福州市区土层剪切波速与土层深度的经验关系研究

土层剪切波速是岩土工程勘察和工程地震中重要的土动力学参数。以福州市区常规土类为研究对象,利用大量地震安全性评价工作获得的346个钻孔7 562条实测剪切波速样本数据资料,分别运用一元二次多项式、指数和线性函数拟合方法,对福州市区8种不同典型土体进行土层剪切波速vS与土层深度H间的相关性统计回归,并以拟合优度为评价指标来考虑适用模型参数。结果表明,除卵石外,福州市区土层剪切波速与土层深度间的相关性较为明显,一元二次多项式函数的适用性更强。研究结果可供福州市区无场地剪切波速数据时参考使用。     

朔州市区土层剪切波速与埋深的统计关系

基于朔州市地震小区划工作中大量钻孔的剪切波速数据,利用最小二乘法,分别采用线性模型、幂函数模型和多项式函数模型建立了不同地质单元、不同场地类别、不同土体物理状态下常规土层剪切波速随深度变化的统计关系式。结果表明,4个地质单元的剪切波速与埋深间的散点图均呈非线性关系,且其分段性较为明显;以拟合度为评价指标对比了常规土类的分段拟合关系式及拟合参数,结果表明采用二次多项式函数模型的拟合优度要好于线性模型及幂函数模型的拟合优度;为了验证优选出的拟合公式的可靠程度,选定了不同地质单元的钻孔进行剪切波速实测,并将实测结果与拟合公式的预测结果进行对比,结果表明拟合公式预测的剪切波速值与场地实测剪切波速值基本吻合,可作为该地区无剪切波速测试场地的参考依据。     

铜川新区土层剪切波速与土层深度的统计关系研究

基于铜川市地震小区划项目中46个钻孔1 960个实测剪切波速样本数据,采用幂函数、指数函数、线性函数和一元三次多项式函数4种模型,对该地区典型土层剪切波速随深度的变化关系进行统计回归,并以拟合优度为评价标准,得到最优回归公式为一元三次多项式函数模型。与实测波速对比结果表明,本地区按区分岩性的最优回归公式分层得到的预测结果精度更高,所推荐的经验公式可供无波速资料的同类场地参考使用。     

山西大同市区剪切波速与土层岩性及深度关系的研究

在对山西大同市区3个主要地貌单元共72个钻孔的剪切波速资料分析整理的基础上,利用指数形式的剪切波速与深度经验公式,对测点较多的粉质黏土、粉土、粗砂三类土层的剪切波速Vs与土层深度H的关系进行统计回归,并将实测剪切波速值与利用上述统计结果得到的预测值进行对比检验,结果表明,分地貌单元各类土层的Vs-H经验关系是可靠的,符合当地岩土特征,可用于对该地区地层剪切波速进行推测。     

下辽河平原区剪切波速与土层埋深关系分析

土体剪切波速是岩土工程勘察和地震安全性评价应用最广的参量之一。依据下辽河平原区大量的钻孔实测剪切波速数据,探讨了不同土类剪切波速与埋深间的关系:通过最小二乘法分别采用线性模型、指数模型和一元二次多项式模型建立了按土性分类的土体剪切波速与埋深间的统计公式,以拟合优度为评价指标进行对比选择,并与《构筑物抗震设计规范》的经验公式及工程场地实测结果进行了对比。结果表明:所推荐的剪切波速与埋深间的统计公式优于规范的经验公式;采用推荐公式与实测结果进行了土层地震反应分析对比,结果表明,两者计算结果差别不大,均可用于下辽河平原区一般建筑的工程勘察与地震安全评价。     

航空工业组团阎良片区土层剪切波速与深度的统计关系

基于航空工业组团阎良片区地震小区划项目中大量的剪切波速实测资料,利用最小二乘法,采用常用的幂函数、指数函数、线性函数和一元二次多项式函数4种模型,统计回归了该地区土层剪切波速随深度的变化关系;并以拟合优度为评价标准,通过比对分析和讨论,给出了场地土及其主要岩性剪切波速与深度变化的经验回归公式。结果表明,场地土剪切波速与埋深有显著的相关性,所推荐的经验公式可供无波速资料的场地参考使用。     

