基于波动方程正演模拟的多尺度地震资料反射特征分析

地面地震、VSP和井间地震等多尺度地震资料在油气勘探开发中发挥着重要的作用,但不同的观测尺度和资料采集处理方式限制了多种资料之间的有效匹配和综合应用.通过对同一地质体模型采用波动方程开展正演模拟分析,进一步开展逆时偏移有利于更好地建立起多尺度地震资料之间的联系与差异.分析表明,地面地震、VSP和井间地震等不同尺度下的观测资料都能在对应的范围内准确反映地质体的地震反射特征,而观测尺度和观测方式的不同则导致多尺度地震资料在分辨率、波场信息丰富程度和观测范围等方面存在差异;正演模拟地震道的时频分析进一步表明多尺度地震资料在时间域和频率域都存在着较好的联系,特别是井间地震和VSP等井中地震资料能够提供更为合理、可靠的高频信息,在提高地面地震资料分辨率方面具有明显的优势,为开展多尺度地震资料的综合研究与应用提供了基础.     

基于单程波正演模拟的多尺度地震资料特征分析

多尺度地震资料在油藏地球物理中发挥着重要的作用,通过开展单程波正演模拟并对模拟结果进行偏移,有利于深入剖析多尺度地震资料之间的联系与差异.正演模拟表明,地面地震资料、VSP资料和井间地震资料三种尺度的地震资料都是相同地下地质体对应于该观测尺度下的地震波响应特征,差异在于由于观测方式的不同,资料所包含的波场信息丰富程度不一样,反映地质体信息的范围不一样,在分辨能力上具有一定的差异性.地面地震资料具有较强的横向连续性但纵向分辨率低,VSP资料具备比较精确的时深关系,井间地震资料分辨率高但是覆盖范围小,对三种多尺度地震资料开展综合研究有利于更好的揭示地下地质信息.     

多尺度逐次逼近退火遗传算法反演地壳速度结构

根据多尺度逐次逼近思想,建立了多尺度逐次逼近退火遗传算法.该方法能有效地解决遗传算法中存在的收敛"早熟"问题.采用该方法对一个高速异常体进行了数值模拟试验,并对青藏高原东北缘阿尼玛卿缝合带东段上部地壳速度结构实际资料进行了处理,结果表明,多尺度逐次逼近退火遗传算法能够较好地应用于地震走时层析成像研究.     

多分辨率地震信号反褶积

基于二进小波变换提出了一种新的反褶积方法─-多分辨率地震信号反褶积．在地震信号二进小波变换域中的各尺度上分别进行其分辨率随小波尺度变化的反褶积,利用不同分辨率反褶积结果之间的相关性,以及测量噪声随尺度的衰减特性,从低分辨率反褶积结果逼近高分辨率反褶积结果．理论分析和实验表明,该方法有较高的精度,并且在较低信噪比情况下有好的效果．     

多尺度地震资料联合反演方法研究

常规三维地面地震反演不可避免的存在多解性和分辨率不高的缺陷,而油藏地球物理阶段丰富的多尺度地震资料为减小多解性、提高分辨率提供了可能.基于贝叶斯反演理论,通过联合概率分布建立新的似然函数,将三维地面地震、VSP和井间地震三种多尺度资料有机地融合在一起,完善了多尺度地震资料联合反演框架及反演流程.模型测试及实际资料处理表明,联合反演算法有效地引入了小尺度地震资料中的高频信息对大尺度资料进行约束,反演结果在保留大尺度地震资料特征的基础上提高了分辨率,降低了多解性,同时促进了多种地震资料之间的相互匹配.     

基于贝叶斯理论的多尺度地震反演方法

典型沉积旋回的模型分析表明,薄层调谐作用的影响抑制了地震相对高频的反射能量,降低了地震资料的分辨率.基于该资料的常规地震反演难以识别较薄的储层.为了提高地震反演的分辨率,本文利用小波变换分频技术,将地震资料分解为大、中、小三个尺度的数据体,有效减弱了调谐作用,增强了地震资料的相对高频和相对低频,提高了分辨率.在贝叶斯理论框架下,依据地震资料与沉积层序体的多尺度对应关系,逐级进行地震反演,把大尺度地震反演结果作为中尺度地震反演的模型约束,中尺度反演结果又作为小尺度地震反演的模型约束,最终完成整个反演.理论模型试算展示了该方法的逐级寻优特性,实际地震资料的多尺度反演表明,同常规稀疏脉冲反演方法相比,基于贝叶斯理论的多尺度反演对较薄储层的识别能力有实质性提升.     

