论在横向不均匀条件下上地幔中的P波走时

约30年来,杰弗瑞斯一布伦(J-B)时距曲线被认为是最准确的标准时距曲线.但观测到的地震波走时在3—4秒时很少与J-B时距曲线所给定的值一致.在地震工作者中就爆破和地震所观测到的地震波走时不同的原因进行过争论,大多数学者认为走时之所以有差别是由于爆破时观测的精度较高所致.为了提高时距曲线的精度,也就是建立全球平均状态的时距曲线,必须考虑不同震中区的速度特点.而J—B时距曲线所利用的地震大多属于太平洋地震带,不能作为全球的平均值.1968年得出的时距曲线虽然用了278个地震和13个爆破的资料,但时距曲线在纵坐标中的位置是根据美国中部地区和上地幔构造模型确定的,因此,也不能作为全球的平均值.     

近震简便走时表与震级

走时表是测震分析和台站工作人员不可缺少的工具之一。本文所提供的简便J-B近震走时表,可解决测震分析人员反复查表的问题。只需进行简单的计算,便可提高地震的分析处理效率。走时表简化的基本原理如下。根据近震地震波的时距方程     

多次各向异性散射模式对S波能量密度包络曲线的影响

在多次各向异性散射理论的基础上,本文重新推导了方向性散射系数的球函数展开式.引入特征时间的概念,来定义震源处初始地震波脉冲宽度,并在地震波能量密度积分方程中引入任意给定频率的初始脉冲能量谱密度的解析表达.通过离散波数方法求解了修正的地震波能量密度积分方程.基于积分方程的数值解,研究了不同散射模式对S波能量密度包络曲线的影响.计算结果表明:随着震源距的增加,在S波到时之后,多次各向异性散射模式与多次各向同性散射模式合成的能量密度包络差异逐渐增大.其中通过多次前散射模式,我们可以得到不同震源距的尾波能量密度包络的同一衰减趋势,以及S波能量密度包络随着震源距的增加而出现的展宽现象.最后,利用美国内华达州Wells地震余震的台站记录验证了多次前散射模式的实用性与有效性.     

论用球谐函数拟合地幔地震波品质因数Q值空间分布

本文引用S.J.Duda所导出的吸收特征时间t~*与震中距离△的关系,由地震台网观测的地震波振幅A和周期T,求得观测的t_0~*,及t_0~*～△的关系函数,用以拟合不同周期范围地震波品质因数Q 值随深度的分布Q(h),从而计算理论的t~*,再由t~*的残差δt~*与δQ 的关系参照A.M.Dzjewonskj 拟合地幔地震波速度三维分布的方法运用球谐函数的关系拟合地幔地震波品质因数Q 值的三维空间分布。     

透射法地震勘探中槽波几何运动学特征

矿井煤层中激发产生的地震波类型复杂,导致对各类地震波的认识存在争议.本次研究从几何运动学角度出发,分析槽波传播时间与炮检距之间的关系,由于槽波具有频散特性,无法给定具体的时距方程,通过推导发现槽波的最小群速度,即埃里相速度为固定值,因此可得到槽波埃里相的时距方程.同时推导了透射法槽波地震勘探中直达波和折射波的时距方程.认为三者的时距曲线在炮集记录上均为双曲线,双曲线最小值和曲率与煤层和围岩速度相关.对比分析三者的时距特征,对实际槽波记录中地震波类型划分有了新的认识,折射纵波最先到达,最后接收到的为槽波埃里相,中间为横波与纵波的叠合.     

隧道地质灾害超前预报的地震反射法

介绍了利用地震反射法进行隧道地质灾害超前探测的基本原理、观测方法，讨论了反射波时距曲线方程和特点以及实际应用中存在的主要问题和影响因素，指出采用地震反射法与工程地质调查法相结合可以提高超前探测的准确性和精度.     

综合应用固体潮观测资料求解钻孔应变地震波

由于钻孔内外的介质模型的力学性能不测定,不能用波动方程来解钻孔应变地震波,为此,利用钻孔应变固体潮观测资料的调和拟合结果,对钻孔应变仪进行标定,或用摆式地震仪测出的位移进行标定,求出钻孔应变的应力响应系数,用平衡方法的解近似地代替波动方程的解,文中还导出了计算地震震级的公式和计算钻孔周转岩石弹性系数的方法,不但解决了上述难题,还使计算大为简化。     

