含激电效应的CSAMT一维正演研究

地电体对频率域电磁波激发源的响应为电磁感应和激电效应的综合响应.传统CSAMT法进行数据正反演时认为大地介质电阻率是与频率无关的实数,而实际上因为激电效应,地下可极化体的电阻率是一个与频率相关的复数.为推进二者总体响应研究,并扩展激电法的应用范围,同时提高电磁法勘探的精度,本文基于Dias模型,以复电阻率代替不考虑地电体极化效应的直流电阻率,对CSAMT场源一维层状模型进行了正演模拟,为提取CSAMT信号中所含激电信息提供理论基础.结果表明,考虑激电参数后,视电阻率及相位响应曲线出现明显异常（包括远场、过渡场、近场）;极化前后振幅比值异常峰值、相位差值异常峰值可直观体现激电异常;异常峰值与极化层层厚、埋深以及电阻率变化有连续的对应关系.认为从频率域电磁法信号中提取激电信息有乐观的前景.     

三维大地电磁激电效应特征研究

在积分方程法的大地电磁三维正演模拟中引入Cole-Cole模型研究激电效应特征,对均匀半空间中存在极化体时的三维大地电磁测深响应进行了理论计算,分析了极化参数的影响规律.结果表明:激电效应使观测视电阻率值变低;地下高阻极化体比低阻极化体的激电效应强,特别是极化率大的高阻极化体对大地电磁响应影响大,使观测结果出现假异常.     

激电和电磁效应对三维复电阻率正演结果的影响研究

复电阻率法(CR)又称为频谱激电法(SIP),是一种重要的激电分支方法,在矿产勘查中应用非常广泛.然而,在实际的频谱激电野外观测资料中,总是会受到不同程度的电磁耦合效应的影响.因此,研究同时存在激发极化效应和电磁效应的复电阻率性质,对频谱激电法的实际数据处理具有一定的参考价值.本文首先在均匀半空间条件下,进行了复电阻率法的正演模拟.分析了频率、收发距的改变对视电阻率和视相位的影响.然后在有低阻异常体存在情况下,同时采用三维积分方程法和三维有限差分法,研究了不同条件下视电阻率和视相位的变化.最后,根据对正演模拟结果的分析,总结出不同程度的电磁耦合效应对视电阻率及视相位的影响规律,为准确分析异常提供了依据.     

MT激电效应的模拟研究及在油气检测中的应用

本文引入Cole-Cole模型来模拟大地的激发极化效应，对三层水平地层且中间层为极化层的大地电磁测深的视电阻率进行了理论计算，分析了极化参数对视电阻率曲线的影响规律.采用广义逆方法对三层水平地层且中间层为极化层的模型进行了反演研究，结果表明该反演方法能够较好地确定地层电阻率的同时获得地层激电参数，应用于实际资料的反演时，反演结果与已知含油气地层的实际参数十分吻合.     

基于自适应有限元的2.5D海洋可控源电磁场激电效应特征研究

油气藏自身会产生激电效应,明确海洋可控源电磁场激电效应特征非常重要。本文基于自适应有限元方法实现了带激电效应的2.5D海洋可控源频率域电磁场正演。采用非结构化三角网格单元剖分地电模型,可以模拟任意起伏地形和复杂地电构造。利用Cole-Cole模型表述油气藏的激电效应,实现了考虑激电效应的海洋电磁复电阻率正演算法。将本文的计算结果与已发表的一维模型结果对比,检验了本文算法的正确性。最后,设计了不同的极化模型,针对不同的场源方位角、激电参数和地形,计算了的电磁场响应结果,分析了激电效应对海洋可控源电磁场的影响规律,结果表明油气藏的激电效应和海底地形对海洋可控源电磁场有一定的影响。     

时间域航空电磁法激电效应对电磁扩散的影响

由于激发极化效应的影响,时间域航空电磁晚期道信号经常会出现变号现象.基于电阻率的传统反演方法无法对变号数据进行正确反演,因此通常在数据处理中予以剔除.为深入了解极化介质的电磁扩散特征,认识航空瞬变电磁负响应的产生机理,本文研究时间域航空电磁系统的电磁扩散特征.我们以均匀极化、非极化半空间及层状介质模型为例,通过直接积分的方法求解频率域电场响应,并由欧姆定律得到电流响应,再经过汉克尔变换得到时间域电流响应.通过研究电流随时间在地下极化介质中的传播特征研究电磁扩散过程;通过对比不同激电参数对电磁扩散的影响,研究极化介质中感应电流与极化电流的扩散规律,从而合理地解释极化介质中负响应的产生机理.基于本文研究和分析结果,可加深对时间域航空电磁法中激电效应的认识.     

