混合结构体系高层建筑模拟地震振动台试验研究

随着现代建筑高度的不断增加,混合结构体系在超高层建筑中逐步广泛应用,因此对该结构体系在地震作用下的破坏机理和抗震性能展开深入的研究是一项有意义的工作。本文对一混合结构体系复杂超高层建筑进行1／35的模型模拟地震振动台试验,分析模型结构的动力特性和不同烈度地震作用下加速度、位移和应变反应,然后根据相似关系推算出原型结构的动力特性和反应,研究其在各水准地震作用下的破坏机理和破坏形式,最后对原型结构设计提出若干建议。     

地震作用下节理岩质边坡稳定性影响因素研究

汶川地震灾害调查表明,在基岩山区地震滑塌主要发育在局部强度相对较大、节理较发育的厚层或块状岩体中.以岩石中含两组节理的岩质边坡为例,输入实际的地震记录,采用离散单元法进行数值模拟,分别探讨坡高、地震烈度、坡角及节理倾角组合对节理岩质边坡稳定性的影响.结果表明:地震作用下坡体中质点的加速度、速度具有高程放大效应;节理岩质边坡稳定性随着坡高、坡角和地震烈度的增加而降低;两组节理不同组合的岩质边坡,其稳定性变化较为复杂,受节理倾角与坡角的关系、节理的倾向、两组节理之间夹角等因素的影响.节理岩质边坡在地震作用下是受拉区逐渐向受剪区扩展而最终导致边坡失稳破坏,是受拉和受剪的复合破坏.上述初步结论为评价山区节理较发育的岩质边坡在地震作用下的稳定性提供一定的依据.     

红石岩与甘家寨特大型地震崩滑体特征及其成因

2014年云南鲁甸M_S6.5地震触发了大量滑坡和崩塌,其中规模最大的是红石岩和甘家寨,二者体积均超过1 000×10~4m~3。基于震后科考,对这2个崩滑体特征和成因进行了分析。结果表明:震区位于凉山次级活动块体的前缘部位,地震活动频繁,平均6a就有1次5级以上地震发生。频繁而强烈的地震活动,对浅层岩体造成累积的破坏效应,极大地降低了斜坡的力学强度,这是红石岩、甘家寨等崩滑体发生的基础条件。红石岩特大型崩滑体,其形成与巨大的地形高差、陡峭的地形坡度、软弱地层和节理、裂隙的发育有着内在的密切联系。其形成主要经历了3个过程:第1阶段,在强震动情况下,顺河节理、卸荷裂隙以及横河向节理进一步张裂、贯通,在垂向上分割出不同的块体;第2阶段,岩体沿层间节理进一步发展,切割垂直方向的块体,形成纵横立体交叉的岩石块体;第3阶段,前2个阶段形成的岩体失去稳定,向坡下倾倒、坍塌,并沿软弱地层滑面下滑、倾倒,堵塞河道形成堰塞湖。甘家寨特大型滑坡,则为大型凹坡中下部发生的风化层滑坡,其形成过程大致为:首先,在地震力和重力的双重作用下,四周土层向凹坡中轴的下部运动、聚集,因下部松散土层含水量和容重最大,其所遭受的地震惯性力最大,最先产生塑性破坏而挤压膨胀变形;第2阶段,因坡度较陡,随着斜坡下部挤压塑性变形区进一步扩大,在斜坡中部某个部位产生拉张区,当超过风化层抗拉强度时产生破坏,滑坡体顺势快速滑出。这2个特大型滑坡代表了鲁甸地震滑坡的2种主要类型,其成因及其形成机制对该地区的地震滑坡灾害具有一定的普遍意义。     

喜家湾地震黄土滑坡形成机理

在喜家湾滑坡现场调查基础上,采集黄土斜坡的原状黄土和滑坡滑带土试样进行了室内试验,分析计算了滑坡土体震陷性和液化可能性;并结合滑坡发生前斜坡在地震作用下的稳定性分析及数值模拟,对该滑坡的形成机理进行了研究。研究表明,地震发生时,斜坡上部黄土产生震陷,结构破坏,下部泥岩面附近处于饱和状态的黄土在很短时间内产生了液化现象,坡体下滑形成震陷—液化复合型滑坡。     

地震作用下高路堑黄土边坡细观力学研究

为研究地震时高路堑黄土边坡破坏的细观力学过程,以黄土地区某高速公路边坡为例,在野外工程地质勘察和室内试验基础上,用强度折减法对开挖后的高路堑黄土边坡的初始状态进行分析,进而对该高路堑边坡采用PFC2D建立数值计算模型,模拟边坡地震响应全过程;通过分析地震响应过程中颗粒的位移、配位数、孔隙率、应力和应变率等关键要素,从细观层面揭示边坡的失稳过程。结果显示,通过该方法能够再现地震作用下滑坡的细观物理力学过程,涵盖了边坡的破坏模式和破坏过程,以及应力应变等时空演化规律。研究结果对于认识地震作用下高路堑黄土边坡的破坏机理具有重要意义。     