基于实际数据驱动的非纵波场模拟分析

在黄土塬、山地等低信噪比地区,单炮近道受面波、激发噪声等影响,地震资料品质极差.为此提出了非纵观测,使目的层反射波避开近道干扰,来提高地震资料的信噪比.如何选择合适的非纵距进行观测系统设计?常规方法是采用建立三维地质模型,利用射线追踪或波动方程正演模拟地震记录选择观测系统的非纵距,但由于地质现象的复杂性、建模软件的应用性、建模方法适用条件的局限性等等,使得在实际生产应用中,模拟出的地震记录还存在一些不足之处.为此融合探区以往的地震资料,建立了如下流程确定合理的非纵距:首先搜集探区以往的炮集数据,在炮集数据上拾取地震波(初至波、反射波和面波)和目的层倾角,获取地震波的走时、均方根振幅、主频、相位等信息,建立炮检距与分析地震波属性值(走时、均方根振幅、主频、相位等)的关系曲线;然后根据地质任务设计单炮点的非纵观测系统,根据炮检距选择对应地震波的关系曲线相应的属性值,模拟地震记录;最后根据目的层反射波能否有效避开面波、初至波、近道干扰,确定观测系统非纵离.通过实例验证,对于地质构造复杂、资料信噪比低的地区,模拟的地震记录更符合探区地质构造特点,能有效地指导观测系统非纵距的设计,达到合理压制噪声和提高地震资料信噪比的目的,克服了传统宽线压噪能力低和三维采集投资过大的矛盾.     

地震波走时和射线的有限差分计算

以往都是采用射线追踪的方法计算地震波的走时和射线，但是当速度模型复杂时这种方法存在一些问题。本文提出另一种计算地震波走时和射线的方法。该方法从程函方程出发，利用互换原理和Ｆｅｒｍａｔ原理计算出各种波的到时和射线。解决了射线追踪方法存在的问题。为地震波走时和射线的计算以及地震波走时反演开辟了一条新途径。     

地震波场的共偏移距延拓研究

实现地震波场共偏移距剖面上不同偏移距之间的转换,对于精确的共反射点叠加、速度分析以及研究ＡＶＯ信息等皆具有重要意义。本文从非均匀介质地震记录的微分性质出发,通过对其共反射点变化轨迹的研究,导出基于Ｈａｍｉｌｔｏｎ方程的地震波场共偏移距延拓方程,建立了新的共偏移距延拓算子,通过理论模型的计算验证了此方程的正确性。     

A NUMERICAL METHOD OF CALCULATING THE KERNEL FUNCTION FROM SCHLUMBERGER APPARENT RESISTIVITY DATA*

A method to calculate the resistivity transform of Schlumberger VES curves has been developed. It consists in approximating the field apparent resistivity data by utilizing a linear combination of simple functions, which must satisfy the following requirements: (i) they must be suitable for fitting the resistivity data; (ii) once the fitting function has been obtained they allow the kernel to be determined in an analytic way. The fitting operation is carried out by the least mean squares method, which also accomplishes a useful smoothing of the field curve (and therefore a partial noise filtering). It gives the possibility of assigning different weights to the apparent resistivity values to be approximated according to their different reliability. For several examples (theoretical resistivity curves in order to estimate the precision of the method and with field data to verify the practicality) yield good results with short execution time independent of shape the apparent resistivity curve.     

PUBLICATIONS OF THE IAHS

Abstract

Gauging stations where the stage—discharge relationship is affected by hysteresis due to unsteady flow represent a challenge in hydrometry. In such situations, the standard hydrometric practice of fitting a single-valued rating curve to the available stage—discharge measurements is inappropriate. As a solution to this problem, this study provides a method based on the Jones formula and nonlinear regression, which requires no further data beyond the available stage—discharge measurements, given that either the stages before and after each measurement are known along with the duration of each measurement, or a stage hydrograph is available. The regression model based on the Jones formula rating curve is developed by applying the monoclinal rising wave approximation and the generalized friction law for uniform flow, along with simplifying assumptions about the hydraulic and geometric properties of the river channel in conjunction with the gauging station. Methods for obtaining the nonlinear least-squares rating-curve estimates, while factoring in approximated uncertainty, are discussed. The broad practical applicability and appropriateness of the method are demonstrated by applying the model to: (a) an accurate, comprehensive and detailed database from a hydropower-generated highly dynamic flow in the Chattahoochee River, Georgia, USA; and (b) data from gauging stations in two large rivers in the USA affected by hysteresis. It is also shown that the model is especially suitable for post-modelling hydraulic and statistical validation and assessment.     

波动方程模型和偏移的拟合解法

本文提出一个较差分法精确的波动方程的数值解法--拟合法,拟合法与差分法的区别在于方程的离散化方法.文章通过对差分离散化实现过程的分析指出差分离散化存在的不足,并进而给出了拟合离散化方法.与差分法比较,拟合法的算子系数具有方程整体统筹性,是在具体的采样间隔、步长条件下的最佳系数,因而能适应样点间隔、步长等条件的变化,精度较高.文中还给出了模型及实例.     

Linear stability analysis for the differentially heated rotating annulus

We use linear stability analysis to approximate the axisymmetric to nonaxisymmetric transition in the differentially heated rotating annulus. We study an accurate mathematical model that uses the Navier–Stokes equations in the Boussinesq approximation. The steady axisymmetric solution satisfies a two-dimensional partial differential boundary value problem. It is not possible to compute the solution analytically, and thus, numerical methods are used. The eigenvalues are also given by a two-dimensional partial differential problem, and are approximated using the matrix eigenvalue problem that results from discretizing the linear part of the appropriate equations.

