合成孔径雷达干涉测量技术的发展及其在地震研究中的应用

主要介绍了合成孔径雷达干涉测量（ＩＮＳＡＲ）技术的现状,发展及其在地震研究中的应用情况。     

ASSESSMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY FOR EARTHQUAKE RISK IN BEIJINGAREA──THE APPLICATION OF GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM（GIS）

ＡＳＳＥＳＳＭＥＮＴＯＦＥＮＶＩＲＯＮＭＥＮＴＡＬＱＵＡＬＩＴＹＦＯＲＥＡＲＴＨＱＵＡＫＥＲＩＳＫＩＮＢＥＩＪＩＮＧＡＲＥＡ──ＴＨＥＡＰＰＬＩＣＡＴＩＯＮＯＦＧＥＯＧＲＡＰＨＩＣＩＮＦＯＲＭＡＴＩＯＮＳＹＳＴＥＭ（ＧＩＳ）ＨａｎＺｈｕｊｕｎ；Ｊｉａ     

AUTHORS'''' INSTRUCTIONS

ＡＵＴＨＯＲＳ’ＩＮＳＴＲＵＣＴＩＯＮＳＡＵＴＨＯＲＳ’ＩＮＳＴＲＵＣＴＩＯＮＳ１．ＭａｎｕｓｃｒｉｐｔＯｒｉｇｉｎａｌｐａｐｅｒｓｓｈｏｕｌｄｂｅｓｕｂｍｉｔｅｄｉｎｔｒｉｐｌｉｃａｔｅｔｏｔｈｅＥｄｉｔｏｒｉａｌＢｏａｒｄｏｆｔｈｅＪｏｕｒｎａｌ...     

THREE KINDS OF TIME DISTRIBUTION FUNCTIONS OF REMARKABLE EARTHQUAKES IN SEISMIC SEQUENCES

ＴＨＲＥＥＫＩＮＤＳＯＦＴＩＭＥＤＩＳＴＲＩＢＵＴＩＯＮＦＵＮＣＴＩＯＮＳＯＦＲＥＭＡＲＫＡＢＬＥＥＡＲＴＨＱＵＡＫＥＳＩＮＳＥＩＳＭＩＣＳＥＱＵＥＮＣＥＳＤｉａｏＳｈｏｕｚｈｏｎｇＷａｎｇＨｏｎｇｗｅｉＣｈａｏＨｏｎｇｔａｉＨｕａＡｉｊｕｎ（Ｓｅｉ...     

THE RIVER CHANNEL ADJUSTMENT AS INFLUENCED BY THE FLOODPLAIN GEOECOSYSTEM： AN EXAMPLE FROM THE HONGSHAN RESERVOIR

ＴＨＥＲＩＶＥＲＣＨＡＮＮＥＬＡＤＪＵＳＴＭＥＮＴＡＳＩＮＦＬＵＥＮＣＥＤＢＹＴＨＥＦＬＯＯＤＰＬＡＩＮＧＥＯＥＣＯＳＹＳＴＥＭ：ＡＮＥＸＡＭＰＬＥＦＲＯＭＴＨＥＨＯＮＧＳＨＡＮＲＥＳＥＲＶＯＩＲ￥ＸＵＪｉｏｎｇｘｉｎ；ＳＨＩＣｈａｎｇｘｉｎｇ（Ｐｒ...     

EFFECT OF ANNUAL RAINFALL AND RUNOFF COMPOSITION ON SEDIMENT YIELD IN SMALL WATERSHEDS

ＥＦＦＥＣＴＯＦＡＮＮＵＡＬＲＡＩＮＦＡＬＬＡＮＤＲＵＮＯＦＦＣＯＭＰＯＳＩＴＩＯＮＯＮＳＥＤＩＭＥＮＴＹＩＥＬＤＩＮＳＭＡＬＬＷＡＴＥＲＳＨＥＤＳＳｌｏｂｏｄａｎＰＥＴＫＯＶＩＣａｎｄＪｏｖａｎＳＴＥＦＡＮＯＶＩＣ（ＰｒｏｆｅｓｓｏｒｏｆＨｙｄｒａ...     

