基于时空局域化dreamlet单程波算子的观测系统沉降法偏移

Dreamlet偏移成像目的是探索一类能够对地震波场和单程波传播算子同时分解和压缩的理论和方法,也即实现在压缩域的传播与成像、地震数据在时间和空间的非平稳性质,决定了要实现地震数据的有效稀疏表示,分解方法必须在时间和空间上同时具有局域化性质.Dreamlet由时间和空间局部分解原子的张量积构成,可以看作一种脉冲-小波束形式的波场分解原子.时空局域化的dreamlet单程波传播算子在对波场沿深度方向延拓时,地震数据在时间轴上总是向同一方向流动.随着深度的增加,部分用于成像浅层结构的数据归位至其空间位置后被dreamlet算子丢弃,波场的有效记录时间变短,每一步用于波场延拓的计算量也相应下降.为了充分发挥这一优势,本文介绍dreamlet传播算子与观测系统沉降法偏移相结合的理论与方法.观测系统沉降法偏移每一步都将记录到的所有数据向下延拓,沉降后的波场等效于把源和检波器都放置在目标深度所能接收的反射数据.Dreamlet观测系统沉降过程只保留用于成像观测系统下部地质结构的有效数据,自动丢弃已经用于成像观测系统上部而对下部成像没有贡献的信号.本文通过二维SEG/EAGE叠后和Marmousi叠前数据算例展示了dreamlet传播算子应用于观测系统沉降法偏移的这一特点.数值算例结果显示,在不影响成像质量的前提下,该偏移方法能够有效减少传播数据量,为发展一种快速高效的偏移方法提供了新的思路.     

基于局部余弦基小波束的观测系统沉降法叠前深度偏移

将局部余弦基小波束波场分解、传播与观测系统沉降法叠前深度偏移相结合,推导了源-检波器观测系统沉降法传播算子.本算法中,先对频率域的共点源和共点检波器道集做局部余弦小波束分解,然后分别沿共小波束源和共小波束检波器在深度方向延拓得到下一层波场.每个深度的波场,都等效于把源和检波器放在该层后所能接收到的地震记录,每点的像值由炮点和检波点重合时的零时刻波场值给出.通过二维SEG/EAGE盐丘模型和Marmousi模型的偏移成像结果验证该方法理论推导的正确性.另外,结果显示该方法继承了小波束域波场延拓在速度扰动较大情况下波传播及成像精度高的优点.     

双平方根单程波动方程叠前τ偏移方法

本文将常规双平方根（DSR）单程波动方程从深度域变换到双程垂直走时（τ）域，由此推导出可从数学上实现“沉降观测”的单程波DSR传播算子. 其递归波场延拓算法包含波数域针对常速背景的相移处理和空间域针对横向速度扰动的相位校正，可以应对上覆地层速度横向变化对构造成像的影响. 结合零炮检距、零时间成像条件，提出了在τ域进行波场延拓与成像的DSR方程叠前偏移新方法. 为了克服其全三维偏移算法在实际应用中可能面临的困难，本文采用稳相近似，在crossline常炮检距偏移理论基础上推导了实用的共方位角叠前τ偏移方法. 数值试验表明，DSR方程叠前τ偏移在强横向非均匀介质中的成像精度与分辨率优于传统的时间域成像技术.     

双平方根单程波动方程叠前τ偏移方法

本文将常规双平方根（DSR）单程波动方程从深度域变换到双程垂直走时（τ）域，由此推导出可从数学上实现“沉降观测”的单程波DSR传播算子. 其递归波场延拓算法包含波数域针对常速背景的相移处理和空间域针对横向速度扰动的相位校正，可以应对上覆地层速度横向变化对构造成像的影响. 结合零炮检距、零时间成像条件，提出了在τ域进行波场延拓与成像的DSR方程叠前偏移新方法. 为了克服其全三维偏移算法在实际应用中可能面临的困难，本文采用稳相近似，在crossline常炮检距偏移理论基础上推导了实用的共方位角叠前τ偏移方法. 数值试验表明，DSR方程叠前τ偏移在强横向非均匀介质中的成像精度与分辨率优于传统的时间域成像技术.     