利用深度回归分析天津市区土体剪切波速

应用数理统计方法分析了天津市78个钻孔,2 212组不同岩土体的剪切波速数据,得到了其区分岩土类型和不区分岩土类型2种情况下最优的剪切波速回归公式,利用所得经验公式对实际钻孔不同深度剪切波速进行了预测,并基于实测结果对预测结果进行了分析。结果表明,天津市区主要岩土类型剪切波速与深度的相关性大小存在较为明显的差异,其中粘土、粉土和粉质粘土的相关性最好,粉砂和细砂次之,人工填土最差;各类主要岩土体剪切波速与埋深之间的相关关系中多项式模型拟合精度最高,给出的各类主要土体剪切波速与埋深经验关系准确可靠,可用于天津市区主要土体剪切波速计算工作。     

和田市土层剪切波速与土层埋深关系统计分析

收集和田市土层钻孔剪切波速实测数据,按照地貌单元划分,按不同岩性分别采用线性函数模型、一元二次函数模型及幂函数模型等三种模型进行土层剪切波速与土层埋深的统计回归分析,给出拟合参数和拟合优度R2,从而得到和田市各工程地质单元各类土层剪切波速与土层埋深关系公式。并对统计回归分析结果进行了显著性检验,此基础上计算出场地覆盖层厚度计算值,将土层剪切波速预测值与实测值、覆盖层厚度计算值与实测值进行对比,验证统计回归关系式的合理性和适用性。结果表明,统计分析得到的和田市城区各工程地质地貌单元各类土层剪切波速与土层埋深关系公式较为准确可靠。     

西宁市区土层剪切波速随深度变化特征

通过对西宁市区67个钻孔剪切波速资料整理,采用最小二乘法进行统计回归分析,得到西宁市土层剪切波速Vs随土层埋深H的经验关系式,西宁市典型土类Vs与H的经验关系。并且通过实测剪切波速与预测剪切波速的对比,验证所得经验关系式的适用性。     

基于灰色关联分析回归天津市区土体剪切波速

利用天津市78个钻孔2 212组不同岩土体的剪切波速数据,分析天津地区土层剪切波速随土层深度、岩土类型等影响因素的变化规律,利用灰色关联分析方法研究上述影响因素与天津地区土层剪切波速之间的相关性,获得该区土层剪切波速各影响因素的灰色关联排序,继而得到区分岩土类型的剪切波速回归公式,利用所得公式对实际钻孔不同深度剪切波速进行预测,并基于实测结果对预测结果进行分析。在天津地区,应综合利用岩土类型和土层深度对剪切波速进行评价。不同岩土类型、剪切波速与深度的相关性大小存在较为明显的差异,其中粘土的剪切波速和深度之间的相关性最强。同等深度条件下,由粘土到细砂粒径逐渐增大,其相应的剪切波速也逐渐增大。各类主要岩土体剪切波速与埋深之间的相关关系中多项式模型拟合精度最高,可用于天津市区主要土体剪切波速计算工作。     

Research on Dynamic Parameters of Soil Site in the Tianjin Coastal Area

The Tianjin coastal area is a typical soft soil region,where the soil is a marine deposit of the late Quaternary.The soil dynamic parameters from seismic risk assessment reports are collected,and drilling of 15 holes was carried out to sample the soils and measure their dynamic characteristics.The data was divided into 7 types based on lithology,namely,muddy clay,muddy silty clay,silt,silty clay,clay,silty sand and fine sand.Statistics of the dynamic parameters of these soils are collected to obtain the mea...     

玉溪盆地浅层土层颗粒特征与剪切波速的关系研究

以玉溪盆地16个钻孔的柱状图和波速数据为基础,统计分析了具有不同颗粒特征的土层埋深与剪切波速之间的关系,给出了玉溪盆地内角砾、砾石、圆砾、砾砂、细砂和淤泥质黏土等土层在80 m深度范围内深度与剪切波速的经验关系.通过分析不同颗粒大小、不同磨圆程度土层剪切波速特征,认为土层的波速特征与其形成时所处的沉积环境有一定的关系,并以玉溪盆地浅层土层为例,给出了一种根据具有明显颗粒特征土层估算未测波速钻孔的等效剪切波速的方法.      

