Earthquake Activity Features Before Earthquakes with Ms ≥ 7.0 in the Central-Northern QinghaiXizang (Tibet) Block

We have studied the seismicity features of M_S≥5.0 earthquakes two years before strong earthquakes with M_S≥7.0 occurred in the central-northern Qinghai-Xizang (Tibet) block since 1920. The results have showed that there is an obvious gap or quiescence of M_S5.0～6.9 earthquakes near epicenters. We have also studied statistical seismicity parameters of M_S5.0～6.9 earthquakes in the same region since 1950. The results have showed that earthquakes with M_S≥7.0 occurred when earthquake frequency is relatively high and earthquake time, space accumulation degrees are rising. And the prediction effect R value scores are between 0.4～0.7. We have concluded that, before earthquakes with M_S≥7.0 in the central-northern Qinghai-Xizang (Tibet) block, M_S5.0～6.0 earthquake activity in the whole area increased and accumulated in time and space, but earthquakes with M_S≥7.0 occurred where M_S5.0～6.0 earthquake activity was relatively quiet.     

Tracing the Forecast of Earthquakes Based on the Seismicity Characteristics of the Chi-Chi Strong Earthquake Swarm Sequence

The data of earthquakes with M≥3.0 during the 7 years from September 21, 1993 to September 20, 2000 recorded by the Taiwan Central Weather Bureau (CWB) show that there were 6 types of clear characteristics of seismicity during the Chi-Chi strong earthquake swarm of September 21. These 6 types of characteristics are (1) foreshock types, (2) seismic gaps, (3) seismic bands, (4) clustering activity of foreshocks and signal shock, (5) quiescence before the main shock and (6) secondary aftershocks in the aftershock sequence. Using the procedures for analyzing the yearly strong earthquake tendency, further tracing based on the earthquake sequence characteristics, and taking the Chi-Chi earthquake sequence as an example, tracing analysis of the earthquake tendency was attempted using the shorter time range of monthly rather than in a yearly time scale. An attempt was made to establish the procedures for tracing analysis of shallow-focus earthquakes in the seismic belt of western Taiwan. It is hoped that this can provide an analystical method for approaching the short-imminent time scale of seismometry-based earthquake forecasting.     

非线性参数H值和H值在强震预报中的应用s

研究了非线性参数H值曲线及其差值H曲线与华北强震之间的关系．首先将RSH算法应用于华北地区，详细研究了6种定量预报指标的方案，并进行了回溯性预报检验．结果表明:6个预报方案均具有一定的预报效能，且都通过了检验；其中方案A和E的效果最好，Ｒ值分别为0.47和0.48，我们推荐这两种方案以便将来实际应用于预测．另外，进一步研究了H的差值H曲线与强震的关系，提出了将H用于强震预测的RSH算法，并将该算法用于华北地区强震的预测．回溯性检验得到R值为0.45，表明该方法也具有一定的预报效能．我们还将两种算法联合应用，提出了HH算法．该算法减少了虚报时间，可使R值提高．      

基于神经网络的强震中短期预测方法

神经网络(neural network)是由大量并行处理的类似生物神经元的简单单元构成的复杂系统．通过调整各个单元之间的连接权值，神经网络可以被训练来表达一个特定的映射．这种作用是神经网络应用的基础．近十年来，神经网络已从理论研究进入实用，并且这个趋势还在不断地发展．本文提出了一种基于神经网络模型的强震预测方法．神经网络先从存在的地震演化序列或地震前兆学习，然后对未来的强震作中短期预测．提出了两个神经网络预测模型:一个是基于地震演化序列的神经网络预测模型EE，并将它用于中国大陆未来一年的最高震级的预测；另一个是基于地震前兆的神经网络预测模型EP，并将它用于华北地区未来(2年)强震发生时间的预测．结果表明，本文提出的这种基于神经网络的预测模型有一定的预测能力，并且使用方便，有较好的应用前景．      

bem>值统计的物理背景

由古登堡-里克特提出的震级与频度的关系lgN＝a+bM，是地震活动性研究中普适性很强的一个经验公式．但对不同的时空域，b值曲线的线性程度有很大的差别．本文关心的是在什么样的时空强范围内，用该关系式得到的b值才具有一定的物理内涵．研究表明，在可孕育某震级档强震(MS8.5，8.0MS＜8.5，7.0MS＜8.0)的时空域内可得到最佳b值统计结果．由此可推测不同震级档强震在中国大陆不同地区可能的孕震范围．最后对地震区带划分、地震危险性分析中地震活动参数确定及应用b值作各种地震预报等方面提出值得探讨的新问题．      

