用于地震观测的瞬态滤波研究

目前,地震数据采集器使用的最后两级数字滤波器相位有最小相位和线性相位两种,相位特性直接影响着记录的地震数据波形质量.最小相位滤波的优点是:地震波形没有“前缀”波形出现,不会干扰分析人员对震相的判读;其缺点是:通带边沿频率附近不同频率分量群时延差异较大,导致最小相位滤波会带来波形失真,对初动半周期的波形影响显著.     

用于地震观测的瞬态滤波器仿真研究

现代地震数据采集器中广泛使用的最小相位滤波器和线性相位滤波器各有不足之处,最小相位滤波引起的“振铃”尾波,线性相位滤波引起的“前缀”波,无法用后续处理的方法消除。本文提出一种专用于地震波形采集的瞬态滤波器设想,该瞬态滤波器既能满足最小相位特性,又能保持较好的线性相位特性。本文用Matlab设计出了可以满足上述条件的瞬态滤波器,并通过仿真比较了正弦接入波通过3种滤波器的输出波形。从仿真结果可以看出,与最小相位和线性相位滤波相比较,该瞬态滤波器的波形失真最小。     

数字地震观测中的线性和最小相位滤波

线性相位滤波和最小相位滤波是数字地震观测中经常都要遇到的两类滤波器。现代地震数据采集器中就预置有这两种滤波系数供用户选用。本文以EDAS—C24地震数据采集器为例,通过比较两者滤波特性的差异后得出：为什么在以震相判读分析为主要用途的数字地震观测中必须选用最小相位滤波器,最好不要使用线性相位滤波器。同时还指出,最小相位滤波对优势频谱较高的地方微震波形影响较大,且振荡尾巴较长,分析研究时应注意其影响。     

航空重力数据无限脉冲响应低通数字滤波器设计与试验研究

采用巴特沃思(Butterworth)和切比雪夫(Chebyshev)逼近,设计无限脉冲响应(Infinite Impulse Response,IIR)低通数字滤波器,对GT-1A航空重力勘查系统的测量数据进行了滤波试验研究,结果表明,通过选择合适的通带和阻带衰减等滤波参数,IIR低通数字滤波器在航空重力数据的低通滤...     

瞬态滤波器设计及其在地方地震观测中的应用研究

目前地震数据采集器使用的最后两级数字滤波器相位有最小相位和线性相位两种。相位特性直接影响着记录的地震波形数据质量,最小相位滤波器的相位特性非线性严重,引起波形失真,线性相位滤波器带来“前缀波”。本文介绍了一种专用于地震波形采集的瞬态滤波器的设计及其观测分析研究。该瞬态滤波器既有最小相位特性,又有较好的线性相位特性,具有良好的瞬态响应波形。地方震实测数据表明,使用瞬态滤波器记录的地震波,没有"前缀"波出现,初动半周期也没有被展宽,波形失真最小。因为通带至过渡带转角平缓和过渡带滚降速率低是所有瞬态特性良好的滤波器的共同特征,故使用瞬态滤波必须付出的代价是提高采样率来确保通带上边沿频率保持不变。     

瞬态滤波器设计及其在地方地震观测中的应用研究

目前地震数据采集器使用的最后两级数字滤波器相位有最小相位和线性相位两种。相位特性直接影响着记录的地震波形数据质量,最小相位滤波器的相位特性非线性严重,引起波形失真,线性相位滤波器带来“前缀波”。本文介绍了一种专用于地震波形采集的瞬态滤波器的设计及其观测分析研究。该瞬态滤波器既有最小相位特性,又有较好的线性相位特性,具有良好的瞬态响应波形。地方震实测数据表明,使用瞬态滤波器记录的地震波,没有"前缀"波出现,初动半周期也没有被展宽,波形失真最小。因为通带至过渡带转角平缓和过渡带滚降速率低是所有瞬态特性良好的滤波器的共同特征,故使用瞬态滤波必须付出的代价是提高采样率来确保通带上边沿频率保持不变。     

FIR低通差分器的设计及其在航空重力测量中的应用

根据契比雪夫逼近理论 ,设计了适用于航空重力测量应用的有限冲激响应 (FIR)低通差分器 ,利用模拟模型对滤波器的性能进行了验证 .基于静态GPS试验数据和某地区机载动态GPS摄影定位的实测数据 ,应用FIR低通差分器计算了载体的垂直加速度 ,计算结果表明 ,当滤波时间间隔为 1 0 0s时 ,垂直加速度的确定精度可达± 1— 2mGal.     

