CB-3记录仪温度控制系统

德都地磁台始建于1976年,用于安装地磁记录仪的记录室是北方台站中唯一的一个纯地上建筑,很难达到《地磁台站观测规范》中对地磁记录室要求的日温差≤0．3℃、年温差≤20℃,特殊地区不大于30℃的标准,特别是最近几年,由于房屋墙体的保温材料下沉,使保温层出现裂缝,造成记录室的日温差、年温差在温度变化明显的季节,都严重超差,从而严重影响本地震台水平分量、垂直分量的基线值精度。为此,我们研制了CB-3磁变仪的温度控制系统(国家地震局,1990;中国地震局,2001)。     

地震流动观测防护罩集成优化与效果分析

为提升地震流动观测质量,适应恶劣条件下野外长期工作,研制集传感器、供电、通讯网络三大模块于一体的流动观测仪器整体防护罩。利用2套GL-PS2一体化短周期地震仪进行对比观测,一套安装于南京台室内基岩观测墩,另一套配备防护罩浅层掩埋于户外。结果表明新型研制的观测仪整体集成防护罩具有以下优点:①保温性能好,内部环境日温差小于3℃,月温度变化小于5℃。②防水性好,经历多次暴雨大雪天气后,防护罩内部干燥,无水滴或结露现象。③台基噪声略优于室内观测墩。④2台设备相关系数垂直向优于水平向,夜晚优于白天。⑤地震记录波形相关系数均在0.6以上,震级越大,相关性越高,且信噪比差距较小。     

磁通门在普通山洞观测数据分析

为了解在普通山洞内放置磁通门磁力仪进行地磁观测的可行性,对泰安地震台观测山洞与地磁观测室并行观测的GM4数据,分别从日变化数据的相关系数、日变幅、日均值、子夜均值、高压直流干扰等方面进行对比分析。结果表明,普通山洞内的观测数据日变幅小于地磁房记录数据,但日变形态、子夜均值等一致性较好,可以作为地磁观测的一种补充方式。     

DCM-1型数字地磁脉动观测系统

DCM-1型数字地磁脉动观测系统,是为开展地磁测深及地磁脉动观测工作而研制的。该系统由高灵敏度磁通门磁力仪、多路数据采集器、盒式磁带记录与回放器,以及时间服务装置等部分组成。系统具有大动态、低噪声、高精度、低功耗,以及操作简单、使用方便等特点。系统可直接与计算机接口,也可直接回放进行模拟恢复。利用该系统进行了多次野外观测,取得了较好的野外观测资料,并显示出比进口的模拟系统能记录到较为丰富的信息。     

日本地磁观测技术概况——国家地震局地球物理所赴日地磁观测技术考察团观感综述

日本地磁观测技术的概况综述,着重介绍了日本地磁台站设置的特点,柿岗地磁台的自动化标准地磁观测系统,日本地磁仪器研制生产的特点,目前使用的情况及其自动化地磁数据处理等内容。     

M-1型数字地磁脉动观测系统<

DCM-1型数字地磁脉动观测系统,是为开展地磁测深及地磁脉动观测工作而研制的.该系统由高灵敏度磁通门磁力仪、多路数据采集器、盒式磁带记录与回放器,以及时间服务装置等部分组成.系统具有大动态、低噪声、高精度、低功耗,以及操作简单、使用方便等特点.系统可直接与计算机接口,也可直接回放进行模拟恢复.利用该系统进行了多次野外观测,取得了较好的野外观测资料,并显示出比进口的模拟系统能记录到较为丰富的信息[1].      

台站地磁观测数据精度提高方法

在当前多种地磁日常数据处理方法基础上,探讨提高地磁观测数据精度的问题.通过使用一种改进的地磁观测基线值计算方法,能有效减小外磁场变化对观测结果的影响,考虑到基线值日变化等因素,使用高阶多项式拟合基线值日变化曲线.利用该方法处理的地磁数据与实测数据进行结果比对后,发现此方法能有效提高地磁观测数据的精度和质量.     

