中层大气Rossby波与惯性重力波的非线性相互作用 （Ⅰ）相互作用方程

从包含Ｒｏｓｓｂｙ波和惯性重力波的大气运动方程组出发，采用弱非线性相互作用近似，推导出耗散大气中这两种尺度相差很大的波动之间的非线性相互作用方程．以此为基础，得到了描述窄角谱Ｒｏｓｓｂｙ波包和惯性重力波包的非线性时空演变规律的三波相互作用方程．数值分析表明，当一个Ｒｏｓｓｂｙ波包与两个惯性重力波包发生相互作用时，两个惯性重力波包之间进行快速的能量交换，同时与Ｒｏｓｓｂｙ波包之间进行缓慢的能量传输．从时间尺度上讲，惯性重力波可以看作Ｒｏｓｓｂｙ波包运动的背景噪声，因此上述非线性相互作用过程可以理解为大尺度Ｒｏｓｓｂｙ波包与背景噪声之间的能量交换过程．     

中层耗散大气中Rossby波包的非线性相互作用理论

采用弱非线性近似得出中层耗散大气连续谱Ｒｏｓｓｂｙ波包的非线性时空演化方程，讨论了Ｒｏｓｓｂｙ波包的三波相互作用问题．数值计算表明，耗散和非线性的共同效应决定了Ｒｏｓｓｂｙ波包的演变．当一个Ｒｏｓｓｂｙ波包通过大气传播时，它的振幅若超过某个阈值，空间尺度分别比它大和比它小的两个次级Ｒｏｓｓｂｙ波包的振幅会随时间增长．特别当这两个次级波包同时随时空变化时，仅当主波的振幅超过一个更大的阈值，且其群速度介于两次级波包的群速度之间时，两次级波包的振幅才会随时空同时增长，即出现绝对不稳定现象，耗散和３个波包的频率失配都会增大不稳定的阈值．     

中层大气Rossby波与惯性重力波的非线性相互作用（Ⅱ）波包之间的相互激发

进一步讨论了大中尺度Ｒｏｓｓｂｙ波与惯性重力波的非线性相互作用问题．从共振相互作用曲线来看，Ｒｏｓｓｂｙ波和惯性重力波可以在相当广泛的角谱范围内发生共振非线性相互作用．在一定条件下，一个大振幅波包可以激发两个小振幅波包不稳定增长而出现参量不稳定现象，这三个波包可以是同种类型或不同类型的波包．当两个大振幅波包发生相互作用时，非线性过程会产生另一个波包并使它增长，并且增长速度大于仅有一个大振幅波包时的增长速度．大尺度Ｒｏｓｓｂｙ波包税发两个较小尺度惯性重力波的过程是一种重要的能量串级（ｃａｓｃａｄｅ）过程．     

中层大气Rossby波与惯性重力波的非线性相互作用（Ⅱ）波包之间的相互激发

进一步讨论了大中尺度Ｒｏｓｓｂｙ波与惯性重力波的非线性相互作用问题．从共振相互作用曲线来看，Ｒｏｓｓｂｙ波和惯性重力波可以在相当广泛的角谱范围内发生共振非线性相互作用．在一定条件下，一个大振幅波包可以激发两个小振幅波包不稳定增长而出现参量不稳定现象，这三个波包可以是同种类型或不同类型的波包．当两个大振幅波包发生相互作用时，非线性过程会产生另一个波包并使它增长，并且增长速度大于仅有一个大振幅波包时的增长速度．大尺度Ｒｏｓｓｂｙ波包税发两个较小尺度惯性重力波的过程是一种重要的能量串级（ｃａｓｃａｄｅ）过程．     

地球自转与EI Nino──波动理论

考虑地球自转速率随时间的变化,应用描写低纬的地球流体（大气和海洋）的浅水模式方程组,分析了地球自转速率变化对低纬大气和海洋波动的影响．研究指出：地球自转速率的变化不但会直接影响纬向风和洋流的变化,而且通过Ｋｅｌｖｉｎ波的传播导致海平面和海温的变化,从而导致ＥＩ　Ｎｉｎｏ现象的产生．所以,地球自转速率的变化是影响全球气候变化的重要因素之一．     