TOWARDS A NEW APPROACH TO CONSTRUCTING SEDIMENT DISCHARGE RATING CURVES

ＴＯＷＡＲＤＳＡＮＥＷＡＰＰＲＯＡＣＨＴＯＣＯＮＳＴＲＵＣＴＩＮＧＳＥＤＩＭＥＮＴＤＩＳＣＨＡＲＧＥＲＡＴＩＮＧＣＵＲＶＥＳＷｏｌｆｇａｎｇＳＵＭＭＥＲ；ＺＨＡＮＧＷｅｉＡｂｓｔｒａｃｔ：ＴｈｅＳｅｄｉｍｅｎｔＲａｔｉｎｇＣｕｒｖｅ（ＳＲＣ）ｉｓｔｈ...     

MASINGA RESERVOIR IN KENYA：SEDIMENT DISCHARGE AND IMPLICATIONS FOR ITS CAPACITY

ＭＡＳＩＮＧＡＲＥＳＥＲＶＯＩＲＩＮＫＥＮＹＡ：ＳＥＤＩＭＥＮＴＤＩＳＣＨＡＲＧＥＡＮＤＩＭＰＬＩＣＡＴＩＯＮＳＦＯＲＩＴＳＣＡＰＡＣＩＴＹ￥Ｆ．Ａ．Ｏ．Ｏｔｉｅｎｏ（ＳｅｎｉｏｒＬｅｃｔｕｒｅｒｉｎＣｉｖｉｌＥｎｇｉｎｅｅｒｉｎｇ，Ｕｎｉｖｅｒｓｉ...     

BED SHEAR IN EVOLVING SCOUR AT A CYLINDER:A THEORETICAL APPROACH

ＢＥＤＳＨＥＡＲＩＮＥＶＯＬＶＩＮＧＳＣＯＵＲＡＴＡＣＹＬＩＮＤＥＲ：ＡＴＨＥＯＲＥＴＩＣＡＬＡＰＰＲＯＡＣＨＳｕｂｈａｓｉｓｈＤＥＹ１ａｎｄＳｒｉｊｉｂＫ．ＫＡＲ２Ａｂｓｔｒａｃｔ：Ｔｈｅｔｅｍｐｏｒａｌｖａｒｉａｔｉｏｎｏｆｓｈｅａｒｓｔｒｅｓｓ...     

GRAIN SORTING AND ARMOURING LEADING TO NAXIMUM BED STABILITY

ＧＲＡＩＮＳＯＲＴＩＮＧＡＮＤＡＲＭＯＵＲＩＮＧＬＥＡＤＩＮＧＴＯＮＡＸＩＭＵＭＢＥＤＳＴＡＢＩＬＩＴＹ￥ＡｎｄｒｅａｓＤｉｔｔｒｉｃｈ，ＰｅｔｅｒＬａｒｓｅｎａｎｄＰｅｔｅｒＥｒｇｅｎｚｉｎｇｅｒ（ＡｎｄｒｅａｓＤｉｔｔｒｉｃｈ，ＲｅｓｅａｒｃｈＥ...     

Recent advances on surface ground deformation measurement by means of repeated space-borne SAR observations

Space-borne Synthetic Aperture Radar interferometry (INSAR) is a well known widely used remote sensing technique to get precise (sub-centimetric) surface deformation measurements on large areas (thousands of km²) and high spatial density of measurement points (hundreds per km²). In this work the recent technological advances of this technique are presented. First, a short review of the INSAR basics is dedicated to readers who are not INSAR specialists. Then, an analysis of the improvement of ground motion measurement offered by multiple repeated space-borne SAR observations gathered by the new generation of high resolution SAR systems is given. An example obtained with the recent German TERRASAR-X system is shown and compared with the measurements obtained with the elder C-band RADARSAT-1 system. Finally, a possible processing of multi-temporal analysis of SAR images that allow extracting ground motion information also from partially coherent targets is given. In this case the core idea is to relax the restrictive conditions imposed by the Permanent Scatterers technique. The results obtained in different test-sites show an increased spatial density of areal deformation trend measurements, especially in extra-urban areas at the cost of missing motions with strong velocity variation.     