油气电法勘探综述

在直接找油气的物探方法中，电法作为一类重要的非地震地球物理方法，越来越受到人们的重视与关注。本文对其中几种主要的方法，如激发极化法、电场差分法和自然电场法等，从原理、发展概况和应用效果方面进行了简要论述。另外，对用来解决地质构造问题的非直接找油气的建场测探法、大地电磁法和可控源音频大地电磁法等，本文也作了扼要介绍。     

基于油气藏两种极化模式的海洋可控源电磁法激电效应研究

海洋可控源电磁法(MCSEM)已日益成为海洋油气勘探的重要方法,但在传统MCSEM的数值模拟和反演解释中,通常考虑的是非极化海底介质模型,这与油气藏会产生激电效应的实际情况并不相符.在前人的研究基础上,本文总结了油气藏产生激电效应的两种模式:外生黄铁矿极化模式和油气藏自身极化模式.在典型的海洋4层地电模型基础上,本文设计了包含外生黄铁矿的海洋6层地电模型.基于这两种模型,通过推导MCSEM一维正演公式,引入Cole-Cole模型,本文分别计算了上述两种极化模式下MCSEM的激电响应,分析了各参数对两种模式下激电响应的影响特征,并对两种极化模式共同作用所产生的激电效应特征做了分析.结果表明,外生黄铁矿极化和油气层自身极化都会产生较明显的激电效应,而激电效应的强弱与观测频率、模型参数和激电参数有关.在相同的激电参数下,外生黄铁矿极化所产生激电效应的影响主要集中在小收发距处,而油气层自身极化所产生的激电效应则主要影响较大收发距处的场值.两种极化模式共同作用的效果相当于两种极化模式分别作用时的叠加.     

基于Cole-Cole模型的中间极化水平层大地电磁IP效应研究

利用Cole-Cole模型的复电阻率公式表征的介质激电效应,对一维层状介质O型、H型、A型、K型和Q型地电断面中间极化的大地电磁模型进行了正演计算.利用视电阻率比值和相位比值参数来表征IP效应,详细讨论了各地电类型的激发极化效应.对大地电磁场激发极化效应与极化体厚度和埋深的关系进行了讨论.     

时间域航空电磁激发极化参数三维反演研究

时间域航空电磁中心回线(或重叠回线)装置晚期道数据受激电效应影响常出现符号反转现象.这类数据与多个激电参数相关,并且各参数之间灵敏度差异较大,导致反演存在严重的非唯一性.本文提出一种基于Pearson相关性约束和深度学习算法相结合的时间域航空电磁激发极化参数反演策略.该反演策略首先基于深度学习预测时间域航空电磁激电参数,进而给时间常数和频率相关系数一个较小的约束范围后再反演电阻率和极化率,由此大大减少反演的多解性.针对电阻率和极化率的反演,我们采用统计学中Pearson相关系数构建两种物性参数的相关性约束,进一步减少反演多解性.为验证反演策略的有效性,我们对双棱柱模型和拱形模型分别进行反演试算.理论测试结果表明,基于Pearson相关性约束的电阻率和极化率的反演结果比传统的高斯-牛顿反演结果更接近真实模型,而基于深度学习预测时间常数和频率相关系数后的电阻率和极化率反演结果与给定真实时间常数和频率相关系数后的反演结果效果相当.最后,我们对来自澳大利亚的带激电效应的航空电磁实测数据在考虑和不考虑激电效应条件下进行反演,结果表明考虑激电效应的反演无论数据拟合还是地电断面的连续性均得到明显改善...     

激发极化法探测油气田——效果及异常模式探讨

本文是在20多个油气藏上作激发极化法找油气的试验结果。在华北的第三系油田,四川的中生界油气田,新疆的中生、古生界大逆掩断层带油田,以及华东的第三系油田上试验,普遍得到好的效果。各地区的充电率、电阻率及金属因数等参数的反应特点有差异,异常明显程度受盖层影响很大。该方法可以探测到埋深不小于3000m的油气藏,并在许多油气藏发现了具有共同特征的典型异常模式:它在浅部中心部位表现为高阻,高极化;两侧为低阻,低极化;深部表现为低阻,高极化;深浅两带之间为过渡带,异常无固定的特征。此模式可用以分辨油气藏异常,选择合适工作极距,以及研究引起异常的机制等。     

RELATIONS OF IP DECAY-CURVE STATISTICS AND GEOLOGY*

Six thousand three hundred IP measurements made in central and southern Germany have been statistically evaluated. Shapes of IP decay curves obtained in the course of routine prospecting for sulfides were characterized in the following way: three chargeabilities were recorded during the 2 s current-off time. By dividing the last by the first chargeability an “IP decay coefficient’ was calculated and statistically evaluated by means of histograms. When the histograms were compared with the statistics of apparent resistivity and chargeability, no relationship could be detected. Therefore, the histograms of M3/M1 values represent a characteristic property of distinct areas with certain geological features, mineral assemblage and tectonics. Weathering does not alter this geophysical “fingerprint”, which depends solely on geology.     