A comparison is made with experimental results. It is shown that the predictions using linear stability analysis accurately reproduce many of the experimental observations. Of particular interest is that the analysis predicts cusping of the axisymmetric to nonaxisymmetric transition curve at wave number transitions, and the wave number maximum along the lower part of the axisymmetric to nonaxisymmetric transition curve is accurately determined. The correspondence between theoretical and experimental results validates the numerical approximations as well as the application of linear stability analysis.

A linear stability analysis is also performed with the effects of centrifugal buoyancy neglected. Along the lower part of the transition curve, the results are significantly qualitatively and quantitatively different than when the centrifugal effects are considered. In particular, the results indicate that the centrifugal buoyancy is the cause of the observation of a wave number maximum along the transition curve, and is the cause of a change in concavity of the transition curve.     

NUMERICAL SOLUTION OF THE ACOUSTIC AND ELASTIC WAVE EQUATIONS BY A NEW RAPID EXPANSION METHOD1

We present a new rapid expansion method (REM) for the time integration of the acoustic wave equation and the equations of dynamic elasticity in two spatial dimensions. The method is applicable to spatial grid methods such as finite differences, finite elements or the Fourier method. It is based on a Chebyshev expansion of the formal solution to the appropriate wave equation written in operator form. The method yields machine accuracy yet it is faster than methods based on temporal differencing. Its disadvantages are that it does not apply to all types of material rheology, and it can also require much storage when many snapshots and time sections are desired. Comparisons between numerical and analytical solutions for simple acoustic and elastic problems demonstrate the high accuracy of the REM.     

地震折射波资料解释中射线方法应用的进一步探讨

开鲁陆家堡凹陷内断裂发育、构造复杂,垂直于构造走向跨度30km,凹陷边缘和凹陷内古生界基底顶板埋深分别为1km和5km,在此开展了基底折射波地震勘探。在已知资料基础上,我们用多段倾斜单界面折射波正演理论计算作指导,设计了野外试验和初步的生产观测系统,t_0和差异时距曲线解释方法对于应用于如此复杂的构造地区其准确性和精度受到了限制。因此,我们在解释方法上试做了如下工作:①多段倾斜单界面折射波理论正演走时拟合,给出较有益的反演解释结果;②二维非均匀介质中射线追踪解释方法,提供准确的射线途径给出基底面上下详尽的更为符合实际的二维速度分布信息。     

THE STABILITY OF THE SOLUTIONS OF THE POTENTIAL FIELD TRANSFORMATIONS *

The quantitative analysis of the potential fields leads to the solution of some operational equations which sometimes have unstable solutions representing fictitious anomalies. A general method to find numerically stable solutions of such problems is presented in this paper. The subject of the downward analytical continuation is also discussed. The method has been checked on a theoretical model and applied to a gravity map.     

图法及其在Toeplitz矩阵分解中的应用

实现了基于图法的稀疏正定系统的求解，并在此基础上实现了具有Toeplitz结构的大型稀疏矩阵的快速LU分解，在基于波边方程的地震数据处理如地震波场模拟和叠前深度偏移等隐式方法中，拉普拉氏算子或亥姆霍兹算子的快速分解是这些方法能否实现的关键，在螺旋边界条件下，这些算子的表示矩阵是具有Toeplitz结构的正定厄密矩阵，可以通过本文方法实现快速分解。     

岩石非线性破裂的衰减特征

在实验室内，模拟了在构造应力和引潮力的共同作用下岩石失稳破裂的过程，记录了整个过程中不同应力条件下通过岩石样品的纵波波形曲线．以此为基础，分别在时间域和频率域计算了Ｐ波波列能量随应力的变化；并根据Ｑ值的定义，导出了接收到的波列的能量与岩石衰减Ｑ的关系式，从而计算出不同应力条件下相应的Ｑ值及其变化．利用加卸载响应比的定义，得到以Ｑ为响应参数时岩石系统的加卸载响应比随应力的变化曲线，其结果和响应比理论的预测相当吻合．因此认为，Ｑ值的加卸载响应比可以表征岩石系统的稳定程度，并可以用于预测岩石的非线性失稳．     

地震折射法中波场延拓技术的应用

从波动方程出发,推导出平面波场传播基本公式,阐述了利用地表观测波场反演地球内部波速结构的理论关系.观测波场可通过-p 变换分解为地表平面波场,其最大振幅的轨迹能稳定地反映出地球内部波速随深度变化的趋势,这一特征可用来对反演解空间进行约束.波场延拓技术可以充分地利用观测波场中包含的丰富信息,在迭代反演中不仅能简单快速地得到反演解,而且所得解具有良好的稳定性,较少受主观因素影响,这是一种很好的反演技术.对波场延拓进行了理论分析与数值模拟,采用了同态反褶积等改善资料信噪比的措施,使解的分辨能力得到了提高.文中对南海北部一个声纳折射剖面进行了分析和计算.结果表明:该区1.4km 深处,存在一个从1.76km/s 到2.21km/s 的速度间断面.间断面上下两层的速度梯度分别为0.54kms-1/km,0.63kms-1/km.最后,从构造演化的角度对浅海构造特征进行了探讨.