A new laboratory technique for determining the compressional wave properties of marine sediments at sonic frequencies and in situ pressures

We describe a new laboratory technique for measuring the compressional wave velocity and attenuation of jacketed samples of unconsolidated marine sediments within the acoustic (sonic) frequency range 1–10 kHz and at elevated differential (confining – pore) pressures up to 2.413 MPa (350 psi). The method is particularly well suited to attenuation studies because the large sample length (up to 0.6 m long, diameter 0.069 m) is equivalent to about one wavelength, thus giving representative bulk values for heterogeneous samples. Placing a sediment sample in a water‐filled, thick‐walled, stainless steel Pulse Tube causes the spectrum of a broadband acoustic pulse to be modified into a decaying series of maxima and minima, from which the Stoneley and compressional wave, velocity and attenuation of the sample can be determined. Experiments show that PVC and copper jackets have a negligible effect on the measured values of sediment velocity and attenuation, which are accurate to better than ± 1.5% for velocity and up to ± 5% for attenuation. Pulse Tube velocity and attenuation values for sand and silty‐clay samples agree well with published data for similar sediments, adjusted for pressure, temperature, salinity and frequency using standard equations. Attenuation in sand decreases with pressure to small values below Q^?1 = 0.01 (Q greater than 100) for differential pressures over 1.5 MPa, equivalent to sub‐seafloor depths of about 150 m. By contrast, attenuation in silty clay shows little pressure dependence and intermediate Q^?1 values between 0.0206–0.0235 (Q = 49–43). The attenuation results fill a notable gap in the grain size range of published data sets. Overall, we show that the Pulse Tube method gives reliable acoustic velocity and attenuation results for typical marine sediments.     

四川盆地场地土动力学参数统计研究

四川盆地地震构造环境相对稳定,主要遭受近场中强地震和外围大地震的影响。盆地内第四系主要为河流相的砂卵石层夹粘土、粉土层,分布于成都平原及盆地内外河流两岸。这种地层在土层地震反应计算时往往产生一个峰值,具有显著的放大作用。本文收集共计123组土动力学参数的实验资料,统计分析了淤泥质土、粉质粘土、粘土、粉土、细砂和全风化泥岩等6种土类实测土动力学参数,给出了它们在不同深度下的动剪切模量比和阻尼比的统计值。并且将统计值和"94"规范值与袁晓铭推荐值[9]进行了对比分析,结果表明在盆地内使用规范值和推荐值会对工程的抗震设防产生不利影响。该研究成果对盆地内各类工程建设的工程场地地震安全性评价工作具有一定的借鉴和参考价值。     

SHEAR-WAVE REFLECTION PROFILING FOR NEAR-SURFACE LIGNITE EXPLORATION*

We present the results of a shear-wave reflection experiment and in situ measurements in opencast lignite exploration. Near-surface coal seams have lower shear-wave velocities (～ 200 m/s) and lower densities than sand and clay layers. Due to strong reflection coefficients, a shear-wave reflection survey provides a powerful tool in lignite prospecting. Due to shorter seismic wavelengths shear waves will yield a higher resolution of shallow subsurface structure than compressional waves. Low shear-wave velocities and strong lateral velocity variations, however, require a dense data acquisition in the field. The variation of stacking velocities can exceed ± 15% within a profile length of 300 m. The different steps in processing and interpretation of results are described with actual records. The final CMP-stack shows steep-angle fault zones with maximum dislocations of 20 m within a coal seam.     

3D near-surface soil response from H/V ambient-noise ratios

The applicability of the horizontal-to-vertical (H/V) ambient-noise spectral ratio for characterizing earthquake site effects caused by near-surface topography and velocity structures was evaluated at sites underlain by thick (i.e. >100 m) sediment deposits near the southern-end of the New Madrid seismic zone in the central United States. Three-component ambient-noise and velocity models derived from seismic (shear-wave) refraction/reflection surveys showed that a relatively horizontal, sharp shear-wave velocity interface in the soil column resulted in an H/V spectral ratio with a single well-defined peak. Observations at sites with more than one sharp shear-wave velocity contrast and horizontally arranged soil layers resulted in at least two well-defined H/V spectral ratio peaks. Furthermore, at sites where there were sharp shear-wave velocity contrasts in nonhorizontal, near-surface soil layers, the H/V spectra exhibited a broad-bandwidth, relatively low-amplitude signal instead of a single well-defined peak.     