Effect of coupling noise on the interpretation of results of electromagnetic horizontal sounding and modeling

The time variation of a source of alternating current produces an electromagnetic coupling between the transmitting and receiving systems in induced electrical polarization and resistivity surveys that employ horizontal electrical sounding. The coupling alters, sometimes significantly, the resistivity and chargeability values and, consequently, compromises the interpretation of the data. This work develops the analysis of this coupling on the time domain for both a homogeneous Earth and an Earth constituted of several homogeneous horizontal layers. Based on the results, it evaluates the theoretical variation of the voltage and compares it to observed data of an induced electrical polarization and resistivity survey with horizontal electrical sounding. The comparative study of the voltage decay curves assesses the contribution of the electromagnetic coupling to the values of the chargeability and apparent resistivity as a function of the bipole length and the period of the source current. Besides that, the respective pseudosections have delineated the horizontal and vertical variations of those two electrical properties, providing the interpretation of the geoelectrical section. This research is important for the oil industry because it may furnish information that help to: (i) define the structure of the sedimentary strata; (ii) estimate the clay content of the sandstones; and (iii) detect the possible presence of metallic sulphide halos at fractured zones of the sediments above the oil reservoir. It may be adapted to analysis of EM coupling in both resistive and induced electric well logs.     

从瞬变电磁响应中提取IP信息的研究(英文)

在对浙江省某铜矿进行瞬变电磁勘查时,由于感应激发极化效应的影响,造成瞬变电磁晚期测道的数据发生倒转。采用常规的瞬变电磁数据处理方法难以处理,造成晚期测道数据不可用,影响TEM的探测深度及精度。针对这个情况,采用Cole.Cole模型分析了均匀半空问模型中直流电阻率、充电率、时间常数以及频率相关系数对磁性源瞬变电磁响应的影响规律。利用奇异值分解法(The Singular Value Decomposition,简称SVD)对实测TEM数据进行分析及反演,并且从瞬变电磁响应数据中分离出勘探区瞬变电磁测量数据Cole—Cole模型的各参数,将分离出来的参数用于探测结果的辅助解释。经过分析得出充电率和频率相关系数对瞬变电磁响应的影响较大,而直流电阻率和时间常数对其影响较小的结论。通过常规方法和奇异值分解法对实测数据分别进行处理,发现后者视电阻率断面图的异常更加突出,从而较准确的圈定了铜矿体地范围,此结论得到_『钻孔的验证,与实际地质情况吻合较好。     

A Method to Remove Electromagnetic Coupling from Induced Polarization Data for an "Exponential" Earth Model

--The electromagnetic (EM) coupling effect in induced polarization (IP) data is an important problem. In many works it has been computed only considering homogeneous or layered earth models with discretely uniform conductivity. In this study, an algorithm has been developed to compute the EM coupling effect in IP data measured on the earth, whose conductivity varies (increases or decreases) exponentially with depth. The EM coupling effects for Percent Frequency Effect (PFE) and phase data are computed for a dipole-dipole array with different separations, however the method can be applied to any electrode array. The results obtained for the cases of increasing and decreasing conductivity as a function of depth indicate that the EM coupling effect strongly depends on the subsurface resistivity and the dipole length. Here an "exponential" earth model is considered to remove EM coupling from the IP data in frequency and phase domain. For this purpose, first, the region of pseudo-section is divided into segments, and within each segment a typical average apparent resistivity („_a) curve is constructed. An exponential conductivity model is fitted to average „_a data. The conductivity model is then used to compute EM responses. Next the data are corrected for the EM coupling contribution. This decoupling process is applied to field data from a galenite-pyrite mineralization area at the Dolluk site, in western Turkey. The results from the decoupling method developed here are compared with other techniques.     