星载D-INSAR技术及初步应用——以西藏玛尼地震为例

近 10a来 ,干涉合成孔径雷达 (INSAR ,InterferometricSyntheticApertureRadar;简称 :干涉雷达 )测量技术取得了令世人瞩目的成绩 ,已成为极具有潜力的空间对地观测新技术。较详细地介绍了干涉合成孔径雷达、差分干涉合成孔径雷达 (D -INSAR ,DifferentialINSAR ;简称 :差分干涉雷达 )技术的基本原理 ,并以 1997年 11月 8日西藏玛尼地震为例 ,通过三通差分干涉处理 ,获取了玛尼地震前后的地表变形场。通过分析可知 ,变形梯度带与发震断层平行 ,均沿NEE -SWW(2 5 0°)分布 ,断层水平错距近 5m ,最大隆起斜距向位移量为 98cm ,最大沉降斜距向位移量为 95cm     

A new approach to the monitoring of deformation on Lanzarote (Canary Islands): an 8-year radar perspective

There was significant eruptive activity on Lanzarote (Canary Islands) in the 18th and 19th centuries, and future activity is a clear likelihood today. The fact that not all of the island is covered by geodetic monitoring prompted the authors to assess the possibility of using SAR interferometry for routine volcanic activity monitoring of the island. This paper presents the results obtained after testing this technique using six radar images acquired by the ERS-1 and ERS-2 satellites during the period 1992-2000. The analysis of these images has confirmed the existence of long-term stability coherence across most of the island: a prerequisite for using SAR interferometry in volcano monitoring. The analysis of 15 (redundant) interferograms allowed us to study both the impact of atmospheric artifacts on Lanzarote and any possible displacements, and to conclude that there has been no displacement greater than 3 cm on the island during the period in question. This result matches those obtained with the geodetic equipment installed on the island. Our results show that the inclusion of SAR interferometry in routine geodetic monitoring, supplementing terrestrial techniques, will clearly improve the chances of detecting any possible deformation, and its broad coverage will enhance the interpretation of any observed anomalies.     

基于快速分布式目标探测的时序雷达干涉测量方法:以Lost Hills油藏区为例

针对当前分布式目标雷达干涉测量运算效率低、选点困难等问题,本文提出了一种建立在快速同质点选取下的干涉数据处理框架.相比之前的时序数据处理方法,新方法具有选点快速、自适应性强的特点,能在保留影像分辨率基础之上增加空间点密度.另外,在统计推断的基础上,提出基于无偏空间相干性估计的分布式目标选择方法,进而弥补了传统经验阈值设定的缺陷.本文以美国加州Lost Hills油田区为例,在论证数据处理框架的可行性基础之上,分析了因孔隙流体萃取和孔隙压力降低引起的地表变形.     

巴姆地震地表形变的差分雷达干涉测量

利用星载合成孔径差分雷达干涉技术和ENVISAT卫星雷达数据, 获得了2003年12月26日伊朗巴姆的里氏6.5级地震引起的同震地表形变场,并详细地介绍了信号处理的过程. 利用地震前后的相干图的差异及形变场的突变棱线, 精确确定了地面上断层裂缝的位置、形状和长度. 这对震源理论模型的参数估计提供了依据. 由雷达干涉技术测量得到的形变场与理论模型模拟的结果一致.      

干涉雷达在获取地震同震位移场中的应用

给出了干涉雷达位相构成的表达式,其次对干涉雷达的数据处理方法进行了比较分析并且对一些数据处理应注意的问题进行了阐述;最后以1997年11月8日西藏玛尼发生的7. 5级地震前后的ERS-1/2干涉雷达数据为基础,介绍了干涉雷达在获取西藏玛尼地震同震位移场中的应用。     

Comparison of four techniques for estimating temporal change of seismic velocity with passive image interferometry

Passive image interferometry (PII) is becoming a powerful tool for detecting the temporal variations in the Earth's structure,which applies coda wave interferometry to the waveforms from the cross-correlation of seismic ambient noise.There are four techniques for estimating temporal change of seismic velocity with PII:moving-window cross-correlation technique (MWCCT),moving-window cross-spectrum technique (MWCST),stretching technique (ST) and moving-window stretching technique (MWST).In this paper,we use the continuous seismic records from a typical station pair near the Wenchuan MS8.0 earthquake fault zone and generate three sets of waveforms by stacking cross-correlation function of ambient noise with different numbers of days,and then apply four techniques to processing the three sets of waveforms and compare their results.Our results indicate that the techniques based on moving-window (MWCCT,MWCST and MWST) are superior in detecting the change of seismic velocity,and the MWCST can give a better estimate of velocity change than the other moving-window techniques due to measurement error.We also investigate the clock errors and their influences on measuring velocity change.We find that when the clock errors are not very large,they have limited impact on the estimate of the velocity change with the moving-window techniques.     