地球自转与El Nio——海气耦合理论

从低纬的海气耦合的浅水模式方程组出发 ,运用正交模和特殊函数的方法进一步讨论地球自转速率变化对海气耦合系统的影响 .研究表明 :地球自转速率的变化通过海气耦合一方面使大气和海洋的Kelvin波和Rossby波的移动及稳定性发生变化 ,另一方面使纬向风、洋流和海表温度发生变化 .特别是在地球自转减慢时 ,通过海气耦合 ,出现纬向风和洋流异常和大洋东部海表温度增加 ,从而导致引起全球气候异常的ElNi no现象     

地球自转与El Ni 0--海气耦合理论

从低纬的海气耦合的浅水模式方程组出发,运用正交模和特殊函数的方法进一步讨论地球自转速率变化对海气耦合系统的影响.研究表明:地球自转速率的变化通过海气耦合一方面使大气和海洋的Kelvin波和Rossby波的移动及稳定性发生变化,另一方面使纬向风、洋流和海表温度发生变化.特别是在地球自转减慢时,通过海气耦合,出现纬向风和洋流异常和大洋东部海表温度增加,从而导致引起全球气候异常的El Ni o现象.     

地球自转与E1Nino—海气耦合理论

从低纬的海气耦合的浅水模式方程组出发，运用正交模和特殊函数的方法进一步讨论地球自转速率变化对海气耦合系统的影响，研究表明：地球自转速率的变化通过海气耦合一方面使大气和海洋的Kelvin波和Rossby波的移动及稳定性发生变化，另一6方面使纬向风、洋流和海表温度发生变化，特别是在地球自转减慢时，通过海气耦合，出现纬向风和洋流异常和大洋东部海表温度增加，从而导致引起全球气候异常的ElNino现象。     

地球自转与E1 Nino波动理论

考虑地球自转速率随时间的变化,应用描写低纬的地球流体（大气和海洋）的浅水模式方程组,分析了地球自转速率变化对低纬大气和活活波动的影响。研究指出：地球自转速率的变化不但会影响纬向风和洋流的变化,而且通过Ｋｅｌｖｉｎ波的传播导致海平面和海温的变化,从而导致Ｅ１ Ｎｉｎｏ现象的产生。所以,地球自转速率的变化是影响全球气候变化的重要因素之一。     

利用回归修正方法改善区域耦合模式中的ENSO模拟

通过对数值实验的比较和分析, 提出了一种旨在改善区域耦合模式中ENSO模拟的回归修正方法. 该方法主要用于修正耦合模式中海气间交换的通量. 具体步骤如下: 首先, 利用多年的观测资料计算得到驱动海洋模式所需的动量及热量通量, 驱动海洋模式进行长期积分; 其次, 用海洋模式模拟的SST作为大气模式的边界条件, 相应积分大气模式; 再利用大气模式模拟变量和相应观测资料建立线性关系, 通过线性拟合得到修正系数; 最后, 利用随时间和空间变化的回归修正系数修正计算动量及热量通量的变量, 并用修正后的变量计算海气交换通量, 进行耦合模式积分. 同时利用一个热带太平洋-全球大气耦合模式对该方案及常用的“距平耦合”方案进行了检验. 结果表明, 该方案优于“距平耦合”方案, 不仅可以更好的控制气候“漂移”现象, 而且, 能够改善区域耦合模式在热带太平洋区域的ENSO模拟.     