降雨型与地震型滑坡试验研究

为了研究和探索降雨和地震诱发滑坡灾害的成因机理,对降雨型滑坡和地震型滑坡进行了物理模拟试验,系统地研究了坡度、坡体结构、降雨量、振动强度等因素对斜坡破坏变形的影响规律,探讨了降雨和地震诱发斜坡失稳破坏的主要模式和过程.对于降雨型滑坡,通过实验确定不同坡度滑坡的临界降雨量,发现临界降雨量与滑坡坡度呈幂指数关系.对于地震型...     

断裂构造对斜坡应力场影响的数值模拟及成灾机理研究

断裂构造及活动强度对斜坡体的应力场分布具有重要的影响。采用基于强度折减法的有限元法,分别以正断层和逆断层与斜坡体的组合关系为例,剖析了断裂构造对斜坡体应力场的影响及成灾机理,揭示了含有断层的斜坡体塑性区的贯通过程。研究表明,包含断层的斜坡体在应力分布特征及斜坡变形破坏机理方面与无断层的斜坡体有较大差别：含断层的斜坡体在坡面和断层面附近的最大主应力迹线与坡面或断层面相平行,在天然状态下,塑性区同时出现在坡脚和断层面后方,随着折减系数的增大,塑性区分别从坡脚和断层面后方向坡体深部和上部发展,直至断层面前后两个塑性区相贯通,坡体发生破坏,并且对坡体变形破坏的影响程度以逆断层最强,其次为正断层,断层不活动时较弱。     

断层间距对拉张雁列构造破坏过程及能量释放影响的模拟

对拉张雁列断层复杂力学行为的研究有助于增进对一些地震及地质现象的理解.基于提出的非均质应变软化本构模型,本文采用FLAC-3D模拟了断层间距对拉张雁列区(岩桥)贯通前后的变形、破坏过程及能量释放规律的影响.在平面应变及小变形条件下,对3个仅断层间距或重叠量不同的标本进行了计算.研究发现,在拉张雁列区贯通过程中,雁列区内部释放了一定的拉伸应变能,而在远离雁列区之外的断层上释放了大量的剪切应变能.随着断层间距的增加,雁列区贯通变晚、变难,断层相互作用减弱,剪切应变能释放量增加.在拉张雁列区贯通之前,拉伸应变能释放率在较低水平上以较小的幅度波动,在贯通之后则不然.因此,从拉伸应变能释放率-时步数曲线上可发现雁列区贯通的标志,这与雁列区内部单元发生拉破坏有关.     

基于振动台试验的黄土塬边斜坡变形失稳模式研究

以甘肃省平凉市的典型黄土塬斜坡为原型,开展含裂隙黄土塬边斜坡与不含裂隙黄土塬边斜坡的振动台对比模型试验,研究不同强度地震作用下两种黄土斜坡的变形失稳特征。结果表明:两种不同结构的斜坡在不同强度地震作用下的破坏特征显著不同,裂隙的存在降低了含裂隙斜坡的抗震稳定性。随着输入地震波幅值的增加,含裂隙斜坡的变形破坏过程为:坡顶裂隙处先后发生裂隙前缘崩塌、坡面溜土、临空面方向大位移、坡面中部和坡脚鼓胀、剪切滑移、发生多级滑动,同时坡体后缘产生新的拉张裂隙;无裂隙斜坡的破坏过程为:坡顶形成拉张裂缝、坡面溜土、坡脚鼓胀、发生单级滑动。两种结构边坡的变形破裂包括倾倒—拉裂与剪切—滑移两种模式,斜坡的变形演化是两种模式相互作用的结果。     

地震荷载下边坡抗滑桩桩土机理的三维模拟分析

地震是诱发边坡破坏的重要因素之一,而抗滑桩是一种重要的边坡防治工程措施,因此开展地震作用下抗滑桩机理对于边坡防护具有重要的工程意义。本文以广东省梅州市茶阳车站为工程实例,运用ABAQUS软件建立三维模型,对地震作用下的桩土作用机理进行数值模拟分析。研究表明:(1)在地震作用下,边坡中上部水平位移较大,最大值为87.05mm,凹陷处水平位移远小于凸起处;(2)地震作用下抗滑桩会由于地震荷载产生远大于地震前的应力:静力作用下桩身最大值是147.24kPa,地震波输入14s时桩身最大值达到了326.36kPa;(3)地震作用下抗滑桩的应变亦远大于静力作用下的应变:静力作用下抗滑桩应变最大值是4.63×10~(-5),在地震波输入的第14s时桩身应变最大值是34.10×10~(-5)。因此在工程实践中对于地震作用下的抗滑桩边坡加固需要考虑桩的强度与刚度。研究结论对于边坡防治以及工程实践具有一定的指导意义。     