由声测井资料计算反射系数序列中多分辨率逼近的选择

介绍了由声测井资料计算反射系数序列中的多分辨率逼近理论,详细分析了由高分辨率的声测井资料计算低分辨率的反射系数序列的地质要求,进而在理论上讨论了此类问题中多分辨逼近的选择.并比较了由Haar系与由三次样条函数构造的多分辨率逼近这两种典型的多分辨率逼近.最后利用理论模型及实际资料算例验证了选择恰当的多分辨率逼近在解决这类问题中的有效性.     

多尺度逐次逼近遗传算法反演大地电磁资料

遗传算法是一种随机全局搜索算法,与常规的基于局部线性化的最优化方法相比对初始模型的依赖性大为减弱,但是存在着有效基因丢失和早熟收敛问题．采用多尺度逐次逼近反演思想而建立的多尺度逐次逼近遗传算法,能有效地解决上述问题．用该算法对大地电磁资料进行反演,理论曲线和实测资料的试算结果表明多尺度逐次逼近遗传算法能够自动反演地电参数．     

由声测井资料计算反射系数序列中多分辨逼近的选择

介绍了由声测井资料计算反射系数序列中的多分辨率逼近理论,详细分析了由高分辨率的声测井资料计算低分辨率的反射系数序列的地质要求,进而在理论上讨论了此类问题中多分辨逼近的选择,并比较了由Ｈａａｒ系与由三次样条函数构造的多分辨率逼近这两种典型的多分辨逼近。最后利用理论模型及实际资料算例验证了选择恰当的多分辨率逼近在解决这类问题中的有效性。     

基于源波场重构的子波自适应频移算子

地震信号中的多尺度信息对于分辨率、成像精度和反演结果有非常重要的意义,本文提出一种基于直达波模拟波场重建震源子波的地震数据频移算子,以期能应用于基于波动的地震信号多尺度分频.频移过程主要分为两步,第一步利用直达波反传构建震源子波,第二步借助震源子波和频移算子进行多尺度分频.与常规数字滤波器相比,频移算子突破了滤波造成信号波形特征改变和震源子波形态畸变的限制,频移地震数据与数值模拟地震数据完美匹配,同时频移算子具有理论子波自适应功能,更易于后续波动类应用展开.最后通过层状模型和实际资料进行测试,并与常规滤波器结果对比证明本方法的准确性和稳定性.     

DETECTION OF THIN BEDS WITH THE PSEUDO-ACOUSTIC IMPEDANCE SECTION*

The conventional seismic response of a thin bed approximates the time derivative of the incident wavelet, whereas the pseudo-impedance response approximates the incident wavelet. Consequently the pseudo-impedance response of a geological sequence composed of thin beds is simpler and easier to interpret than the conventional response. By calibrating the sonic log data with check-shot data and performing zero-phase seismic processing, the fit of the sonic log and pseudo-velocity section is improved. Discrepancies in amplitude and phase, however, generally remain. A five-step processing and interpretation procedure, which benefits from multichannel interpretation along the model seismic section generated from the sonic logs, is described. The method has been tested with field data. In the test the detection of thin beds and the estimation of the natural gas content was more reliable with the proposed procedure than with the conventional method.     

Well tie,fluid substitution and AVO modelling: a North Sea example

Accurate well ties are essential to practical seismic lithological interpretation. As long as the geology in the vicinity of the reservoir is not unduly complex, the main factors controlling this accuracy are the processing of the seismic data and the construction of the seismic model from well logs. This case study illustrates how seismic data processing to a near-offset stack, quality control of logs and petrophysical modelling improved a well tie at an oil reservoir. We demonstrate the application of a predictive petrophysical model in the preparation and integration of the logs before building the seismic model and we quantify our improvements in well-tie accuracy. The data for the study consisted of seismic field data from a 3D sail line through a well in a North Sea oilfield and a suite of standard logs at the well. A swathe of fully processed 3D data through the well was available for comparison. The well tie in the shallow section from first-pass seismic data processing and a routinely edited sonic log was excellent. The tie in a deeper interval containing the reservoir was less satisfactory: the phase errors within the bandwidth of the seismic wavelet were of the order of 20°, which we consider too large for subsequent transformation of the data to seismic impedance. Reprocessing the seismic data and revision of the well-log model reduced these phase errors to less than 10° and improved the consistency of the deep and shallow well ties. The reprocessing included densely picked iterative velocity analysis, prestack migration, beam-forming multiple attenuation, stacking the near-offset traces and demigration and remigration of the near-offset data. The petrophysical model was used to monitor and, where necessary, replace the P-wave sonic log with predictions consistent with other logs and to correct the sonic log for mud-filtrate invasion in the hydrocarbon-bearing sand. This editing and correction of the P-wave transit times improved the normal-incidence well tie significantly. The recordings from a monopole source severely underestimated the S-wave transit times in soft shale formations, including the reservoir seal, where the S-wave velocity was lower than the P-wave velocity in the drilling mud. The petrophysical model predicted an S-wave log that matched the valid recordings and interpolated between them. The subsequent seismic modelling from the predicted S-wave log produced a class II AVO anomaly seen on the CDP gathers around the well.     