Compressional- and shear-wave velocities as a function of confining stress in dry sandstones

A laboratory study was carried out to investigate the influence of confining stress on compressional- and shear-wave velocities for a set of rock samples from gas-producing sandstone reservoirs in the Cooper Basin, South Australia. The suite of samples consists of 22 consolidated sublitharenites with helium porosity ranging from 2.6% to 16.6%. We used a pulse-echo technique to measure compressional- and shear-wave velocities on dry samples (cylindrical 4.6 × 2 cm) at room temperature and at elevated confining stress (≤ 60 MPa). Compressional- and shear-wave velocities in samples increase non-linearly with confining stress. A regression equation of the form V = A ? Be^?DP gives a good fit to the measured velocities with improved prediction of velocities at high confining stresses compared with equations suggested by other studies. The predicted microcrack-closure stresses of the samples show values ranging from 70 MPa to 95 MPa and insignificant correlation with porosity, permeability or clay content. There is a positive correlation between change in velocity with core porosity and permeability, but this association is weak and diminishes with increasing confining stress. Experimental results show that pore geometry, grain-contact type, and distribution and location of clay particles may be more significant than total porosity and clay content in describing the stress sensitivity of sandstones at in situ reservoir effective stress. The stress dependence of Cooper Basin sandstones is very large compared with data from other studies. The implication of our study for hydrocarbon exploration is that where the in situ reservoir effective stress is much less than the microcrack-closure stress of the reservoir rocks, the variation of reservoir effective stress could cause significant changes in velocity of the reservoir rocks. The velocity changes induced by effective stress in highly stress-sensitive rocks can be detected at sonic-log and probably surface-seismic frequencies.     

Seismic imaging of the shallow subsurface: shear-wave case histories

Obtaining high-resolution images of the geology and hydrogeology of the subsurface in the depth range from ground level to 50 m is one of the major challenges of modern geophysics. The methods which are commonly used (such as compressional-wave surveys and ground-penetrating radar) often suffer from adverse effects caused by the near-surface conditions, changes in water saturation and various sources of noise. This paper demonstrates some of the advantages offered by the use of shear-wave seismology and by the combination of shear- and compressional-wave seismic methods in shallow subsurface investigations.
Multicomponent shallow seismic tests were carried out at four different sites to examine the effectiveness of different acquisition geometries under a variety of near-surface geological conditions. Near-surface conditions encountered at the sites included thick clays, clay/sand sequences overlying Chalk, mudstone overlying granodiorite bedrock and landfill material.
Under all conditions, shear-wave data acquisition was found to have advantages over compressional-wave acquisition for the investigation of the shallow subsurface. Shear head waves, being unaffected by water saturation, achieved penetration to greater depths at a site in Crewkerne, Dorset where compressional head-wave penetration was limited to the near-surface layers. Better vertical resolution was achieved at shallow depths using shear-wave reflection energy at a landfill site. Shear-wave reflections from shallow interfaces were in some cases less affected by noise compared with the equivalent compressional-wave reflections. Combinations of shear- and compressional-wave data recording allowed the measurement of a Poisson's ratio log and gave indications of seismic anisotropy at two sites where dipping clay layers were present.     

Spatial Variability of the Depth of Weathered and Engineering Bedrock using Multichannel Analysis of Surface Wave Method

In this paper an attempt has been made to evaluate the spatial variability of the depth of weathered and engineering bedrock in Bangalore, south India using Multichannel Analysis of Surface Wave (MASW) survey. One-dimensional MASW survey has been carried out at 58 locations and shear-wave velocities are measured. Using velocity profiles, the depth of weathered rock and engineering rock surface levels has been determined. Based on the literature, shear-wave velocity of 330 ± 30 m/s for weathered rock or soft rock and 760 ± 60 m/s for engineering rock or hard rock has been considered. Depths corresponding to these velocity ranges are evaluated with respect to ground contour levels and top surface levels have been mapped with an interpolation technique using natural neighborhood. The depth of weathered rock varies from 1 m to about 21 m. In 58 testing locations, only 42 locations reached the depths which have a shear-wave velocity of more than 760 ± 60 m/s. The depth of engineering rock is evaluated from these data and it varies from 1 m to about 50 m. Further, these rock depths have been compared with a subsurface profile obtained from a two-dimensional (2-D) MASW survey at 20 locations and a few selected available bore logs from the deep geotechnical boreholes.