从欧洲抗震设计规范的一般规定浅谈结构抗震概念设计的重要性

由于地震的作用以及在这种作用下的结构与构件的受力状况的复杂性和不确定性,结构抗震设计的计算假定与实际情况存在各种差异,甚至有时还根本无法计算.因此在这种情况下,为确保抗震结构性能,就不得不依赖结构抗震的概念设计.结构抗震概念设计是指工程师们根据结构地震破坏的形态和长期积累的实际工程经验等总结形成的符合工程师专业知识的基...     

地震区城镇建筑框架结构概念设计

自从唐山大地震以来，我国地震专家及其科技人员通过长期分析研究地震所造成的危害，对地震的经验不断总结，对地震的破坏规律有了更深刻的认识，提出了“概念设计”的设计理念，要使结构具有良好的抗震性能和足够的抗震能力，“概念设计”比“结构设计”更为重要。主要通过对钢筋混凝土框架结构震害的统计分析，阐述了抗震“概念设讣”的有关问题。通过建筑场地选择、地基基础的设计、结构体系及结构构件的抗震设计等方面的分析，明确了“概念设计”的原则和要求，特别是针对工程实际中的钢筋混凝土结构的延性设计问题，总结了延性设计的要点及其实现方法，从而消除了建筑中的薄弱环节，提高了房屋结构的整体抗震性能。     

大跨度拱桥抗震概念设计方法

由于定量分析中存在诸多的不确定性因素,大跨度拱桥需要重视抗震概念设计。给出了国内外大跨度拱桥的典型震害并进行了成因分析。从工程场地选择、合理的桥梁结构体系和布置方案等方面探讨了大跨度拱桥抗震概念设计的总体要求。从采用高强材料、提高整体延性、设置赘余构件与设置多道抗震防线方面给出了大跨度拱桥避免地震脆性破坏的设计原则。基于雅鲁藏布江大桥,提出了主要构件与次要构件的划分方法及设计原则,阐述了拱肋选材、主梁布置、横撑及辅助墩的概念设计,给出了应用减隔震技术、具有多道抗震防线及结构分层次延性破坏的抗震概念设计方法。     

山区桥梁的抗震概念设计

山区桥梁因为地形和施工条件等的限制,给设计带来很大的问题,使得结构不规则,影响了桥梁的抗震能力。且由于山地震动效应等复杂因素的影响,该类桥梁的抗震计算往往不能很好地反映真实的地震反应。概念设计通过长期积累的实际设计经验和理论研究的成果,从总体上把握设计的原则,是非常重要和有意义的。本文针对山区桥梁的特点,对山区桥梁的抗震概念设计方法进行了探讨。     

场地卓越周期与结构基本周期关系研究

本文从抗震概念设计的背景出发,认为抗震设计应充分考虑结构与地基耦合作用的影响,其中结构和场地的频率关系是十分重要的。根据地震作用是瞬态冲击的特性,在理论上和数值上分析了结构自振周期与场地卓越周期在不同比值情况下对结构抗震性能的影响,提出两个周期之间存在最优比值T=3Tg×β。当结构与场地频率满足最优比值时,结构的抗震性能最佳,它可以作为抗震概念设计中的参考准则。此外,进行了各种框架结构在地震作用下的时程分析,验证了此最优比值的合理性。     

汉中地区农村房屋抗震性能调查分析研究

整理并分析汉中地区的地震背景、地震动参数和地质灾害,调查区域内地震动参数有差异的9类样本行政镇的931栋典型农村房屋,研究典型农村房屋的结构类型、抗震概念设计和建造场地等因素对房屋抗震性能的影响。结果表明:汉中地区地质构造复杂,深大断裂发育,94.7%的区域为灾害易发区,存在4个地震烈度异常区;农村既有房屋结构类型有土木结构、砖木结构、砖混结构和框架结构,其中砖木结构和砖混结构是主要的抗震结构类型,框架结构是新型抗震结构类型;区域内农村房屋的建造场地条件危险性大并且抗震概念设计不足,房屋震害严重,村民的工程地质和地震地质等相关知识匮乏。该研究可为村镇房屋的防震减灾工作提供参考。     

浅谈欧洲规范Eurocode 8-结构抗震设计

简单介绍了欧洲规范(Eurocodes)的基本情况,概括给出了欧洲规范8-结构抗震设计的基本内容和特点,进而在抗震设计基本要求、建筑抗震概念设计基本原则两个方面与我国建筑抗震设计规范(GB50011-2001)进行了比较和评述,然后在场地类别、地震作用和结构抗震验算等几个方面对两规范进行了简单的对比和评述。     

鲁甸M_S6.5与景谷M_S6.6地震灾区房屋抗震能力差异分析

介绍2014年鲁甸MS6.5与景谷MS6.6地震灾区房屋概况,对两次地震灾区房屋的震害特征进行阐述,从房屋建筑材料、结构选型、场地条件等方面对比分析两次地震灾区的房屋抗震能力,进一步分析景谷灾区房屋抗震性能优于鲁甸灾区的原因,并强调抗震概念设计的重要性,提出建议以供恢复重建、农村民居地震安全工程、新农村建设等借鉴参考。     

关于提高中小学砌体建筑抗震能力的讨论

利用汶川8.0级地震特大发生后作者在极重灾区——四川省广元市青川县参加首批房屋应急评估工作期间收集的房屋震害资料,分析了砌体结构的震害特点和震害原因,对提高中小学砌体建筑抗震能力进行研究,从概念设计与计算分析两个方面对现行抗震设计规范的若干条文进行了讨论,提出了验算砌体结构抗倒塌能力的建议。     