Compressional-wave Q estimation from full-waveform sonic data

There is significant evidence that the anelastic loss of seismic energy is linked to petrophysical properties such as porosity, permeability and clay content. Thus, reliable estimation of anelastic attenuation from seismic data can lead to improved methods for the prediction of petrophysical properties. This paper is concerned with methods for the estimation of attenuation at sonic frequencies (5–30 KHz) from in situ data. Two independent methods have been developed and tested for estimating compressional‐wave attenuation from full‐waveform sonic data. A well‐established technique, the logarithm spectral ratio (LSR) method, is compared with a new technique, the instantaneous frequency (IF) method. The LSR method uses the whole spectrum of the seismic pulse whilst the IF method uses a carefully estimated value of instantaneous frequency which is representative of the centre frequency of the pulse. In the former case, attenuation estimation is based on the relative variation of amplitudes at different frequencies, whilst in the latter case it is based on the shift of the centre frequency of the pulse to lower values during anelastic wave propagation. The IF method does not assume frequency independence of Q which is a necessary assumption for the LSR method, and it provides a stable frequency log, the peak instantaneous frequency (PIF) log, which may be used as an indicator for attenuation under certain limitations. The development and implementation of the two methods is aimed at minimizing the effect of secondary arrivals, such as leaky modes, and involved a series of parameter tests. Testing of the two methods using full‐waveform sonic data of variable quality, obtained from a gas‐bearing sandstone reservoir, showed that the IF method is in general more stable and suitable for full‐waveform sonic data compared with the LSR method. This was evident especially in data sets with high background noise levels and wave‐interference effects. For good quality data, the two methods gave results that showed good agreement, whilst comparison with other log types further increased confidence in the results obtained. A significant decrease (approximately 5 KHz) in the PIF values was observed in the transition from an evaporite/shale sequence to the gas‐bearing sandstone. Average Q values of 54 and 51 were obtained using good quality data from a test region within the gas‐saturated sandstone reservoir, using the LSR and IF methods, respectively.     

Azimuthal anisotropy analysis of walkaround vertical seismic profiling vertical seismic profiling: a case study from Saudi Arabia

Understanding fracture orientations is important for optimal field development of fractured reservoirs because fractures can act as conduits for fluid flow. This is especially true for unconventional reservoirs (e.g., tight gas sands and shale gas). Using walkaround Vertical Seismic Profiling (VSP) technology presents a unique opportunity to identify seismic azimuthal anisotropy for use in mapping potential fracture zones and their orientation around a borehole. Saudi Aramco recently completed the acquisition, processing and analysis of a walkaround VSP survey through an unconventional tight gas sand reservoir to help characterize fractures. In this paper, we present the results of the seismic azimuthal anisotropy analysis using seismic traveltime, shear‐wave splitting and amplitude attenuation. The azimuthal anisotropy results are compared to the fracture orientations derived from dipole sonic and image logs. The image log interpretation suggests that an orthorhombic fracture system is present. VSP data show that the P‐wave traveltime anisotropy direction is NE to SW. This is consistent with the cemented fractures from the image log interpretation. The seismic amplitude attenuation anisotropy direction is NW to SE. This is consistent with one of the two orientations obtained using transverse to radial amplitude ratio analysis, with the dipole sonic and with open fracture directions interpreted from image log data.     

Permeability estimation conditioned to geophysical downhole log data in sandstones of the northern Galilee Basin,Queensland: Methods and application

This study uses borehole geophysical log data of sonic velocity and electrical resistivity to estimate permeability in sandstones in the northern Galilee Basin, Queensland. The prior estimates of permeability are calculated according to the deterministic log–log linear empirical correlations between electrical resistivity and measured permeability. Both negative and positive relationships are influenced by the clay content. The prior estimates of permeability are updated in a Bayesian framework for three boreholes using both the cokriging (CK) method and a normal linear regression (NLR) approach to infer the likelihood function. The results show that the mean permeability estimated from the CK-based Bayesian method is in better agreement with the measured permeability when a fairly apparent linear relationship exists between the logarithm of permeability and sonic velocity. In contrast, the NLR-based Bayesian approach gives better estimates of permeability for boreholes where no linear relationship exists between logarithm permeability and sonic velocity.     

