基于二维小波变换的FMI图象分割

为了从FMI资料中定量提取参数，一个重要的步骤是从实际FMI资料中分离出反映溶孔、溶洞、裂缝的子图像。本文给出的方法，考虑图像像元邻域的特征，应用二维小波变换求出目标与背景边缘的点集，按这个边缘点集的坐标点所对应的原图像像素灰度值的平均值作为分割阈值进行图像分割。实际资料处理表明，应用这种方法可以从实际的FMI资料中准确地分割出孔洞、裂缝的子图像并且可以按深度段连续自动处理，为后续定量计算参数奠定了良好基础。     

基于小波变换图像分割技术的电成像测井资料裂缝、孔洞面孔率提取方法

对于裂缝、溶蚀孔洞发育的碳酸盐岩缝洞储层,如何从测井资料中提取裂缝、溶蚀孔洞信息是评价储层有效性的关键问题.为了从电成像测井静态图像上准确地分割出清晰的裂缝、溶蚀孔洞子图像进而提取其参数信息,本文提出了一种基于小波变换模极大值图像分割技术的电成像测井资料缝洞面孔率提取方法.以钮扣电极电导率曲线为对象,先消除井壁凹凸不平导致的地层背景噪声的影响,利用小波变换模极大值图像分割方法得到包含裂缝和溶蚀孔洞目标的子图像,根据子图像提取裂缝-孔洞总面孔率、裂缝面孔率、孔洞面孔率等信息.本文利用塔里木盆地奥陶系碳酸盐岩地层的电成像测井数据提取了缝洞面孔率参数,还利用同井岩心CT扫描图像计算的平均缝洞面孔率、双侧向电阻率、常规测井资料三孔隙度模型计算的相对连通缝洞孔隙度进行了对比,并进行了试油验证.对比表明,电成像测井裂缝-孔洞总面孔率、裂缝面孔率、孔洞面孔率与岩心CT扫描图像平均缝洞面孔率、双侧向电阻率、相对连通缝洞孔隙度、试油结果均有较好的一致性.这一方面验证了采用本文方法提取的裂缝-孔洞总面孔率、裂缝面孔率、孔洞面孔率的合理性,另一方面表明所提取参数可用于指示缝洞型碳酸盐岩储层的渗透性和有效性.     

连通域标识法在FMI图像溶洞信息定量拾取中的应用

溶蚀孔洞在碳酸盐岩储层中是重要的流体储集空间,研究成像测井(FMI)图像孔洞连通域标记及信息定量拾取很有意义.全井眼微电阻率成像测井(FMI)经数据处理后可得到全井壁高分辨率的彩色图像,经图像灰度化、中值滤波处理后,通过阈值分割得到能够反映井壁溶蚀孔洞特征的二值图像,孔洞表现为黑色暗斑.基于等价对处理的图像连通域标记算法具有快速、不重复标记的优点,利用该算法,可准确地从二值图像中标记溶蚀孔洞连通域,进而可对每个连通域进行目标信息拾取,包括孔洞尺寸、连通域面积、圆度等.利用反映溶蚀孔洞发育程度的面孔率曲线对图像进行分层,在此基础上可拾取每一层段溶蚀孔洞面孔率、分选系数及溶洞密度值的分布等非均质信息,能够定量地评价溶蚀孔洞发育、非均质性强的碳酸盐岩储层,也是FMI图像应用于岩石孔洞结构信息定量表征新的尝试.     

裂缝型碳酸盐岩储层测井评价方法--以塔河油田为例

裂缝型碳酸盐岩储集层的测井解释一直是测井解释所面临的难题之一.本文较为系统地介绍了一种从提取和优化裂缝指标、计算裂缝概率、评价裂缝概率可信度到计算综合裂缝概率的测井解释方法.在研究中,提取密度\|中子孔隙度差异指标和FMI测井裂缝参数指标,并采用R型聚类分析,对常规测井裂缝指标和FMI测井裂缝参数指标进行优化,形成了优化的裂缝指标集;提出裂缝概率可信度评价的方法.最后,利用本文提出的解释方法,给出了塔河油田两口井的处理结果.     

高分辨率遥感影像的图像分割研究

高分辨率卫星遥感影像可以为城市防震减灾信息系统的建设提供丰富的数据,但由于其细微信息特别丰富,因此也为相关地物目标检测与提取带来了一定的困难.本文选用2002年4月6日采集的上海市宝山区部分区域0.7 m分辨率的Quick Bird-2多光谱融合影像作为实验影像,通过图像预处理、边缘检测、二值化、区域标识、后期修整等一系列算法处理,对影像进行了图像分割.经过与目测结果的对比,认为计算机分割结果基本满足设计要求.     