Inversion of vegetation height from Pol In SAR using complex least squares adjustment method

In this paper, we propose the novel method of complex least squares adjustment(CLSA) to invert vegetation height accurately using single-baseline polarimetric synthetic aperture radar interferometry(Pol In SAR) data. CLSA basically estimates both volume-only coherence and ground phase directly without assuming that the ground-to-volume amplitude radio of a particular polarization channel(e.g., HV) is less than ?10 d B, as in the three-stage method. In addition, CLSA can effectively limit errors in interferometric complex coherence, which may translate directly into erroneous ground-phase and volume-only coherence estimations. The proposed CLSA method is validated with Bio SAR2008 P-band E-SAR and L-band SIR-C Pol In SAR data. Its results are then compared with those of the traditional three-stage method and with external data. It implies that the CLSA method is much more robust than the three-stage method.     

InSAR技术在监测形变中的干涉条件分析

针对InSAR技术在形变监测领域中的应用,本文从分析D-InSAR的干涉机理对其约束条件出发,重点研究空间去相关和形变梯度这两个关键指标对形变信息提取的影响.研究针对不同系统参数的传感器来展开,并论证这两个因素对干涉测量的限制.本文的创新性工作主要集中在以下几个方面: (1)分析了各传感器参数下的临界坡度范围,进而确立了SAR传感器监测的无信息区域;(2)证明了在植被覆盖区,相干性分解必须考虑体散射分量,并依此对模型进行了修正;(3)明确了形变梯度与相位梯度的差异以及两者的函数关系,并将入射角引入形变梯度函数模型.(4)通过模拟数据和真实数据比较各传感器在不同条件下形变监测的优缺点,在统计分析的基础上进一步验证结论.本文的研究是对干涉测量条件的进一步补充,对于理解干涉成像机理、完善InSAR数值计算模型(形变梯度模型和相干性分解模型)以及帮助研究人员根据研究区域特征选择合适的InSAR数据具有一定的参考价值.     

Retrieving virtual reflection responses at drill‐bit positions using seismic interferometry with drill‐bit noise

In the field of seismic interferometry, researchers have retrieved surface waves and body waves by cross‐correlating recordings of uncorrelated noise sources to extract useful subsurface information. The retrieved wavefields in most applications are between receivers. When the positions of the noise sources are known, inter‐source interferometry can be applied to retrieve the wavefields between sources, thus turning sources into virtual receivers. Previous applications of this form of interferometry assume impulsive point sources or transient sources with similar signatures. We investigate the requirements of applying inter‐source seismic interferometry using non‐transient noise sources with known positions to retrieve reflection responses at those positions and show the results using synthetic drilling noise as source. We show that, if pilot signals (estimates of the drill‐bit signals) are not available, it is required that the drill‐bit signals are the same and that the phases of the virtual reflections at drill‐bit positions can be retrieved by deconvolution interferometry or by cross‐coherence interferometry. Further, for this case, classic interferometry by cross‐correlation can be used if the source power spectrum can be estimated. If pilot signals are available, virtual reflection responses can be obtained by first using standard seismic‐while‐drilling processing techniques such as pilot cross‐correlation and pilot deconvolution to remove the drill‐bit signatures in the data and then applying cross‐correlation interferometry. Therefore, provided that pilot signals are reliable, drill‐bit data can be redatumed from surface to borehole depths using this inter‐source interferometry approach without any velocity information of the medium, and we show that a well‐positioned image below the borehole can be obtained using interferometrically redatumed reflection responses with just a simple velocity model. We discuss some of the practical hurdles that restrict the application of the proposed method offshore.