天津地磁房改造中的磁性控制

天津市地震局利用天津市地震安全基础工程,对区域地磁台站的地磁观测室进行改造,拆除原有混凝土浇筑的观测墩及墩基,安装无磁大理石观测墩,拆除原屋顶新建木结构屋顶,对室内进行保温处理.在施工过程中,建筑材料及施工环节的磁性控制是磁房改造的关键环节.     

国产自动化磁通门经纬仪研制

通过激光准直机构、无磁二维旋转机构、二维旋转控制与角度测定等装置的设计,并通过磁通门传感器配置、数据采集与总控装置设计和地磁场偏角与倾角自动算法的研究与实现,构建自动化地磁倾角与偏角自动测量系统原理样机。通过原理样机的实验验证和误差分析,取得地磁绝对观测系统关键技术,为地磁自动化绝对观测系统研制提供技术支撑,突破目前人工观测的限制,为地磁无人值守台站观测模式的发展提供有力保障。     

核旋分量仪中的η角与τ角

在使用核旋分量仪进行地磁绝对观测时,误差来源包含有底盘水平的精度及其稳定性,装置误差,补偿电流的精度及其稳定性等,其中底盘水平的不稳定性是观测误差的主要来源之一。关于这个问题,今后将另作讨论,本文着重讨论在底盘水平已达到精度要求之后,如     

Information for authors

正SCIENCE CHINA Earth Sciences,an academic journal cosponsored by the Chinese Academy of Sciences and the National Natural Science Foundation of China,and published by Science China Press and Springer,is committed to publishing high-quality,original results in     

Information for authors

正SCIENCE CHINA Earth Sciences,an academic journal cosponsored by the Chinese Academy of Sciences and the National Natural Science Foundation of China,and published by Science China Press and Springer,is committed to publishing high-quality,original results in both basic and applied research.     

Arsenic — a Review. Part I: Occurrence,Toxicity, Speciation,Mobility

In natural waters arsenic concentrations up to a few milligrams per litre were measured. The natural content of arsenic found in soils varies between 0.01 mg/kg and a few hundred milligrams per kilogram. Anthropogenic sources of arsenic in the environment are the smelting of ores, the burning of coal, and the use of arsenic compounds in many products and production processes in the past. A lot of arsenic compounds are toxic and cause acute and chronic poisoning. In aqueous environment the inorganic arsenic species arsenite (As(III)) and arsenate (As(V)) are the most abundant species. The mobility of these species is influenced by the pH value, the redox potential, and the presence of adsorbents such as oxides and hydroxides of Fe(III), Al(III), Mn(III/IV), humic substances, and clay minerals.     

A survey of antifoulants in sediments from Ports and Marinas along the French Mediterranean coast

Due to deleterious effects on non-target organisms, the use of organotin compounds on boat hulls of small vessels (<25 m) has been widely prohibited. The International Maritime Organisation (IMO) resolved that the complete prohibition on organotin compounds acting as biocides in antifouling systems should commence in 2008. As a result of restrictions on the use of organotin based paints, other antifouling formulations containing organic biocides have been utilised. This survey was conducted to assess the contamination of replacement biocides in the marine environment following the ban of TBT-based paints. Surface sediments samples were collected in the major ports and marinas along the France Mediterranean coastline (Cote d’Azur) and analysed for organotin compounds, Irgarol 1051, Sea-nine 211^TM, Chlorothalonil, Dichlofluanid and Folpet. Every port and marina exhibited high levels of organotin compounds, with concentrations in sediments ranging from 37 ng Sn g⁻¹dry wt in Menton Garavan to over 4000 ng Sn g⁻¹dry wt close to the ship chandler within the port of Villefranche-sur-Mer. TBT degradation indexes suggested that fresh inputs are still made. Among the other antifoulants monitored, only Irgarol 1051 exhibited measurable concentrations in almost every port, with concentrations ranging from 40 ng g⁻¹dry wt (Cannes) to almost 700 ng g⁻¹dry wt (Villefranche-sur-Mer, ship chandler).     

Is there a Human Health Hazard from Microcystins in the Drinking Water Supply?