MODEL STUDIES ON SOME ASPECTS OF RESISTIVITY AND MEMBRANE POLARIZATION BEHAVIOUR OVER A LAYERED EARTH*

Electrolytic model tank experiments to study resistivity and time domain induced polarization (IP) response over layered earth models were initiated primarily to facilitate the understanding of field results. Alternate layers of clay and sand (or clay-coated sand) with, in some cases, a surficial layer of water were assembled in the tank and resistivity and IP measurements made for a range of electrode spacings using the Wenner configuration. Graphite and silver-silver chloride electrodes were used as current and potential electrodes respectively. Clay-coated (3% by weight) sand was found to generate stronger polarization than either clay or sand alone. Apparent chargeability m_a was observed to be positive for a nonpolarizable surface layer. For a polarizable surface layer, the sign of IP was controlled by the polarizability, the thickness of the second layer, and the spacing of the electrode spreads. The apparent chargeability m_a can theoretically change sign from positive to negative and vice versa with a gradual increase in electrode spacing, and such negative IP effects were obtained in a few observations. A simultaneous decrease in IP and an increase in resistivity, which is a qualitative diagnostic feature for the occurrence of clean freshwater sand aquifers, could also be generated in the model tank experiment. Combined resistivity and IP soundings were carried out near Fredericton Junction and Tracy, New Brunswick, Canada. Field curves are presented along with the model curves for qualitative comparison and understanding of IP behaviour over a layered earth. Twenty-five out of twenty-seven soundings show only positive apparent chargeabilities, whereas two show chargeability sign changes (positive/negative/positive). The model study gives reason to believe that surface soils and Quaternary gravel boulder deposits near Fredericton Junction are relatively non-polarizable. As an auxiliary experiment, sand and clay were taken in different proportions by weight and mixed thoroughly with water in a cement mixer. The mixtures were then compressed with a suitable die and plunger under 3.6 Pa pressure to prepare cylindrical samples of height 18 cm and diameter 15.5 cm. IP measurements were done on the flat faces using the Wenner configuration with a= 2 cm. Chargeability was found to be negative for 100 and 90% clay mixtures. It reached a positive maximum for an 80% clay-20% sand mixture and then decreased gradually with increasing sand and decreasing clay content.     

RESISTIVITY AND INDUCED POLARIZATION RESPONSES OF ARBITRARILY SHAPED 3-D BODIES IN A TWO-LAYERED EARTH*

Numerical computations using the integral equation method are presented for resistivity and IP responses due to arbitrarily shaped 3-dimensional bodies in a layered earth. The unknown surface charge density distribution is expressed as the solution of Fredholm's integral equation of the second kind. Use of moment method (with pulse basis function and point-collocation) yields the matrix equations for the unknowns. The contributions to Green's function are solved (a) analytically for the primary and (b) by convolution for the secondary contributions resulting in a fast algorithm. The further step of computing potential, apparent resistivity, chargeability etc., for any electrode system, is straightforward. Our results show a good agreement with those from finite difference methods and physical tank experiments. The CPU time is only 138 s on a super-minicomputer for an apparent resistivity pseudo-section, even with 96 elementary cells as used for discretization. A large number of models for different geological situations were studied; some are presented here.     

Geological and geophysical data integration for delimitation of mineralized areas in a supergene manganese deposits

Geophysical methods are widely used in mineral exploration. This paper discusses the results of geological and geophysical studies in supergene manganese deposits of southern Brazil. Mineralized zones as described in geological surveys were characterized as of low resistivity (20Ω.m) and high chargeability (30ms), pattern found also in oxides and sulfite mineral deposits. Pseudo-3D modeling of geophysical data allowed mapping at several depths. A relationship between high chargeability and low resistivity may define a pattern for high grade gonditic manganese ore. Large areas of high chargeability and high resistivity may result in accumulation of manganese and iron hydroxides, due to weathering of the gonditic ore, dissolution, percolation and precipitation.     

Indicative features of local magnetic anomalies from hydrocarbon deposits: examples from Azerbaijan and Ukraine

Magnetic surveys are one of the most mobile and low-cost geophysical methods. However, direct searching of hydrocarbon deposits by the magnetic method was questioned for a long time because of the virtual absence of the magnetic properties of oil and gas. Last investigations indicate that physical–chemical reactions of hydrocarbon deposits with the host media often create precursors for detecting directly magnetic signals from the oil and gas deposits even in the cases of large depths. Extraction of low-signal magnetic anomalies generated by hydrocarbon deposits is demonstrated on examples of several deposits from the Middle Kur Depression (Azerbaijan) and Dnieper-Donets Depression (Ukraine). Application of the proposed magnetic data analysis will allow not only to optimize hydrocarbon deposit searching in complex geological environments but also to decrease the number of prospecting boreholes.