图像分割多阈值法研究

目的:医学图像分割是CT图像的三维重建等后续操作的基础,分割的准确性对医生判断至关重要。本文深入研究阈值分割算法、开发出一款将医学图像进行多阈值分割的实用软件。方法:此软件是利用VC 编程工具进行开发。其功能模块主要是利用医学影像处理与分析开发包MITK中的输入文件将输入数据利用像素值进行提取并处理。结论:相对于单阈值分割,多阈值分割有着诸多优势。     

基于多小波的医学图像阈值分割算法研究

图像分割技术是医学图像处理和分析中的关键技术。本文通过构造一个正交多小波,把图像在尺度空间展开,对不同分辨级下的小波系数采用不同阈值进行分割处理。应用自动和交互相结合的分割方法,通过对目标区域图像特征进行分析,交互确定目标区域的大致灰度范围。在综合考虑图像的边缘和区域的基础上,确定精确的阈值,将目标组织从背景中分割出来。通过对计算机断层扫描医学图像进行分割处理和对比实验,得到的图像清晰度明显提高,证明该方法不仅能得到较清晰的感兴趣区域,而且还能获得较清晰的边缘特征。     

基于ICT断层扫描图像的逆向工程软件平台

本文介绍了一种基于ICT断层扫描图像的逆向工程软件平台.该软件运用图像图形处理中的边缘检测、阈值分割、边界细化、矢量化及格式转换等算法与技术,实现了工件由三维断层ICT数据到CAD图纸再编辑的功能.软件操作流程简便清晰,易于使用.     

基于CBS的违禁品目标凸现

本文在分析基于CBS的人身安检图像基础上,提出了基于数学形态学膨胀累加、双阈值分割的违禁品分割算法.采用形态学的膨胀累加算法可以有效抑制噪声并提高目标能量;利用连通性判断获得违禁品候选区域;最后通过获得的数据对违禁品目标进行有效地凸现.     

塔河油田碳酸盐岩缝洞型储层的测井识别与评价方法研究

塔河油田奥陶系以碳酸盐岩为主，油气的主要储渗空间为裂缝和溶蚀孔洞，具有很强的非均质性．本文利用常规及成像测井资料，对碳酸盐岩缝洞型储层的识别与评价方法进行研究．为了综合各种测井方法识别裂缝，建立了综合裂缝概率模型，计算综合裂缝概率指示裂缝的发育程度．利用地层微电阻率扫描成像测井资料进行裂缝和溶蚀孔洞的定性、定量解释．定量计算的裂缝参数为：裂缝密度、裂缝长度、裂缝平均宽度、平均水动力宽度、裂缝视孔隙度；定量计算的溶蚀孔洞参数有：面孔率、孔洞密度．根据缝洞型储层孔隙空间类型及其中子孔隙度、补偿密度、声波、双侧向电阻率的测井响应物性特征，建立缝洞型碳酸盐岩储层复杂孔隙介质解释模型，用于确定裂缝、溶蚀孔洞孔隙度和评价储层．     

Inversion of surface gravity data for 3-D density modeling of geologic structures using total variation regularization

We develop an inversion procedure using the total variation (TV) regularization method as a stabilizing function to invert surface gravity data to retrieve 3-D density models of geologic structures with sharp boundaries. The developed inversion procedure combines several effective algorithms to solve the TV regularized problem. First, a matrix form of the gradient vector is designed using the Kronecker product to numerically approximate the 3-D TV function. The piecewise polynomial truncated singular value decomposition (PP-TSVD) algorithm is then used to solve the TV regularized inverse problem. To obtain a density model with depth resolution, we use a sensitivity-based depth weighting function. Finally, we apply the Genetic Algorithm (GA) to select the best combination of the PP-TSVD algorithm and the depth weighting function parameters. 3-D simulations conducted with synthetic data show that this approach produces sub-surface images in which the structures are well separated in terms of sharp boundaries, without the need of a priori detailed density model. The method applied to a real dataset from a micro-gravimetry survey of Gotvand Dam, southwestern Iran, clearly delineates subsurface cavities starting from a depth of 40 m within the area of the dam reservoir.     

