饱水岩石超声振氡实验研究

本文以实验为基础,得出了如下几点结论:(1)经超声振动的岩石样品,其微结构有明显的变化;(2)超声振动不仅可以破坏吸附氡的束缚状态,还能释放封闭氡;(3)在超声振动下,氡析出量非常可观,有可能作为氡前兆信息的物质基础     

山西东郭断层气氢浓度异常调查与研究

2013年4月山西东郭断层气氢浓度出现2次大幅度变化,按照异常核实工作方案,针对观测技术系统、集气系统、仪器标定、对比观测、周边环境开采情况等因素,逐一进行了分析。结果表明,氢浓度大幅度变化为非前兆异常,其主要原因是由周边新井钻孔施工,打井造成强烈振动干扰引起。     

阿克苏断层氢中强震异常特征分析及预报效能评价

2013年11月—2021年12月阿克苏断层氢观测点周边300 km范围内,先后发生了多次中强地震,断层氢浓度值出现了8次不同程度的短临前兆异常。通过对异常特征的分析总结,将已取得的震例划分为波动型、突升型和突升恢复型3种不同类型。利用R值评分法对阿克苏断层氢观测进行预报效能评价,阿克苏断层氢对周边300 km范围内5级以上地震R值评分为0.462,预报效能较好。      

北京五里营井流体前兆观测到的两次异常及讨论

分析了延庆五里营井汶川M8.0地震和玉树M7.1地震数字化流体前兆观测资料,对比研究了五里营井流体在2次强震中的响应差异.结果显示,流体异常响应灵敏度与地震震级和观测点震中距有一定关系,地震震级越大,观测点距离震中越近,流体异常响应越灵敏.2次大震前流体前兆都观测到氦气释放活动最先出现异常反应,其释放强度与震级有关,震...     

灵武上桥痕量氢观测台站建设与地震预测前景

氢气的浓度变化与地震活动密切相关,具有较强的映震灵敏性,是地震短临预测的重要手段之一。通过对台站地质构造背景场勘察,观测孔埋设集气方式探索,观测室建设采取的防干扰影响措施以及对大气温度、气压、降水对产出数据的相关分析,为宁夏后续痕量氢观测台站建设应用推广,为开展实用、有效的地震前兆观测打下坚实的基础。     

华北地下释放氦、氢气体异常的时、空、强特征及其与地震关系的探讨

在系统整理华北９个气体观测井多年观测资料基础上，初步探讨了华北地下释放氦、氢异常的时、空、强特征及其与发震时间、地点、震级的关系，从而总结为以京棉二厂井的氦、氢异常为依据，其它测点的氦、氢异常为参考，预报华北北部５级以上地震的初步经验     

云南地区中强与强烈地震电磁辐射的观测研究

通过一年之内的地震电磁辐射前兆的连续观测,总结了中等强度地震电磁辐射前兆的统计对应率及信号与地震的关系.分析研究澜沧-耿马强震序列的电磁辐射特征,并与中等强度地震的前兆进行了比较.对该前兆作为地震短临预报的可行性及应继续深入研究的有关问题作了分析.      

我国地震前兆特征的统计分析与研究

本文对我国56次5级以上地震的前兆资料做了初步的统计分析,并对地震前兆的一般特征、前兆异常的持续时间、前兆异常的地区差异性及前兆异常的强度与空间分布等几个问题进行了讨论,试图进一步描述地震前兆的特征,以期对地震前兆的深入研究起到一定的参考作用。     

地震综合前兆场建场方法初探

初步建立了一种能反映地震前兆时空演化全貌的无量纲、归一化可迭加的信息场———综合前兆场．通过对研究区（东经１１３°～１２５°,北纬３２°～４４°）前兆场时空演化过程的分析发现,地震前前兆场由正常的低值离散逐渐发展为围绕震中呈高值封闭状态,震后恢复正常．该方法的独特之处在于,避开了某些单项异常对应某具体源的分析,而是只考虑异常．根据前兆场的变化可以确定震源的大致位置     

氡前兆的气载机理

关于水氡前兆机理的研究,王吉易等曾做了全面详细的评述。其主要的假说是基于应力—应变学说建立起来的破裂扩散、破裂混合以及超声振动等机理;应力应变机制还处于讨论研究阶段,水氡的前兆机理不是唯一的。在应力应变作用下引起的水氡前兆,一般都认为是以地下水做为氡气的载体的。本文试图提出另一种可能:即在应力应变作用下,高压地下水气体上涌,并做为氡气的载体,引起水氡和土氡的前兆异常;而氡气异常量的大小则由地下气流强度所控制。地下气体做为水氡载体的现象,是存在的。例如新疆乌苏一口温泉热水井,水温     

