surface and in near surface according to studies of deep seismic reflection profile, seismic wave function and seismic relocation. Considering the tectonic structure of the southern segment of Yishu fault zone, the relationship between deep and shallow structures, and the impact of 1668 Tancheng earthquake(M=8(1/2)), the seismogenic ability of moderate-strong earthquake along the Yishui-Tangtou Fault(F₃)can't be ignored.     

商丹断裂南阳盆地第四纪活动研究

为了研究商丹断裂的空间展布及断裂活动性特征,跨断裂布设了4条浅层地震勘探测线和1条钻孔联合地质剖面。综合分析表明,商丹断裂为一条走向NWW的正断层,钻孔联合地质剖面揭示断裂上断点埋深为13—19 m,最新活动时代为中更新世晚期。     

THE STUDY OF QUATERNARY ACTIVITY OF BAOTOU FAULT IN HETAO ACITVE FAULT SUBSIDENCE ZONE

Existing achievements about Baotou Fault demonstrate it as a buried eastern boundary of the Baiyanhua Basin in Hetao active fault subsidence zone,striking NE.More data is needed to assess its activity.Located in the relay ramp between Wulashan Fault and Daqingshan Fault,Baotou Fault's activity is of great importance to discuss the linkage mode and the response to the earthquake of the adjacent fault.Also it is necessary to the knowledge of the characteristic of the seismic tectonic in local area.Recently it is prevalent to combine shallow seismic profile and composite drilling section to study the activity of the buried fault.Shallow seismic profile indicates that Baotou Fault is a normal fault,inclining to NW.The displacement of the Tg at 75m underground is 25m.Composite drilling section indicates that it is a growth fault,the up-break point of which is 45.6m underground and ends in brownish red clay strata of early Pleistocene.In comparison,the upper Late Pleistocene strata are out of the influences of the tectonic subsidence zone.Baotou Fault's activity is limited to the early Pleistocene.     

第四纪沉积区断层及其上断点探测的地震方法技术——以银川隐伏活动断层为例

地震勘探方法是隐伏断层探测的一种有效的地球物理探测手段,而地震勘探的探测参数是影响探测效果和断层定位精度的主要因素.本文以银川市活断层探测的浅层地震勘探资料为例,并结合石油地震勘探剖面结果和钻孔地质资料,阐述了在第四纪覆盖层较厚的地区,由深至浅追踪目标断层形态和确定断层上断点空间位置的方法技术.结果表明,采用高分辨率地震勘探和钻孔地质剖面相结合的探测方法是确定隐伏断层位置、判定断层活动性的有效方法.     

STUDY ON TANGSHAN-HEJIAN-CIXIAN EARTHQUAKE FAULT ZONE BY SHALLOW SEISMIC EXPLORATION METHOD

The location of the buried faults, the fault broken layers and the depth of breakpoints in the Tangshan-Hejian-Cixian seismotectonic zone are not clear. We implemented 4 shallow seismic exploration profiles on the Daming Fault, Cangxi Fault, and Dachengdong Fault. Line DZ1 is located on the Daming Fault in the southeast of Daming County. Five breakpoints were dectectd, which are all normal faults, with depths of 95~125m and displacements about 6~12m, offsetting late Pleistocene but not the Holocene. Line DZ2 is located in the east of Xianxian County to dectect the Cangxi Fault. Three breakpoints were detected, all are normal faults, with depths of 170~190m and displacements about 7~10m. The upper breakpoints of the three faults cut the middle Pleistocene. The lines DZ3 and DZ4 are located in the west of Litan Town, Dacheng County. Four breakpoints were detected, with the upper breakpoint depth of 120~130m and displacements about 5~15m. They are all normal faults, and the upper breakpoints of the faults cut the Pleistocene strata.
The result of the exploration of Cixian-Daming Fault is not consistent with the buried depth 1 200m proposed by XU Hua-ming. It is proved that the activity of the fault is also consistent with the overall activity of the Cixian-Daming Fault, which is an active fault since late Pleistocene.
The Dachengdong Fault and Cangxi Fault offset the middle Pleistocene strata. Although the late Pleistocene active faults are generally defined as active faults in the practice of active tectonics research in China, strong earthquakes in eastern China have shorter recurrence period, and earthquakes of magnitude 6 or so may also occur in some middle Pleistocene active faults.
During the compilation of GB18306-2015 “Seismic ground motion parameter zonation map of China”, there were no late Pleistocene active faults in the M6~6.5 potential source areas in eastern China. Therefore, we believe that the Dachengdong and Cangxi faults still have the ability to generate earthquake of magnitude 6 or so, and the faults have some similarities with the seismogenic structures of Xingtai earthquake swarm. Under the action of the latest tectonic stress field, the “deep faults” tearing ruptured successively and expanded upwards, resulting in stress migration and loading between two neighbouring en-echolon concealed faults, so, the Dachengdong and Cangxi faults are the product of this three-dimensional rupture process. The Dachengdong Fault is a “newly-generated” fault resulting from the tearing rupturing and upward expanding of the pre-existing concealed “deept faults” in the middle and lower curst.     

SHALLOW STRUCTURE AND ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE ZHUYANGGUAN-XIAGUAN FAULT IN THE NANYANG BASIN

The Zhuyangguan-Xiaguan fault is a major fault in the Nanyang Basin. Together with the the Shangxian-Danfeng fault in the south and the Tieluzi fault in the north, it serves as the north boundary of the East Qingling Mountains, as well as the dividing line between North China and South China blocks. This work studied the spatial extension, activity and shallow structure of Zhuyangguan-Xiaguan Fault by combination of shallow seismic exploration of three profiles across the fault and a composite drilling cross-section data. The anti-interference and high resolution shallow seismic reflection exploration method based on Vibseis techniques was used in the seismic survey. The results show the existence of the main fault and its southern branch. It can be determined that the the Zhuyangguan-Xiaguan fault is a NWW-trending normal fracture. The composite drilling cross-section reveals that the buried depth of the fault's up-breakpoint is about 17.6 to 20.5 meters and the latest active time is the late Middle Pleistocene. As one of the major buried faults in the Nanyang Basin, the Zhuyangguan-Xiaguan fault has restricted the development of Nanyang City for a long time due to its unclear location and activity characteristics. The results of this study can provide geological and geophysical evidence for seismic risk assessment and site selection for the major lifeline projects in Nanyang City.