退化的Fourier偏移算子及其在复杂断块成像中的应用

波动方程宽角抛物逼近得到的通常是非常系数的单程波传播算子，其系数是速度横向变化的函数，因此需要利用有限差分(FD)进行数值实施. 通过对Lippmann Schwinger单程波动积分方程的退化核逼近,本文研究了一类宽角退化算子的偏移成像. 这种退化偏移算子只用快速Fourier变换进行波场延拓，将常规的Fourier分裂步地震偏移方法(SSF)推广适应强速度横向变化介质和大角度传播波场. 退化的Fourier偏移算子通过在两个分裂步项之间作波数域线性插值来实现波场延拓，每延拓一层需要比常规的SSF地震偏移方法多一次快速Fourier变换(FFT). 通过SEG/EAGE盐丘模型和实际地震资料的应用表明，退化Fourier偏移算子能很好地对盐下的陡倾角断层和实际地震剖面上的复杂小断块和大断裂地质构造成像.     

频率-空间域有限差分法叠前深度偏移

为了处理横向强变速介质中的深度成像问题,本文提出一种基于共炮道集的优化系数的傍轴近似方程叠前深度偏移算子,并在基于反射系数估算的成像条件下,可实现叠前深度偏移成像.该算子具有方程阶数低且能对陡倾角成像的特征,并采用有限差分法波场延拓,能适应速度场的任意变化.当在频率-空间域进行计算时,相对于纯粹的时间-空间域有限差分算法有计算效率高、成像方便的优点.脉冲响应测试和对Marmousi模型进行的叠前深度偏移结果表明,该偏移方法在强横向变速情况下具有非常好的成像效果.     

特征高斯波包叠前深度偏移方法

高斯波包（Gaussian packet）传播算子可在局部时空域高效地计算局部波包的传播.高斯波包叠前深度偏移的基础是在Gabor变换域描述观测数据,再利用高斯波包传播算子计算炮点波场和检波点波场,两者相关即可得到偏移结果.利用炮道集的局部τ-p特征在Gabor变换域表达观测数据,可以仅关注部分高斯波包框架函数上的数据投影,这样既实现了波场的压缩存储,同时可利用高斯波包传播算子反传框架函数以实现整个炮道集的快速反传.这些综合了观测数据局部τ-p特征的高斯波包函数称为特征高斯波包（characteristic Gaussian packet,CGP）,相应的波场反传称为特征高斯波包反传.理论及数值分析证明了上述特征高斯波包反传方法是有效且快速的.炮点正传波场也利用高斯波包传播算子模拟.利用互相关成像条件可实现特征高斯波包叠前深度偏移（characteristic Gaussian packet pre-stack depth migration,CGPM）.由于高斯波包传播算子描述了局部方向及局部空间的波场,所以CGPM可以自然地提取角度域成像道集（ADCIG）,并易于实现面向目标叠前深度偏移,从而作为偏移引擎为偏移速度分析（MVA）服务.数值实验证明了CGPM和面向目标CGPM的有效性和实用性.     

利用矩阵分解理论的双程波方程叠前深度偏移方法

叠前深度偏移理论及方法一直是地震数据成像中研究的热点问题.业界对单程波叠前深度偏移方法和逆时深度偏移开展了深入的研究,但对双程波方程波场深度延拓理论及成像方法的研究还鲜有报道.本文以地表记录的波场值为基础,利用单程波传播算子估计波场对深度的偏导数,为在深度域求解双程波方程提供充分的边界条件,并提出利用矩阵分解理论实现双程波方程的波场深度外推.通过对强速度变化介质中传播波场的计算,与传统的单程波偏移方法相比,本文提出的偏移方法计算的波场与常规有限差分技术计算的波场相一致,证明了本方法计算的准确性.通过对SEAM模型的成像,在相同的成像参数下,与传统的单程波偏移算法和逆时深度偏移算法方法相比,本文提出的偏移方法能够提供更少的虚假成像和更清晰的成像结果.本文所提偏移算法具有深度偏移和双程波偏移的双重特色,推动和发展了双程波叠前深度偏移的理论和实践.     