世界分区强震与中国地震的相关性研究

根据全球板块构造学的观点，将全球强震活动区划分为17个地震带．用地震活动性指数A(b)作为对应的地震活动水平的标量，引用逐步回归统计分析方法，求出用世界强震资料预测中国华北未来一年内地震危险性的经验公式．      

云南地区近期强震孕育过程中波速比突变的时空演化特征

1995年7月12日至1996年2月3日短短7个月，云南地区连续发生了孟连西中缅边境7.3级、武定6.5级和丽江7.0级3次强震．本文研究了近期强震前5个地震台单台波速比和多台波速比的时空演化特征．发现:在7级大震前5～8年，大震震中120 km范围内出现了波速比高(低)值突变的中长期源兆，当波速比的突变幅度骤升(降)或突变地震次数骤增时，中长期源兆进入中短期阶段；6级强震在震前3～6年，40和150 km范围内出现了波速比高值突变的中长期源兆和中长期近场场兆，但向中短期阶段过渡的识别指标不明显．强震震中150 km范围出现的波速比突变异常高达3.0左右，而远在强震震中 250 km以外的地区最大值为2.36，显示出离强震震中近的地区突变幅度比离强震震中远的地区大的特征，即源兆和近场场兆异常幅度比远场场兆大20％～60％．并对波速比突变数据的可靠性和物理机制进行了探讨．      

Short-term Earthquake Prediction in the Sichuan-Yunnan Region Using the Method of Modulated Earthquakes

By scanning modulated or un-modulated earthquakes spatio-temporally in the region of Sichuan-Yunnan,short-term non-stationary seismic precursory patterns were extracted with significant difference and the characteristic of non-stationary short-term seismic anomalies were analyzed as well as prediction efficiency of modulated small earthquakes before a strong earthquake. Besides,small earthquake modulation ratios near the region of the epicenter were calculated and sorted by time. The results indicated that there were significant effects using the modulated earthquake method to predict earthquakes greater than MS6. 0 in a short time. Before the MS8. 0 Wenchuan earthquake,there were obvious short-term precursory seismicity gap patterns of modulated small earthquakes.     

An Inhomogeneous Distribution Model of Strong Earthquakes along Strike-Slip Active Fault Segments on the Chinese Continent and Its Implication in Engineering Seismology

Through the statistical analysis of earthquake distribution along 51 strike-slip active fault segments on the Chinese continent, we found that strong earthquake distribution along the seismogenic fault segments is inhomogeneons and the distribution probability density p (K) canbe stated as p(K)=1.1206e^3.947k^2 in which K = S/(L/2), S refers to the distance from earthquake epicenter to the center of a fault segment, L is the length of the fault segment. The above model can be utilized to modify the probability density of earthquake occurrence of the maximum magnitude interval in apotential earth quake source. Nevertheless, it is only suitable for thosepotential earthquake sources delineated along a single seismogenic fault. This inhomogeneons model has certain effects on seismic risk assessment, especially for those potential earthquake sources with higher earthquakerates of the maximum magnitude interval. In general, higher reoccurrence rate of the maximum magnitude interval and lower exceeding probability level may bring larger difference of the results in seismic risk analysis by adopting the inhomogeneons model, the PGA values increase inner the potential earthquake source, but reduce near the vicinity and out of the potential earthquake source. Taking the Tangyin potential earthquake source as an example, with exceeding probability of 10% and 2% in 50 years, the difference of the PGA values between inhomogeneons model and homogenous models can reach 12 %.     

Temporo-spatial Characteristics of Swarm Distribution before Two MS6.0 Earthquakes in the Tianshan Area, China and Their Application to Earthquake Prediction

The Nilka-Gongliu earthquake with M_S6.0 and Xinyuan-Hejing earthquake with M_S6. 6 successively occurred in Xinjiang on November 1,2011 and June 30,2012. Massive swarm activity was observed in a large area around the main shock epicenters before the two strong earthquakes. Main features are as follows:(1) The swarm activities not only increased significantly in number of earthquakes,but also presented a distinct swarm gap in spatial distribution,and the epicenters of the following strong earthquakes were all located in the swarm gap.(2) The duration of the swarm gap lasted longer,for 2-3 years.(3) The time-history characteristics of the swarms cumulative frequency indicates that swarm activity was quieter a few months before the main shocks. Finally,we discuss the results as well as the issues of their application in earthquake prediction.     