Microcystins are cyclic heptapeptide toxins produced by a range of cyanobacterial genera. These cyanobacteria occur naturally in drinking water reservoirs subject to eutrophication, and in rivers and natural lakes. Because of the diversity of organisms, the toxins occur, from oligo‐mesotrophic lakes in North Temperate latitudes, to hypertrophic tropical ponds. The toxins are responsible for numerous cases of injury and death of domestic animals, and human poisoning from drinking water. The initial poisoning includes hepatic cell death. This leads to secondary effects from liver deficiency, including jaundice and photosensitisation. The toxic effects are largely due to inhibition of phosphatase enzymes, acting to regulate protein phosphorylation. The consequences include structural damage, apoptosis and, at lower concentrations, cell cycle effects and tumour promotion. As there is no clear evidence for direct carcinogenesis by microcystins, they are classed as non‐carcinogenic toxins in drinking water. Guideline Values for safe drinking water are derived from data for subchronic rodent toxicity, using the No Observed Adverse Effect Level (the highest dose giving no toxicity). To this dose are applied uncertainty factors, to calculate a Tolerable Daily Intake. On the basis of a standard bodyweight and water consumption the Guideline Value is determined for drinking water. For microcystin‐LR the WHO have set a provisional Guideline Value of 1 μg/L for drinking water.     

Detecting thermal boundary control in surface flows from numerical dynamos

The geomagnetic field and secular variation exhibit asymmetrical spatial features which are possibly originating from an heterogeneous thermal control of the Earth's lower mantle on the core. The identification of this control in magnetic data is subject to several difficulties, some of which can be alleviated by the use of core surface flow models. Using numerical dynamos driven by heterogeneous boundary heat flux, we confirm that within the parameter space accessible to simulations, time average surface flows obey a simple thermal wind equilibrium between the Coriolis and buoyancy forces, the Lorentz, inertial and viscous forces playing only a secondary role, even for Elsasser numbers significantly larger than 1. Furthermore, we average the models over the duration of three vortex turnovers, and correlate them with a longer time average which fully reveals the signature of boundary heterogeneity. This allows us to quantify the possibility of observing mantle control in core surface flows averaged over a short time period. A scaling analysis is performed in order to apply the results to the Earth's core. We find that three vortex turnovers could represent between 100 and 360 years of Earth time, and that the heat flux heterogeneity at the core-mantle boundary could be large enough to yield an observable signature of thermal mantle control in a time average core surface flow within reach of the available geomagnetic data.     

Results from microseismic monitoring,conventional instrumentation,and tomography surveys in the creation and thinning of a burst-prone sill pillar

Located in northern Québec, the Lac Shortt Mine was a small gold mine consisting of a thin subvertical orebody which was mined in three main phases. High stress and rockbursting conditions were experienced when ore was extracted in the upper zone between the surface and a depth of 500 metres during the first two phases of mining. Severe rockbursts were experienced in late 1989 near the shaft and in the footwall development following a deepening of the mine shaft to a depth of 830 m and partial development of footwall drift access for the third phase of mining (the mining of the lower zone starting at a depth of 830 m moving upward toward a depth of 500 m). A 16-channel Electrolab MP250 microseismic system, with a Queen's University Full-Waveform piggy-back system, was installed underground at the site due to these problems.It was expected that the thinning sill would be subjected to an ever-increasing load as the thickness of the 500 m sill pillar decreased in the face of the mining excavation from below. A monitoring program consisting of the microseismic monitoring system, a range of conventional geomechanics monitoring tools as well as the undertaking of periodic seismic tomography surveys to assess the ongoing state of stress and rock mass condition within the sill was therefore warranted.The anomalously high-magnitude stress field and the brittle rockmass created a situation in which rockmass failure was common and violent. In the creation and thinning of the sill pillar, the location of banded microseismic activity was crucial in tracing rockmass failure and the associated ground control problems. Reliable source-location determination enabled the identification of areas of stress increase. The movement of the rockmass failure front could be followed, and was responsible for stope dilution, footwall and orebody development deterioration, and caving.Source-mechanism analyses gave accurate double-couple solutions for approximately forty percent of these events having at least ten recognizable polarities. Results suggested movement along vertical north-south striking or vertical east-west striking features. Underground observation of damaged access points showed that vertical north-south striking joints were experiencing failure.The microseismic activity, which was consistently concentrated close to the southwest and northeast corners of current production stopes, could be explained by a stress field oriented obliquely to the strike of the orebody, as measured prior to shrinkage of the sill pillar byin situ stress measurements and observed borehole overbreaks. The orientations of theP andT axes for the microseismic activity further confirmed that the stress field oriented obliquely to strike.While an increase in compressional-wave velocity of 2.3 percent, corresponding to a measured stress increase of approximately 10 MPa could be measured by repeated tomographic surveys, it was relatively small and only a factor of two or so above the velocity measured uncertainty. The relative insensitivity of thein situ rock mass modulus to the applied stress is believed to be largely due to the rockmass discontinuities being relatively closed prior to stress increase, as substantiated by the small deformations seen by the extensometer and borehole camera. This situation existed because of the very high pre-mining stress level.The experimental demonstration that the rock could not absorb substantially increased load through the mechanism of discontinuity closure or tightening (which would be reflected in the modulus) may be evidence in itself of potentially burst-prone ground, such as encountered at Lac Shortt.     