基于Gabor-Daubechies小波束叠前深度偏移的角度域共成像道集

传统炮检距域共像集（CIG）在复杂介质中因波传播的多路径而存在反射体位置不确定的问题. 角度域CIG由于克服了这一缺陷而逐步成为速度分析、AVA以及振幅保真偏移成像等研究的主要手段. 以波动理论为基础的地震偏移成像方法的发展为获得高质量的角度域CIG提供了可靠的实现途径. 其中,基于波场局域化分解和传播的小波束域波场延拓和偏移成像方法,因其波场分解基本函数和传播算子在空间和方向上的双重局域特性,而成为角度相关分析研究的有效工具. 本文在采用Gabor Daubechies框架分解的小波束叠前角度域偏移成像基础上,利用不同的叠加方法由局部角度域像矩阵得到了反射角域CIG（CRAIG）和倾角域CIG（CDAIG）. 以SEG EAGE二维盐体模型为例,通过对CRAIG和CDAIG的对比,探讨了这两种角度域CIG的特点及其在地震偏移成像中的潜在应用.     

局域化相空间中的VSP偏移成像方法(英文)

对VSP资料进行偏移成像可提高井附近地下结构的成像分辨率。本文给出了一种基于局域化相空间波场分解的VSP偏移成像方法。此方法采用了基于Gabor-Daubechies紧标架的延拓算子(G-D延拓算子)及其高频渐近形式对相空间波场进行延拓;基于局部平面假设,提出了一种局部角度域相关成像条件。合成和实际VSP资料的偏移成像结果表明,在满足渐近展开的条件下利用G-D延拓算子的高频近似式能够有效的减少计算时间;采用局部角度域相关成像条件能够在不增加计算量的同时,有效减弱VSP成像剖面上的偏移假象。     

Dreamlet source‐receiver survey sinking prestack depth migration

Survey sinking migration downward continues the entire surface observed multi‐shot data to the subsurface step by step recursively. Reflected energy from reflectors at current depth appear at zero time and zero offset in the extrapolated wavefield. The data (seismic records) of t > 0 at this depth are equivalent to the data acquired by a survey system deployed at this depth. This is the reason to name the process ‘survey sinking’. The records of negative time need not to be further propagated since they carry no information to image structures beneath the new survey system. In this paper, we combine survey sinking with dreamlet migration. The dreamlet migration method decomposes the seismic wavefield and one‐way wave propagator by complete time‐space localized bases. The localization on time gives flexibility on time‐varying operations during depth extrapolation. In dreamlet survey sinking migration, it only keeps the data for imaging the structures beneath the sunk survey system and gets rid of the data already used to image structures above it. The deeper the depth is, the shorter is the valid time records of the remaining data and less computation is needed for one depth step continuation. For data decomposition, in addition to time axis, dreamlet survey sinking also decomposes the data for source and receiver gathers, which is a fully localized decomposition of prestack seismic data. A three‐scatter model is first used to demonstrate the computational feature and principle of this method. Tests on the two‐dimensional SEG/EAGE salt model show that with reduced data sets the proposed method can still obtain good imaging quality on complex geology structures and a strong velocity contrast environment.     