Study on the Anomaly of Small Earthquake Activity Before Moderate-strong Earthquake in the Northeast Margin of the Qinghai- Xizang （Tibet） Block

26 earthquakes with MS ≥5. 0 have been recorded in the northeast margin of the Qinghai- Xizang (Tibet) block since 1980,22 of which were relatively independent of other moderate- strong earthquakes. Research on the increase of small earthquake activity before the 22 moderate-strong earthquakes has indicated that small earthquake activity was enhanced before 17 of the moderate-strong earthquakes. Though the increased seismicity is a common phenomenon in the northeast margin of the Qinghai-Xizang ( Tibet ) block,we have difficulty in predicting the moderate-strong earthquakes by this phenomenon. In order to predict the moderate-strong earthquakes through the increased seismicity of small earthquakes,this paper attempts to propose a new method, which calculates small earthquake frequency through the change of distribution pattern of small earthquakes, based on the characteristics of small earthquake activity in the northeastern Qinghai-Xizang (Tibet) block,and then make primary applications. The result shows that we are able to obtain obvious anomalies in the frequency of small earthquakes before moderate strong earthquakes through the new method,with little spatial range effect on the amplitude of this small earthquake frequency anomaly. We can obtain mid to short-term anomaly indices for moderate-strong earthquakes in the northeast margin of the Qinghai-Xizang (Tibet) block.     

中国地震活动性分区特征

本文以强震为目标，考虑到各地区历史地震记载和仪器记录的完整性，以M6地震的年平均发生率、强震震级频度分布和历史时期发生的最大地震震级，作为衡量各地区地震活动性强弱的指标，统计了全国27个地震带的强震活动分布状况，按其地震活动性强弱分为五类区．其中，最强为台东地震带，其M6年平均发生率M6＞1；Ⅱ类区包括从帕米尔、天山、川滇以及台西等9个地震带，M6＝0.12－0.34；Ⅲ类区包括华北、青藏东北缘、戈壁阿尔泰、东南沿海外带等10个地震带，其M6＝0.032－0.08；Ⅲ类区除个别地震带历史上只记到7.3－7.5级地震外，其余各带都记录了M8的地震；Ⅳ类区包括长江中下游、华南和东北等6个地震带，其M6＝0.01－0.03，这些带有史记载以来记录的最大地震均小于7；Ⅴ类区为我国地震活动性最低的过渡地震带，Mmax仅为5.75．强震活动的差异和周围板块构造运动和板内各块体运动有着密切的关系．      

Mutation Anomalies of the Wave Velocity Ratio at a Single Station Before the Lancang-Gengma Earthquake

In this paper,the process of dynamic variation of the wave velocity ratio that occurred at a single station,such as Lancang,Tengchong,and Eryuan stations,8 years before the Lancang-Gengma earthquakes(Ms=7.6 and 7.2),is studied by applying the synthetic method as a whole.It is found that the moderately strong and strong earthquakes 250 km away that occurred since 1983 may lead to mutation anomalies of the wave velocity ratio in the Lancang region.The mutation amplitude is increased with the approaching time and distance of a large event.The reliability of mutation data for the wave velocity ratio has been demonstrated in many ways.The application of mutation of the wave velocity ratio to earthquake prediction and its physical explanation are discussed.     

PP聚类在震群分析中的应用研究

以1972——1992年新疆98个震群为样本，用U，K，最大地震序列的能量比等8个参数作为测量震群形态的特征量，应用PP聚类方法对它们进行了数值聚类分析．结果表明:这98个震群大体可分为A，B，C，D四类．A类震群有24个，其中18个震群发生后，未来12个月内，震群周围有强震发生；而在共计61个C，D类震群中，只有7个在震群发生后，未来12个月内，震群后周围有强震发生；B类震群后的强震发生率仅为3/11，可见，采用PP聚类方法，能有效地识别出前兆震群(A类)，正确地判断震群周围地区的中短期地震趋势． PP聚类方法是一种有效的新兴分类法，能广泛地应用于地震序列的类型判别等多项分类中．      

The Study on the Strong Ground Motion Attenuation Relationship in the Pishan Area, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region

Small earthquake data from the Pishan MS6.5 aftershocks is collected by the Xinjiang Regional Digital Seismic Observation Network.Five parameters of the focal region are obtained by micro genetic inversion:stress dropΔσof 75.95 bars,quality factor parameters Q0of 186.33 andηof 0.26,geometric attenuation parameters R1of 72.18km and R2of 139.70km.We calculate the Fourier spectrum and combine it with the random phase spectrum to get the ground motion time history,and build the strong motion acceleration attenuation relationship.The strong ground motion acceleration attenuation of the Pishan area is thus obtained.Because of the insufficiency of strong ground motion records,we added the records from the Wuqia MS6.9 earthquake on October 5,2008,the Akto MS6.2 earthquake on October 6,2008,and the Lop MS6.0 earthquake on March 9,2012 to the data.The comparison of the calculation results and the empirical attenuation relationships with strong ground motion records reveal that the strong motion data of Pishan and Lop earthquakes is higher than the empirical attenuation relationships.The Wuqia MS6.9 earthquake strong motion data is consistent with Yu Yanxiangs(2013)short axis result,and lower than the present result.     