在超声作用下岩石射气异常行为与微破裂特征

通过实验证实,超声作用可提高岩石射气水平,每经历一次超声振动,其射气水平都有更明显的增长;使用麦吉斯肯2型图象分析系统,首次对振动后的岩石进行了微破裂特征的定量分析,并得出微破裂的程度与振动次数有明显的正相关性;确认于超声作用下,岩石射气的异常行为与微破裂特征有本质的联系.但是超声振动时,岩石的射气强度不能作为预测地震震级的判据,而振动结束后,其射气能力并无改变.      

岩石变形实验中的微破裂与地震的联想

根据室内岩石变形实验中岩石的微破裂和应变能释放等情况，联想到地震发生的几种相似现象：（１）岩体在较低的状态下亦有可能发生地震；（２）小震的发生预示岩体内应变和应变能的释放，但应力却未必释放；（３）主震时就变能大量释放，但仍有相当多的应变能残留在岩体中，这应是老震区发生地震的原因之一。     

Ultrasonic modelling research of earthquake response of underground lifeline engineering

Earthquake response of underground lifeline engineering is investigated by the method of ultrasonic model experiments in this paper. From general field conditions, two models of underground lifeline engineering, one for non-uniform field and the other for uniform field, are designed based on the similarity principle. Besides analysis of seismic phases, a series of analyses especially on particle vibration are carried out. The results show that: The shorter the epicentral distance, the greater are the intensity variation and the change rate of intensity variation of earthquake ground motion, so the more disadvantageous to underground pipelines. In soft covering layer, compressional waves mainly cause radial flexures deformation, but shear wave result in axial dilation deformation of the pipelines; when the thickness of the covering layer is smaller (less than seismic wave length), the rhythmic variation of the intensity of earthquake ground motion is controlled mainly by the wave length of seismic waves in the bedrock. The property of the covering layer has considerable effect on earthquake ground motion. For different covering layers, their effect on each component of earthquake ground motion is not the same. Owing to the effect of wave propagation, the ground is in different states of particle vibration at different times, and there is considerable difference in phase and intensity of particle vibration between two different covering layers near their junction line or surface. Because underground lifelines tend to vibrate with the particles of the earth around it, this results in different deformation of underground pipelines under different conditions. So, it is necessary to take corresponding anti-seismic countermeasures for pipelines according to their practical situations. The Chinese version of this paper appeared in the Chinese edition ofActa Seismologica Sinica,14, 104–110, 1992. This paper is part of the research supported by Funds of Doctoral Faculty of National Education Committee.     

Comparison of seismic effects during deep tunnel excavation with different methods

The rapid release of strain energy is an important phenomenon leading to seismic events or rock failures during the excavation of deep rock.Through theoretical analysis of strain energy adjustment during blasting and mechanical excavation,and the interpretation of measured seismicity in the Jin-Ping Ⅱ Hydropower Station in China,this paper describes the characteristics of energy partition and induced seismicity corresponding to different energy release rates.The theoretical analysis indicates that part of the strain energy will be drastically released accompanied by violent crushing and fragmentation of rock under blast load,and this process will result in seismic events in addition to blasting vibration.The intensity of the seismicity induced by transient strain energy release highly depends on the unloading rate of in-situ stress.For mechanical excavation,the strain energy,which is mainly dissipated in the deformation of surrounding rock,releases smoothly,and almost no seismic events are produced in this gradual process.Field test reveals that the seismic energy transformed from the rock strain energy under high stress condition is roughly equal to that coming from explosive energy,and the two kinds of vibrations superimpose together to form the total blasting excavation-induced seismicity.In addition,the most intense seismicity is induced by the cut blasting delay; this delay contributes 50% of the total seismic energy released in a blast event.For mechanical excavation,the seismic energy of induced vibration(mainly the low intensity acoustic emission events or mechanical loading impacts),which accounts only for 1.5‰ of that caused by in-situ stress transient releasing,can be ignored in assessing the dynamic response of surrounding rock.     