Directional‐oriented wavefield imaging: a new wave‐based subsurface illumination imaging condition for reverse time migration

The key objective of an imaging algorithm is to produce accurate and high‐resolution images of the subsurface geology. However, significant wavefield distortions occur due to wave propagation through complex structures and irregular acquisition geometries causing uneven wavefield illumination at the target. Therefore, conventional imaging conditions are unable to correctly compensate for variable illumination effects. We propose a generalised wave‐based imaging condition, which incorporates a weighting function based on energy illumination at each subsurface reflection and azimuth angles. Our proposed imaging kernel, named as the directional‐oriented wavefield imaging, compensates for illumination effects produced by possible surface obstructions during acquisition, sparse geometries employed in the field, and complex velocity models. An integral part of the directional‐oriented wavefield imaging condition is a methodology for applying down‐going/up‐going wavefield decomposition to both source and receiver extrapolated wavefields. This type of wavefield decomposition eliminates low‐frequency artefacts and scattering noise caused by the two‐way wave equation and can facilitate the robust estimation for energy fluxes of wavefields required for the seismic illumination analysis. Then, based on the estimation of the respective wavefield propagation vectors and associated directions, we evaluate the illumination energy for each subsurface location as a function of image depth point and subsurface azimuth and reflection angles. Thus, the final directional‐oriented wavefield imaging kernel is a cross‐correlation of the decomposed source and receiver wavefields weighted by the illuminated energy estimated at each depth location. The application of the directional‐oriented wavefield imaging condition can be employed during the generation of both depth‐stacked images and azimuth–reflection angle‐domain common image gathers. Numerical examples using synthetic and real data demonstrate that the new imaging condition can properly image complex wave paths and produce high‐fidelity depth sections.     

利用局部谐和基小波束的高精度叠前深度域偏移成像方法研究

小波束域利用局部余弦基(local cosine bases)的偏移成像方法具有很高的计算效率和成像质量.然而局部余弦基小波束通常沿垂直方向具有两个对称波瓣.由于缺乏单一定义的方向性,在某些强变速介质中利用局部余弦基的波传播方法会产生一定的误差,同时也使得一些在局部角度域的操作变得非常不便.于是我们提出了利用局部谐和基进行波场外推的方法.局部谐和基(local harmonic base)是由局部余弦基和局部正弦基线性组合而成,具有单一定义的方向性,同时具备快速算法.局部谐和基与Gabor-Daubechies标架类似,都具有单一定义的方向性,但比Gabor-Daubechies标架效率更高.局部谐和基保持了与局部余弦基的偏移成像方法相同的计算效率,但在成像精度上有了显著的提高.通过二维SEG/EAGE模型和BP模型的叠前深度域偏移成像说明了该方法的有效性.     

Gabor‐frame‐based Gaussian packet migration

We present a Gaussian packet migration method based on Gabor frame decomposition and asymptotic propagation of Gaussian packets. A Gaussian packet has both Gaussian‐shaped time–frequency localization and space–direction localization. Its evolution can be obtained by ray tracing and dynamic ray tracing. In this paper, we first briefly review the concept of Gaussian packets. After discussing how initial parameters affect the shape of a Gaussian packet, we then propose two Gabor‐frame‐based Gaussian packet decomposition methods that can sparsely and accurately represent seismic data. One method is the dreamlet–Gaussian packet method. Dreamlets are physical wavelets defined on an observation plane and can represent seismic data efficiently in the local time–frequency space–wavenumber domain. After decomposition, dreamlet coefficients can be easily converted to the corresponding Gaussian packet coefficients. The other method is the Gabor‐frame Gaussian beam method. In this method, a local slant stack, which is widely used in Gaussian beam migration, is combined with the Gabor frame decomposition to obtain uniform sampled horizontal slowness for each local frequency. Based on these decomposition methods, we derive a poststack depth migration method through the summation of the backpropagated Gaussian packets and the application of the imaging condition. To demonstrate the Gaussian packet evolution and migration/imaging in complex models, we show several numerical examples. We first use the evolution of a single Gaussian packet in media with different complexities to show the accuracy of Gaussian packet propagation. Then we test the point source responses in smoothed varying velocity models to show the accuracy of Gaussian packet summation. Finally, using poststack synthetic data sets of a four‐layer model and the two‐dimensional SEG/EAGE model, we demonstrate the validity and accuracy of the migration method. Compared with the more accurate but more time‐consuming one‐way wave‐equation‐based migration, such as beamlet migration, the Gaussian packet method proposed in this paper can correctly image the major structures of the complex model, especially in subsalt areas, with much higher efficiency. This shows the application potential of Gaussian packet migration in complicated areas.     