Failure time variation derived from R-S relation： the role of the static stress perturbation

In general, earthquake cycle related to earthquake faulting could include four major processes which could be described by(1) fault locking,(2) self-acceleration or nucleation(possible foreshocks),(3) coseismic slip, and(4) post-stress relaxation and afterslip. A sudden static stress change/perturbation in the surrounding crust can advance/ delay the fault instability or failure time and modify earthquake rates. Based on a simple one-dimensional spring-slider block model with the combination of rate-and-statedependent friction relation, in this study, we have approximately derived the simple analytical solutions of clock advance/delay of fault failures caused by a sudden static Coulomb stress change applied in the different temporal evolution periods during an earthquake faulting. The results have been used in the physics-based explanation of delayed characteristic earthquake in Parkfield region, California, in which the next characteristic earthquake of M 6.0 after 1966 occurred in 2004 instead of around 1988 according to its characteristic return period of 22 years. At the same time, the analytical solutions also indicate that the time advance/ delay in Coulomb stress change derived by the dislocation model has a certain limitation and fundamental flaw. Furthermore, we discussed the essential difference between rate- and state-variable constitutive(R–S) model and Coulomb stress model used commonly in current earthquake triggering study, and demonstrated that, in fact, the Coulomb stress model could be involved in the R–S model. The results, we have obtained in this study, could be used in the development of time-dependent fault interaction model and the probability calculation related to the time-dependent and renewal earthquake prediction model.     

强震前中期地震活动的变化及TIP预测研究

用改进的Ｍ８算法研究了１９７９年以来我国华北西南及邻近地区共１６次强震前的ＴＩＰ，即震发生概率增长时间。结果表明，１４次强震发生在补判定为概率增长时间的ＴＩＰ内。ＴＩＰ警戒约占研究部时空域的３７％，获得了较好的强震中期预测内符效果。表明该方法可作为强震中期预测的手段之一。     

Thermal Anomalies and Earthquakes： Evidence from Wenchuan, China

Earthquake prediction is a difficult problem in Earth sciences.Unsuccessful predictions one after another urged people to explore more synthetic and comprehensive methods for earthquake prediction.The Lithosphere-Atmosphere-Ionosphere(LAI)coupling theory pays great attention to the processes taking place within the near ground layer of atmosphere.It has achieved great results recently,and can enlighten us about the nature of an earthquake's precursor.Based on the NCEP reanalysis dataset,this paper attempts to track the anomalies of the surface's upward long wave radiation flux(ULWRF),the temperature at the depth of 10cm～20cm below ground surface layer(BGL)and the air temperature at 2 meters above ground surface(AIR)around the time of the strong Wenchuan earthquake.Thermal anomalies were observed before and after May 12,2008,the time of the Wenchuan earthquake.Perhaps the thermal anomaly that occurred prior to the earthquake can be taken as indicators of the earthquake,but in view of the complexity of the earthquake phenomena,using thermal anomaly as a precursor should be done with caution.     

Study of Nonlinear Earthquake Flow Functions and Their Application to the Space Increased Probability of Strong Earthquake (SIP)

The definition and abnormality discriminatory criteria of earthquake flow function are introduced in this paper based on the algorithm of Space Increased Probability (SIP). Nine earthquake flow functions were defined by the method. The retrospect test that applied the SIP algorithm with the nonlinear earthquake flow function to 7 earthquakes, which occurred from 1975 to 1989 in Eastern China, with a magnitude of 6 or greater depicted that 6 of the 7 strong earthquakes (86%) were located in the SIP areas, and the SIP covers about 32% of the total research time-space domain. These suggest that the R-value, an effective scale for earthquake forecast, is 54% and may imply that the nonlinear earthquake flow function introduced in this paper can be applied to the intermediate-term earthquake forecast research.     

Rating damage potential of ground motion records

In this study, a total of 115,246 ground motions recorded during earthquakes of Moment magnitudes ranging from M_w 5.0 to M_w 9.0 are analyzed statistically. A total of 21 ground motion parameters characterising the recorded acceleration time histories are used in the analysis. Classification of these parameters through statistical correlation is reported and a parameter called "distance from zero-amplitude axis," or d_Z-A, is formulated in the principal component space. The ability for d_Z-A to rate the damage potentials of strong motion records is evaluated through correlation of d_Z-A with Japan Meteorological Agency(JMA) instrumental seismic intensities. This parameter can be used to rate damage potential of any strong motion record irrespective of the magnitude and location of the earthquake. It can also be used in selecting ground motion records of appropriate damage potential in seismic design and probabilistic analysis.