SCIENCE CHINA Earth Sciences SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 57(2014)

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Distribution of throughfall and stemflow in multi‐strata agroforestry,perennial monoculture,fallow and primary forest in central Amazonia,Brazil

The partitioning of rain water into throughfall, stemflow and interception loss when passing through plant canopies depends on properties of the respective plant species, such as leaf area and branch angles. In heterogeneous vegetation, such as tropical forest or polycultural systems, the presence of different plant species may consequently result in a mosaic of situations with respect to quantity and quality of water inputs into the soil. As these processes influence not only the water availability for the plants, but also water infiltration and nutrient leaching, the understanding of plant effects on the repartitioning of rain water may help in the optimization of land use systems and management practices. We measured throughfall and stemflow in a perennial polyculture (multi‐strata agroforestry), monocultures of peach palm (Bactris gasipaes) for fruit and for palmito, a monoculture of cupuaçu (Theobroma grandiflorum), spontaneous fallow and primary forest during one year in central Amazonia, Brazil. The effect on rain water partitioning was measured separately for four useful tree species in the polyculture and for two tree species in the primary forest. Throughfall at two stem distances, and stemflow, differed significantly between tree species, resulting in pronounced spatial patterns of water input into the soil in the polyculture system. For two tree species, peach palm for fruit (Bactris gasipaes) and Brazil nut trees (Bertholletia excelsa), the water input into the soil near the stem was significantly higher than the open‐area rainfall. This could lead to increased nutrient leaching when fertilizer is applied close to the stem of these trees. In the primary forest, such spatial patterns could also be detected, with significantly higher water input near a palm (Oenocarpus bacaba) than near a dicotyledonous tree species (Eschweilera sp.). Interception losses were 6·4% in the polyculture, 13·9 and 12·3% in the peach palm monocultures for fruit and for palmito, respectively, 0·5% in the cupuaçu monoculture and 3·1% in the fallow. With more than 20% of the open‐area rainfall, the highest stemflow contributions to the water input into the soil were measured in the palm monocultures and in the fallow. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A Monte Carlo study of rainfall forecasting with a stochastic model

A procedure for short-term rainfall forecasting in real-time is developed and a study of the role of sampling on forecast ability is conducted. Ground level rainfall fields are forecasted using a stochastic space-time rainfall model in state-space form. Updating of the rainfall field in real-time is accomplished using a distributed parameter Kalman filter to optimally combine measurement information and forecast model estimates. The influence of sampling density on forecast accuracy is evaluated using a series of a simulated rainfall events generated with the same stochastic rainfall model. Sampling was conducted at five different network spatial densities. The results quantify the influence of sampling network density on real-time rainfall field forecasting. Statistical analyses of the rainfall field residuals illustrate improvement in one hour lead time forecasts at higher measurement densities.     

Anthropogenic Eutrophication and Red Tide Outbreak in Lacustrine Systems of the Kashmir Himalaya

Red tide, a recurrent phenomenon has become conspicuous in several Kashmir lake ecosystems since 1991. The responsible organism (Euglena pedunculata), a rare flagellate rediscovered in the Kashmir Himalaya (Khan 1993) caused first and unprecedented red tide outbreak, constituting a maximum of 96% of resident numerical phytoplankton density in Dal Lake. At present, conflicting hypotheses exist on the generation of causal assemblage(s) imparting redness to waters: Jeeji Bai (1991) linked its origin to acid precipitation – a fallout of burning oil‐fields during the Gulf War – whilst Khan (1993) holds local factor(s) responsible. Field/experimental studies support the latter contention that the influx of untreated sewage, in unison with warm temperatures, high levels of PhAR, iron and interruption to hydrological flow‐pattern together with absence/or reduction in grazing activity created conducive environmental milieu for red tide outbreak. Dal Lake “red tide” drifted the bloom‐inoculum to other waters, including Lake Wular, where additional ecological niches were carved out, threatening the aesthetic value and biological diversity of Kashmir lakes. Ecological monitoring indicates frequent seasonal red tide occurrence in Dal Lake (including summer‐autumn event of 1998) which testifies its unabated eutrophication status. Further studies are needed on ecological adaptability and biogeographic distribution of this rare and unique red tide‐causing flagellate.