基于解析时间波场外推与波场分解的逆时偏移方法研究

双程波方程逆时深度偏移是复杂介质高精度成像的有效技术,但其结果中通常包含成像方法引起的噪音和假象,一般的滤波方法会破坏成像剖面上的振幅,其中的假象也会给后续地质解释带来困扰.将波场进行方向分解然后实现入射波与反射波的相关成像能够有效地消除这类成像噪音,并提高逆时偏移成像质量.波传播方向的分解通常在频率波数域实现,它会占用大量的存储和计算资源,不便于在沿时间外推的逆时深度偏移中应用.本文提出解析时间波场外推方法,可以在时间外推的每个时间片上实现波传播方向的显式分解,逆时深度偏移中利用分解后的炮检波场进行对应的相关运算,实现成像噪音和成像信号的分离.在模型和实际数据上的测试表明,相比于常规互相关逆时偏移成像结果,本文方法能够有效地消除低频成像噪音和特殊地质构造导致的成像假象.     

最优可分表示法三维波场延拓

适于复杂介质的高精度波场延拓算子是叠前深度偏移研究的重要内容。本文采用最优可分表示方法,运用正反傅立叶变换构造了三维单程波场延拓算子,算子实现了波数域变量与空间(速度)域变量分离。波数域内进行相移计算,在空间域对因介质横向变速引起的时移作修正。脉冲响应显示在区域内各速度的脉冲计算值与理论值基本一致,说明最优可分表示法叠前深度偏移可适用于强变速条件下复杂介质的成像需求。SEG／EAGE模型和实测数据的成像结果验证了本文方法对复杂构造的成像能力。     

3D wavefield extrapolation with optimal separable approximation

An accurate and wide-angle one-way propagator for wavefield extrapolation is an important topic for research on wave-equation prestack depth migration in the presence of large and rapid velocity variations. Based on the optimal separable approximation presented in this paper, the mixed domain algorithm with forward and inverse Fourier transforms is used to construct the 3D one-way wavefield extrapolation operator. This operator separates variables in the wavenumber and spatial domains. The phase shift operation is implemented in the wavenumber domain while the time delay for lateral velocity variation is corrected in the spatial domain. The impulse responses of the one-way wave operator show that the numeric computation is consistent with the theoretical value for each velocity, revealing that the operator constructed with the optimal separable approximation can be applied to lateral velocity variations for the case of small steps. Imaging results of the SEG/EAGE model and field data indicate that the new method can be used to image complex structure.     

基于时空域自适应高阶有限差分的声波叠前逆时偏移

叠前逆时偏移在理论上是现行偏移方法中最为精确的一种成像方法,其实现过程中的核心步骤之一是波动方程的波场延拓,而波场延拓的本质是求解波动方程,所以精确、快速地求解波动方程对逆时偏移至关重要.本文采用一种基于时空域频散关系的有限差分方法来求解声波方程,分析其频散和稳定性,实现波场数值模拟,并将分析和模拟结果与传统有限差分法进行对比.分析结果和模型数值模拟结果都表明时空域有限差分法模拟精度更高、稳定性更好.将时空域高阶有限差分法应用到叠前逆时偏移波场延拓的方程求解中,然后再利用归一化互相关成像条件成像,理论模型数据偏移处理获得了精度更高的成像.同时,在逆时偏移波场延拓的实现中,采用自适应变长度的空间差分算子求解空间导数的有限差分策略,在不影响数值模拟和成像精度的前提下,有效地提高了计算效率.