The mechanism of the effects of the upwelling mean on the ENSO event mature phase locking

The mechanism of the effects of the upwelling mean on the ENSO event mature phase locking is ex-amined by using a mixed-mode model. The results show that the positive feedback process of the ef-fects of the seasonal variation of the upwelling mean on the Kelvin wave is the mechanism of the locking of the event mature phase to the end of the calendar year. The memory of the Rossby waves for the sign-shifting of the sea surface temperature anomaly from positive to negative 6 months before the cold peak time is the other mechanism of the locking of the La Nia event mature phase to the end of the calendar year. The results here are different from previous ones which suggest that the balance between cold and warm trends of sea surface temperature anomaly is the mechanism involved. The cold trend is caused by the upwelling Kelvin wave from upwelling Rossby wave reflected at the western boundary, excited by the westerly anomaly stress over the central Pacific and amplified by the seasonal variation of the coupled strength in its way propagating westward. The warm trend is caused by the Kelvin wave forced by the western wind stress over the middle and eastern equatorial Pacific. The cause of the differences is due to the opposite phase of the seasonal variation of the upwelling mean to that in the observation and an improper parameterization scheme for the effects of the seasonal varia-tion of the upwelling mean on the ENSO cycle in previous studies.     

Intraseasonal variability of subsurface ocean temperature anomalies in the Indian Ocean during the summer monsoon season

Ocean Dynamics - The present study focuses on the variability of subsurface ocean temperature and associated planetary waves (oceanic Kelvin and Rossby waves) in the Indian Ocean during the boreal...     

Propagation of Kelvin waves along irregular coastlines in finite-difference models

In this paper, we examine the behavior of internal Kelvin waves on an f-plane in finite-difference models using the Arakawa C-grid. The dependence of Kelvin wave phase speed on offshore grid resolution and propagation direction relative to the numerical grid is illustrated by numerical experiments for three different geometries: (1) Kelvin wave propagating along a straight coastline; (2) Kelvin wave propagating at a 45° angle to the numerical grid along a stairstep coastline with stairstep size equal to the grid spacing; (3) Kelvin wave propagating at a 45° angle to the numerical grid along a coarse resolution stairstep coastline with stairstep size greater than the grid spacing. It can be shown theoretically that the phase speed of a Kelvin wave propagating along a straight coastline on an Arakawa C-grid is equal to the analytical inviscid wave speed and is not dependent on offshore grid resolution. However, we found that finite-difference models considerably underestimate the Kelvin wave phase speed when the wave is propagating at an angle to the grid and the grid spacing is comparable with the Rossby deformation radius. In this case, the phase speed converges toward the correct value only as grid spacing decreases well below the Rossby radius. A grid spacing of one-fifth the Rossby radius was required to produce results for the stairstep boundary case comparable with the straight coast case. This effect does not appear to depend on the resolution of the coastline, but rather on the direction of wave propagation relative to the grid. This behavior is important for modeling internal Kelvin waves in realistic geometries where the Rossby radius is often comparable with the grid spacing, and the waves propagate along irregular coastlines.©1998 Published by Elsevier Science Limited. All rights reserved     

Conceptual model about the interaction between El Ni?o/Southern Oscillation and Quasi-Biennial Oscillation in far west equatorial Pacific

Interaction between the Quasi-Biennial Oscillation in far west equatorial Pacific (QBOWP) and the El Ni?o/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is studied using a new conceptual model. In this conceptual model, the QBOWP effects on ENSO are achieved through two ways: (1) the oceanic Kelvin wave along equatorial Pacific, and (2) the Atmospheric Walker Circulation anomaly, while ENSO effects on QBOWP can be accomplished by the atmospheric Walker Circulation anomaly. Diagnosis analysis of the model results shows that the Atmospheric bridge (Walker circulation) plays a more important role in interaction between the ENSO and QBOWP than the oceanic bridge (oceanic Kelvin wave along equatorial Pacific); It is found that by the interaction of the ENSO and QBOWP, a free ENSO oscillation with 3–5 years period could be substituted by a oscillation with the quasi-biennial period, and the dominant period of SST anomaly and wind anomaly in the far west equatorial Pacific tends to be prolonged with enhanced ENSO forcing. Generally, the multi-period variability in the coupled Atmosphere-Ocean System in the Tropical Pacific can be achieved through the interaction between ENSO and QBOWP.     