陕南村镇房屋抗震性能调查研究

村镇房屋是历次震害中最薄弱的建筑,提高其抗震性能刻不容缓。本文依据《中国地震动参数区划图》（GB18306-2015）的地震动峰值加速度、反应谱特征周期和地震烈度的取值,以陕南6县18镇54个自然村的1161栋村镇房屋为抽样样本,完成样本的结构类型、结构类型的破坏比及破坏损失比、场地条件、抗震概念设计、村民的抗震知识和抗震防灾意识等现状的统计分析。结果表明:陕南村镇房屋的结构类型有生土结构、木结构、砖木结构、砖混结构和框架结构,其中砖混结构是其主要的抗震结构类型;砖木结构、砖混结构和框架结构在不同地震烈度影响下的破坏比有差异,而破坏损失比相同;陕南村镇房屋的场地条件变化复杂,抗震概念设计存在缺陷且村民的抗震知识和抗震防灾意识淡薄,亟待提高。     

SCIENCE CHINA Earth Sciences SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 57(2014)

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A Monte Carlo study of rainfall forecasting with a stochastic model

A procedure for short-term rainfall forecasting in real-time is developed and a study of the role of sampling on forecast ability is conducted. Ground level rainfall fields are forecasted using a stochastic space-time rainfall model in state-space form. Updating of the rainfall field in real-time is accomplished using a distributed parameter Kalman filter to optimally combine measurement information and forecast model estimates. The influence of sampling density on forecast accuracy is evaluated using a series of a simulated rainfall events generated with the same stochastic rainfall model. Sampling was conducted at five different network spatial densities. The results quantify the influence of sampling network density on real-time rainfall field forecasting. Statistical analyses of the rainfall field residuals illustrate improvement in one hour lead time forecasts at higher measurement densities.     

Distribution of throughfall and stemflow in multi‐strata agroforestry,perennial monoculture,fallow and primary forest in central Amazonia,Brazil

The partitioning of rain water into throughfall, stemflow and interception loss when passing through plant canopies depends on properties of the respective plant species, such as leaf area and branch angles. In heterogeneous vegetation, such as tropical forest or polycultural systems, the presence of different plant species may consequently result in a mosaic of situations with respect to quantity and quality of water inputs into the soil. As these processes influence not only the water availability for the plants, but also water infiltration and nutrient leaching, the understanding of plant effects on the repartitioning of rain water may help in the optimization of land use systems and management practices. We measured throughfall and stemflow in a perennial polyculture (multi‐strata agroforestry), monocultures of peach palm (Bactris gasipaes) for fruit and for palmito, a monoculture of cupuaçu (Theobroma grandiflorum), spontaneous fallow and primary forest during one year in central Amazonia, Brazil. The effect on rain water partitioning was measured separately for four useful tree species in the polyculture and for two tree species in the primary forest. Throughfall at two stem distances, and stemflow, differed significantly between tree species, resulting in pronounced spatial patterns of water input into the soil in the polyculture system. For two tree species, peach palm for fruit (Bactris gasipaes) and Brazil nut trees (Bertholletia excelsa), the water input into the soil near the stem was significantly higher than the open‐area rainfall. This could lead to increased nutrient leaching when fertilizer is applied close to the stem of these trees. In the primary forest, such spatial patterns could also be detected, with significantly higher water input near a palm (Oenocarpus bacaba) than near a dicotyledonous tree species (Eschweilera sp.). Interception losses were 6·4% in the polyculture, 13·9 and 12·3% in the peach palm monocultures for fruit and for palmito, respectively, 0·5% in the cupuaçu monoculture and 3·1% in the fallow. With more than 20% of the open‐area rainfall, the highest stemflow contributions to the water input into the soil were measured in the palm monocultures and in the fallow. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Anthropogenic Eutrophication and Red Tide Outbreak in Lacustrine Systems of the Kashmir Himalaya

Red tide, a recurrent phenomenon has become conspicuous in several Kashmir lake ecosystems since 1991. The responsible organism (Euglena pedunculata), a rare flagellate rediscovered in the Kashmir Himalaya (Khan 1993) caused first and unprecedented red tide outbreak, constituting a maximum of 96% of resident numerical phytoplankton density in Dal Lake. At present, conflicting hypotheses exist on the generation of causal assemblage(s) imparting redness to waters: Jeeji Bai (1991) linked its origin to acid precipitation – a fallout of burning oil‐fields during the Gulf War – whilst Khan (1993) holds local factor(s) responsible. Field/experimental studies support the latter contention that the influx of untreated sewage, in unison with warm temperatures, high levels of PhAR, iron and interruption to hydrological flow‐pattern together with absence/or reduction in grazing activity created conducive environmental milieu for red tide outbreak. Dal Lake “red tide” drifted the bloom‐inoculum to other waters, including Lake Wular, where additional ecological niches were carved out, threatening the aesthetic value and biological diversity of Kashmir lakes. Ecological monitoring indicates frequent seasonal red tide occurrence in Dal Lake (including summer‐autumn event of 1998) which testifies its unabated eutrophication status. Further studies are needed on ecological adaptability and biogeographic distribution of this rare and unique red tide‐causing flagellate.