土层对地震的随机反应分析

利用随机振动理论,本文研究了非均匀土层对地震的动力反应问题,假定土层的剪切模量随深度呈指数函数形式分布,关于基岩输入地震动加速度的功率谱密度函数,考虑了两种形式：白噪声谱和有色谱,为了比较起见,文中考虑了均匀土层的情形,数值计算表明;（１）在基岩输入地震动加速度的功率谱密度为白谱的情况下,土层的最大期望反应（相对位移,绝对加速度,剪应变）大于基岩输入地震动的功率谱为有色谱的情形;（２）在土层的上部     

影响波速异常的两种因素

用超声脉冲法测量了完整岩石样品在三轴实验中不同加载途径下的波速,和拼合岩石样品在单轴实验中的波速。结果表明,应力途径和断层的存在是影响波速异常的两种可能因素。前者既与时间有关,又与空间有关;后者则只与空间有关。为了正确评价波速异常在地震预报中的作用,必须尽可能地阐明影响波速异常的各种因素。      

水平地震力作用下岩体破坏机理探究

基于摩尔库伦强度准则和波动理论对地震作用下岩体的破坏机理进行研究。结果表明:当埋深在一定范围内,水平地震作用下岩体的内聚力c和正应力σn与振动速度和埋深呈线性关系。当埋深一定时,振动速度越大c值越小;在振动速度增大的过程中岩体的应力状态由压应力逐渐转变为拉应力,且拉应力随振动速度的增大而增大;当振动速度一定时,岩体埋深越大c值越小;埋深越浅,拉应力越大,当埋深达到一定值时岩体就只在其弹性极限内振动而不产生破坏。     

雷达用于地震预测的基础实验研究

为将雷达技术应用于地震预测,在实验室对花岗岩等不同岩性的27个岩石试样进行了加压实验观测研究,使用的雷达测量仪器是美国HP公司生产的专用RSC测量系统,观测8mm,2cm,3cm和5cm四个雷达波段,在加压的过程中自动连续测量岩石试样的雷达波反射强度随压力的变化,实验表明：反映岩石试样微波反射特性的雷达波反射强度随压力变化而变化,在实验的27个岩石试样中,无一例外,只是在不同试样、不同波段或不同极化方式的实验中存在变化幅度和趋势的差异. 岩石试样反射波强度的相对变化量为百分之几到百分之十几,花岗岩的最大变化量达到202%(113号试样),砂岩的最大变化量达到279%(212号试样). 实验结果为将雷达技术应用于地震预测、岩体及岩土工程稳定性监测和稳定性评价提出了实验依据,奠定了物理基础.     

应力增量触发断层岩体能量释放模拟与地震成因探讨—以龙门山断裂带为例

本文以龙门山断裂带为背景,基于岩体应变能基本理论,使用FLAC软件模拟地震能量源和能量释放形式,计算结果显示:在0.01 MPa水平应力增量作用下,龙门山断裂带及附近区域可释放的应变能约为3.24×1013 J;使得断层面之间发生滑移,克服断层面滑动摩擦所需消耗的能量约为2.10×1013 J;岩体在重力方向上产生位移,克服重力做功所消耗的能量约为1.14×1013 J。由此可推断:在一定区域内,应力触发释放能量值与克服断层面滑动摩擦和克服重力做功所消耗的能量之和大致相当;应变能可能会在某一区域范围内集中释放,形成地震效应。本次应力增量触发断层周围岩体能量释放事件中,在映秀—北川断裂与灌县—安县断裂之间的局部区域集中释放的能量为7.67×1012 J,相当于一次M_S5.39地震发生所释放的能量。      

Vulnerability of floating tunnel shafts for increasing earthquake loading

Fragility curves constitute the cornerstone in seismic risk evaluations and performance-based earthquake engineering. They describe the probability of a structure to experience a certain damage level for a given earthquake intensity measure, providing a relationship between seismic hazard and vulnerability. In this paper a numerical approach is applied to derive fragility curves for tunnel shafts built in clays, a component that is found in several critical infrastructure such as urban metro networks, airport facilities or water and waste water projects. The seismic response of a representative tunnel shaft is assessed using tridimensional finite difference non-linear analyses carried out with the program FLAC^3D, under increasing levels of seismic intensity. A hysteretic model is used to simulate the soil non-linear behavior during the seismic event. The effect of soil conditions and ground motion characteristics on the soil-structure system response is accounted for in the analyses. The damage is defined based on the exceedance of the concrete wall shaft capacity due to the developed seismic forces. The fragility curves are estimated in terms of peak ground acceleration at a rock or stiff soil outcrop, based on the evolution of damage with increasing earthquake intensity. The proposed fragility models allows the characterization of the seismic risk of a representative tunnel shaft typology and soil conditions considering the associated uncertainties, and partially fill the gap of data required in performing a risk analysis assessment of tunnels shafts.