Scattering of Seismic Waves by Cracks with the Boundary Integral Method

— We develop a new scheme to compute 2-D SH seismograms for media with many flat cracks, based on the boundary integral method. A dry or traction-free boundary condition is applied to crack surfaces although other kinds of cracks such as wet or fluid-saturated cracks can be treated simply by assigning different boundary conditions. While body forces are distributed for cavities or inclusions to express scattered wave, dislocations (or displacement discontinuities between the top and the bottom surfaces of each crack) are used as fictitious sources along crack surfaces. With these dislocations as unknown coefficients, the scattered wave is expressed by the normal derivative of Green's function along the crack surface, which is called “double-layer potentials” in the boundary integral method, while we used “single-layer potentials” for cavities or inclusions. These unknowns are determined so that boundary conditions or crack surfaces are satisfied in the least-squared sense, for example, traction-free for dry cracks. Seismograms with plane-wave incidence are synthesized for homogeneous media with many cracks. First, we check the accuracy of our scheme for a medium with one long crack. All the predicted phases such as reflected wave, diffraction from a crack tip and shadow behind the crack are simulated quite accurately, under the same criterion as in the case for cavities or inclusions. Next, we compute seismograms for 50 randomly distributed cracks and compare them with those for circular cavities. When cracks are randomly oriented, waveforms and the strength of scattering attenuation are similar to the cavity case in a frequency range higher than k d $\simeq$ 2 where the size of scatterers d (i.e., crack length or cavity diameter) is comparable with the wavelength considered (k is the wavenumber). On the other hand, the scattering attenuation for cracks becomes much smaller in a lower frequency range (k d<2) because only the volume but not detail geometry of scatterers becomes important with wavelength much longer than each scatterer. When all the cracks are oriented in a fixed direction, the scattering attenuation depends strongly on the incident angle to the crack surface as frequency increases (k d>2): scattering becomes weak for cracks oriented parallel to the direction of the incident wave, while it gets close to the cavity case for cracks aligned perpendicular to the incident wave.     

A Model for the Mechanical Behaviour of Bentheim Sandstone in the Brittle Regime

— The mechanical behaviour of Bentheim sandstone, a homogeneous quartz-rich sandstone with porosity of 22.8%, was investigated by triaxial compression tests conducted on dry samples. At confining pressures up to 35 MPa, the failure mode was characterized by a typical brittle deformation regime, as the samples showed dilatancy and failed by strain softening and brittle faulting. Previous studies have shown that the mechanical behaviour and failure mode of brittle porous granular rocks are governed by the time-dependent growth of microcracks. We analyse this process using the “Pore Crack Model” based on fracture mechanics analysis. It is consistent with the microstructure of porous granular rocks since it considers the growth of axial cracks from cylindrical holes in two dimensions. These cracks grow when their stress intensity factors reach the subcritical crack growth limit. Interaction between neighbouring cracks is introduced by calculating the stress intensity factor as the sum of two terms: a component for an isolated crack and an interaction term computed using the method of successive approximations. It depends on crack length, pore radius, pore density, and applied stresses. The simulation of crack growth from cylindrical holes, associated with a failure criterion based on the coalescence of interacting cracks, is used to compare the theoretical stress at the onset of dilatancy and at macroscopic rupture to the experimental determined values. Our approach gives theoretical results in good agreement with experimental data when microstructural parameters consistent with observations are introduced.     

Scattering of elastic waves in cracked media using a finite difference method

This paper presents a simple, flexible way of introducing stress-free boundary conditions for including cracks and cavities in 2D elastic media by a finite difference method (FDM). The surfaces of cracks and cavities are discretized in a staircase on a rectangular grid scheme. When zero-stress is applied to free surfaces, the resulting finite difference schemes require a set of adjacent fictitious points. These points are classified based on the geometry of the free surface and their displacement is computed as a prior step to later calculation of motion on the crack surface. The use of this extra line of points does not involve a significant drain on computational resources. However, it does provide explicit finite difference schemes and the construction of displacement on the free surfaces by using the correct physical boundary conditions. An accuracy analysis compares the results to an analytical solution. This quantitative analysis uses envelope and phase misfits. It estimates the minimum number of points per wavelength necessary to achieve suitable results. Finally, the method is employed to compute displacement in various models with cavities in the P-SV formulation. The results show suitable construction of the reflected P and S waves from the free surface as well as diffraction produced by these cavities.     