DHCP、DNS及Samba技术在新疆地震行业网中的实现

介绍了DHCP、DNS、Samba技术在新疆地震行业网中的实现及应用,并通过建立DHCP、DNS、Samba服务器,实现了网络基本功能,有效地管理了网络.     

Response spectrum predictions for potential near-field and far-field earthquakes affecting Hong Kong: rock sites

To realistically assess the seismic risk relating to built infrastructures in Hong Kong and in the neighbouring coastal cities of southern Guangdong province, it is necessary to predict ground shaking induced by different earthquake scenarios with good accuracy. A companion paper has described the modelling of the spatial and temporal distribution of the diffused seismic activities in the region, based on the newly-developed ‘Expanding Circular Disc’ (ECD) method. Representative Magnitude–Distance (M–R) combinations for both near-field and far-field earthquakes (in relation to Hong Kong) have been derived using the ECD method. The present paper describes the modelling of the response spectrum on rock sites associated with the predicted M–R combinations, using the Component Attenuation Model (CAM) that was also developed recently by the authors, based on stochastic simulations of the seismological model. The significant effects of soil resonance on the response spectrum are described in a separate publication.The accuracy of CAM in modelling ground motion properties on rock sites has been tested here by comparisons with (i) strong motions recorded in Taiwan and South China from the 1999 ‘Chi-Chi’ earthquake in Taiwan (M=7.6), (ii) motions recorded in South China from another earthquake occurring in the southern Taiwan Strait in the same year (M=5.1), and (iii) historical seismic intensity data obtained within South China. The overall capability of CAM in modelling both near-field and far-field attenuation has been shown to be unmatched by existing empirical models. Results of the comparison studies confirm the accuracy of CAM, particularly within an epicentral distance of 300–400 km.This study shows that the developed serviceability response spectra (i.e. at short return periods) are controlled mainly by the earthquake recurrence behaviour of major distant seismic sources. In contrast, the ultimate response spectra (i.e. at long return periods) relate to events with magnitudes close to the maximum credible earthquake (MCE) limit, the effect of which may also be represented by the Characteristic Response Spectrum (CRS). Both types of earthquake scenario can be significantly affected by the regional crustal properties. The proposed response spectrum envelopes have been compared with previously developed recommendations, and a critical review has been conducted. The intrinsic advantages of the ECD–CAM modelling approach have been highlighted, emphasising its directness and transparency when compared with the more complex process required to implement traditional Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Assessment (PSHA).     

A Method To Detect Viable Helicobacter pylori Bacteria in Groundwater

The inability to detect the presence of viable Helicobacter pylori bacteria in environmental waters has hindered the public health community in assessing the role water may play in the transmission of this pathogen. This work describes a cultural enrichment method coupled with an H. pylori‐specific PCR to identify these bacteria in water. While far from perfected at the present time, this represents an exciting new approach to studying the significance of water as a transmission mechanism for H. pylori. Evidence is presented that indicates culturable H. pylori bacteria were found using this enrichment/PCR method in a local groundwater source.