Conceptual model about the interaction between El Ni(n)o/ Southern Oscillation and Quasi-Biennial Oscillation in far west equatorial Pacific

Interaction between the Quasi-Biennial Oscillation in far west equatorial Pacific (QBOWP) and the El Nino/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is studied using a new conceptual model. In this conceptual model, the QBOWP effects on ENSO are achieved through two ways: (1) the oceanic Kelvin wave along equatorial Pacific, and (2) the Atmospheric Walker Circulation anomaly, while ENSO effects on QBOWP can be accomplished by the atmospheric Walker Circulation anomaly. Diagnosis analysis of the model results shows that the Atmospheric bridge (Walker circulation) plays a more important role in interaction between the ENSO and QBOWP than the oceanic bridge (oceanic Kelvin wave along equatorial Pacific); It is found that by the interaction of the ENSO and QBOWP, a free ENSO oscillation with 3-5 years period could be substituted by a oscillation with the quasi-biennial period, and the dominant period of SST anomaly and wind anomaly in the far west equatorial Pacific tends to be prolonged with enhanced ENSO forcing. Generally, the multi-period variability in the coupled Atmosphere-Ocean System in the Tropical Pacific can be achieved through the interaction between ENSO and QBOWP.     

Generation of baroclinic topographic waves by a tropical cyclone impacting a low-latitude continental shelf

Numerical model experiments have been performed to analyze the low-latitude baroclinic continental shelf response to a tropical cyclone. The theory of coastally trapped waves suggests that, provided appropriate slope, latitude, stratification and wind stress, bottom-intensified topographic Rossby waves can be generated by the storm. Based on a scale analysis, the Nicaragua Shelf is chosen to study propagating topographic waves excited by a storm, and a model domain is configured with simplified but similar geometry. The model is forced with wind stress representative of a hurricane translating slowly over the region at 6 km h⁻¹. Scale analysis leads to the assumption that baroclinic Kelvin wave modes have minimal effect on the low-frequency wave motions along the slope, and coastal-trapped waves are restricted to topographic Rossby waves. Analysis of the simulated motions suggests that the shallow part of the continental slope is under the influence of barotropic topographic wave motions and at the deeper part of the slope baroclinic topographic Rossby waves dominate the low-frequency motions. Numerical solutions are in a good agreement with theoretical scale analysis. Characteristics of the simulated baroclinic waves are calculated based on linear theory of bottom-intensified topographic Rossby waves. Simulated waves have periods ranging from 153 to 203 h. The length scale of the waves is from 59 to 87 km. Analysis of energy fluxes for a fixed volume on the slope reveals predominantly along-isobath energy propagation in the direction of the group velocity of a topographic Rossby wave. Another model experiment forced with a faster translating hurricane demonstrates that fast moving tropical cyclones do not excite energetic baroclinic topographic Rossby waves. Instead, robust inertial oscillations are identified over the slope.     

Planetary wave coupling (5–6-day waves) in the low-latitude atmosphere–ionosphere system

Vertical coupling in the low-latitude atmosphere–ionosphere system driven by the 5-day Rossby W1 and 6-day Kelvin E1 waves in the low-latitude MLT region has been investigated. Three different types of data were analysed in order to detect and extract the ∼6-day wave signals. The National Centres for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) geopotential height and zonal wind data at two pressure levels, 30 and 10 hPa, were used to explore the features of the ∼6-day waves present in the stratosphere during the period from 1 July to 31 December 2004. The ∼6-day wave activity was identified in the neutral MLT winds by radar measurements located at four equatorial and three tropical stations. The ∼6-day variations in the ionospheric electric currents (registered by perturbations in the geomagnetic field) were detected in the data from 26 magnetometer stations situated at low latitudes. The analysis shows that the global ∼6-day Kelvin E1 and ∼6-day Rossby W1 waves observed in the low-latitude MLT region are most probably vertically propagating from the stratosphere. The global ∼6-day W1 and E1 waves seen in the ionospheric electric currents are caused by the simultaneous ∼6-day wave activity in the MLT region. The main forcing agent in the equatorial MLT region seems to be the waves themselves, whereas in the tropical MLT region the modulated tides are also of importance.