Effect of stress interactions on anisotropic P-SV-wave dispersion and attenuation for closely spaced cracks in saturated porous media

Generally, local stress induced by individual crack hardly disturbs their neighbours for small crack densities, which, however, could not be neglected as the crack density increases. The disturbance becomes rather complex in saturated porous rocks due to the wave-induced diffusion of fluid pressures. The problem is addressed in this study by the comparison of two solutions: the analytical solution without stress interactions and the numerical method with stress interactions. The resultant difference of effective properties can be used to estimate the effect of stress interactions quantitatively. Numerical experiments demonstrate that the spatial distribution pattern of cracks strongly affects stress interactions. For regularly distributed cracks, the resulting stress interaction (shielding or amplification) shows strong anisotropy, depending on the arrangement and density of cracks. It has an important role in the estimation of effective anisotropic parameters as well as the incident-angle-dependency of P- and SV-wave velocities. Contrarily, randomly distributed cracks with a relative small crack density generally lead to a strong cancellation of stress interactions across cracks, where both the numerical and analytical solutions show a good agreement for the estimation of effective parameters. However, for a higher crack density, the incomplete cancellation of stress interactions is expected, exhibiting an incidence-angle dependency, slightly affecting effective parameters, and differentiating the numerical and analytical solutions.     

基于图像压缩的震损结构三维模型快速重建方法

针对基于数字图像的大尺度三维结构模型建模时间过长的问题,提出了利用图像压缩算法对震损结构三维模型快速重建的方法.首先,拍摄得到结构的原始图像;其次,利用主成分分析算法压缩图像;最后,基于处理后的图像对结构三维模型进行重建.为验证提出方法的有效性,对一个混凝土试块,受损的剪力墙试验模型和实际单体建筑进行图像采集,利用论文...     

基于图像边缘检测方法提取地震剖面同相轴

地球物理勘探中,地震剖面中的同相轴对地质分层、断层解释、有无形成空洞以及其它异常体的检测中作用重要.根据地震剖面上同相轴具有的性质,采用图像边缘检测方法提取同相轴简单且有效.由于边缘检测中常用的Sobel算子和Canny算子检测同相轴时对噪声免疫差,常因噪声因素引起边缘信息缺失导致同相轴提取不连续,本文采用中值滤波并对Sobel算子进行改进,对地震剖面图进行预处理,结合均方差自动确定阈值并进行异常检测,提取完整同相轴.实验结果表明应用该方法可以提取连续、准确的同相轴.     

基于渐进式网络处理的低剂量Micro-CT成像方法

微米级计算机断层扫描（Micro-CT）的应用领域很广泛,在生物医学、材料科学等都有研究,而且最近几年的发展很迅速。Micro-CT图像常因辐射剂量的限制而出现噪声,所以开发一种合适的算法来抑制Micro-CT图像中噪声变得很重要。Micro-CT图像的噪声水平与扫描样本、扫描参数等参数有关,合适的噪声抑制算法应该在不同噪声水平下都有不错的性能。过去Micro-CT图像的噪声抑制算法主要是迭代重建算法,但迭代重建算法速度比较慢。深度学习方法作为近些年比较热门的图像处理方法,在临床低剂量CT图像处理上相比于传统方法效果更好、处理速度更快,有进一步在低剂量Micro-CT图像处理中应用的潜力。另外,生成对抗网络在保持图像细节上有着比卷积神经网络更好的效果,本文构建普通卷积神经网络与生成对抗网络,用于对比两者的性能差异。限制于放射源的功率,低噪声的Micro-CT数据难以获取,提出一种创新的扫描方式,可有效获取低噪声的Micro-CT数据,并对实验小鼠的进行了扫描。针对低剂量Micro-CT中较高的噪声,结合Micro-CT的成像原理,提出渐进式的低剂量Micro-CT图像处理方法,分别在解析重建前后对小鼠的Micro-CT图像进行两次处理。相比于只在断层图像上处理,渐进式方法对高噪声数据的处理效果更好。从客观指标与主观视觉效果上,分析和对比了渐进式方法与其他深度学习方法或迭代重建算法的差别。定量分析不同噪声水平下的Micro-CT图像的处理效果,分析生成对抗网络在渐进式Micro-CT图像处理中的优势与限制。渐进式Micro-CT图像处理方法生成的图像质量高、生成速度快、鲁棒性高、客观指标高,可以对进一步的高级应用如图像分割、图像三维可视化等提供帮助。