Backus averaging,scattering and drift1

Differences between traveltimes from sonic to seismic frequencies, commonly known as drift, can be attributed to a combination of multiple scattering and absorption. The portion due to scattering can be estimated directly by calculating synthetic seismograms from sonic logs. A simple alternative approach is suggested by the long-wave equivalent averaging formulae for the effective elastic properties of a stack of thin layers, which gives the same traveltime delays as the low-frequency limit of the scattering dispersion. We consider the application of these averaging formulae over a frequency-dependent window with the hope of extending their use to frequencies higher than those allowed by the original validity conditions. However, comparison of the time delay due to window-averaging with the scattering dispersion predicted by the O'Doherty-Anstey formula reveals that it is not possible to specify a form of window that will fit the dispersion across the spectrum for arbitrary log statistics. A window with a width proportional to the wavelength squared matches the behaviour at the low-frequency end of the dispersive range for most logs, and allows an almost exact match of the drift across the entire spectrum for exponential correlation functions. We examine a real log, taken from a hole in nearly plane-layered geology, which displays strong quasi-cyclical variations on one scale as well as more random, smaller-scale fluctuations. The details of its drift behaviour are studied using simple models of the gross features. The form of window which gave a good theoretical fit to the dispersion for an exponential log correlation function can only fit the computed drift at high or low frequencies, confirming that there are at least two significant scale-lengths of fluctuation. A better overall fit is obtained for a window whose width is proportional to the wavelength. The calculated scattering drift is significantly less than that observed from a vertical seismic profile, but the difference cannot be wholly ascribed to absorption. This is because the source frequency of the sonic tool is not appropriate for its resolution (receiver spacing) so that the scattering drift from sonic to seismic frequencies cannot be fully estimated from the layer model derived from the log.     

南海北部东沙海域天然气水合物的初步研究

利用地震、测井与地温资料综合分析了南海北部东沙海域可能存在的天然气水合物的分布特征.研究表明,在东沙海域地震剖面上出现似海底反射层、弱振幅带等天然气水合物分布标志,在声波测井曲线上呈现高速、速度倒转等天然气水合物存在特征.似海底反射层的深度与1144站位,及平均地温梯度资料得出的稳定带厚度较吻合.1144站位与1148站位似海底反射层距海底较深,分别为654m与475m.在1144站位附近,弱振幅带的顶界可能代表含天然气水合物沉积层的顶界,约在450m左右.     

利用地层空间的相对稳定性、井资料、地震资料模拟高分辨率波阻抗资料

由于地震资料是带限的,而井资料约束反演过程中的地震反演频带的展宽也是有一定限度的,使得反演地震波阻抗也是带限的。如何进一步拓宽反演地震波阻抗的频带宽度,提高地震资料的分辨率是文中研究的内容。利用井约束下的地震反演波阻抗资料、地震资料及井资料,借鉴地质模拟技术,研究如何利用地层的空间相对稳定性特征,通过相关函数的分析,估计反演更高分辨率的地震波阻抗资料。考虑到地质体空间的相关性及分辨率,相关半径取相关函数从最大点到第1个极值点的范围。在目标函数的计算过程中,既考虑当前计算点的权系数信息,又考虑井外推时的权系数信息,这样使计算结果更加稳定可靠。通过综合模拟计算,能够识别较小砂体     

CALCULATION OF VELOCITY FROM SEISMIC REFLECTION AMPLITUDE *

It is not possible to determine accurate geological velocities from seismic velocity analysis for thin layers or complex structural features, especially under an unconformity. Instead, we can approach the problem of interval velocity with seismic amplitudes analysis and compute the reflection coefficient along the unconformity surface. An error estimation has been made on a model to test the possibility of such a method and to choose the best parameters to be used. The method has been applied on an actual case: the computed interval velocities show good correlation with the values obtained by a sonic log.     

谐振Q理论井震匹配法及品质因子反演

储层勘测中地震波速度一般低于声波测井速度,撇开观测系统与人为因素造成的误差,岩石本征的黏弹性是造成这一现象的重要原因.本文在井、震匹配问题中引入了黏弹性岩石的杨氏谐振品质因子(Q)模型,对储层岩石进行了井震匹配与Q反演.文章阐述了如何通过谐振Q模型合理的校正声波速度,从而实现井震匹配.在波形匹配的基础上,进行地层品质因子的反演,合理的计算出目的层位的品质因子值.