基于Matlab的最小相位滤波在处理影区地震中的初步研究

研究基于Matlab的最小相位滤波器在处理影区地震中的应用。使用共轭倒序法设计滤波器对合肥地震台记录的中国台湾影区地震进行滤波处理,有效抑制地动噪声干扰,突出地震信号特征,为地震分析提供较好的帮助。     

一种反演滤波器设计方法研究

该文针对在地震数据采集器中，使用最小相位滤波器而带来的波形畸变，提出了波形反演的概念，讨论了用逆滤波器直接反演可能出现的问题，并给出了一种反演滤波器的设计方法，经实验模拟证明，该方法是可行的。     

拾振器输入信号恢复方法的研究

为了补偿由于拾振器及其测量系统有限带宽而使测量结果产生的测量误差，本文提出了一种用FIR横向滤波器来恢复拾振器原始输入信号的方法。该方法是将拾振器的输出信号作为FIR横向滤波器的输入，用自适应RLS算法对FIR横向滤波器系数进行辨识而最终获得可以恢复拾振器原始输入信号的反卷积滤波器。通过用几组不同特点的信号对其进行实验检验，结果证明该方法的有效性和较好的泛化能力。     

Frequency‐space wavefield extrapolation using infinite impulse response digital filters: is it feasible?

The purpose of this paper is to study the possibility of performing practically stable and efficient frequency‐space (f?x) wavefield extrapolation for the application of seismic imaging and datuming via infinite impulse response (IIR) filters. The model reduction control theory was adopted to design such IIR f?x extrapolation filters. The model reduction theory reduces the order of a given order system which, in this case, involves reducing a finite impulse response (FIR) f?x extrapolation filter system into an IIR f?x extrapolation filter system. This theory relies on decomposing the states of the given filter system into strong and weakly coupled sub‐systems, and then eliminating the weakly coupled states via singular value decomposition of the Hankel and the impulse response Gramian matrices. Simulation results indicate that IIR f?x filters can be obtained, which are stable from an IIR filter design point of view. Simulations also indicate that stable seismic impulse responses and synthetics can be obtained with a reduced system model order and, hence, less computational efforts with respect to the number of complex multiplications and additions per output sample. It is hoped that this study will open new possibilities for researchers to reconsider designing IIR f?x explicit depth extrapolation filters due to their expected computational savings and wavenumber response accuracy, when compared to the FIR f?x explicit depth extrapolation filters.     

航空重力傅里叶基追踪低通滤波方法研究

航空重力测量受到各种各样的高频噪声干扰,因此,低通滤波是提取重力信号的重要环节,其关键在于设计性能优越的低通滤波器.目前航空重力测量中常用FIR（Finite Impulse Response）低通滤波方法存在明显的滤波边缘效应,导致不得不舍弃边缘部分数据.针对这一问题,本文引入一种可以有效抑制边缘效应的新方法——傅里叶基追踪低通滤波方法（Fourier Basis Pursuit Low Pass Filter,FBPLPF）.该方法通过基追踪准则,选择全局优化,采用凸优化中的内点算法,将低频信号挤压在低频上,实现低频信号与高频信号的有效分离,能够有效减少有限时间序列造成的谱污染和谱泄漏.最后利用仿真实验和实测数据对该方法进行了验证,均方根误差（RMS）东西测线为0.7×10^-5 m·s^-2,南北测线为1.4×10^-5 m·s^-2,与FIR低通滤波方法舍弃边缘数据后统计的均方根误差相当.表明该方法可以不舍弃或者舍弃少量边缘数据,提高航空重力数据的利用率.     

REALIZATION OF SHARP CUT-OFF FREQUENCY CHARACTERISTICS ON DIGITAL COMPUTERS

It was found in Part I of this paper that approximating the sharp cut-off frequency characteristic best in a mean square sense by an impulse response of finite length M produced a characteristic whose slope on a linear frequency scale was proportional to the length of impulse response, but whose maximum overshoot of ±9% was independent of this length (Gibbs' phenomenon). Weighting functions, based on frequency tapering or arbitrarily chosen, were used in Part II to modify the truncated impulse response of the sharp cut-off frequency characteristic, and thereby obtain a trade-off between the value of maximum overshoot and the sharpness of the resulting characteristic. These weighting functions, known as apodising functions, were dependent on the time-bandwidth product Mξ, where 2ξ, corresponded to the tapering range of frequencies. Part III now deals with digital filters where the number 2N–1 of coefficients is directly related to the finite length M of the continuous impulse response. The values of the filter coefficients are taken from the continuous impulse response at the sampling instants, and the resulting characteristic is approximately the same as that derived in Part II for the continuous finite length impulse response. Corresponding to known types of frequency tapering, we now specify a filter characteristic which is undefined in the tapering range, and determine the filter coefficients according to a mean square criterion over the rest of the frequency spectrum. The resulting characteristic is dependent on the time bandwidth product Mξ= (N–1/2)ξ up to a maximum value of 2, beyond which undesirable effects occur. This optimum partially specified characteristic is an improvement on the previous digital filters in terms of the trade-off ratio for values of maximum overshoot less than 1%. Similar to the previous optimum characteristic is the optimum partially specified weighted digital filter, where greater “emphasis is placed on reducing the value of maximum overshoot than of maximum undershoot”. Such characteristics are capable of providing better trade-off ratios than the other filters for maximum overshoots greater than 1/2%. However these filters have critical maximum numbers 2.N_C–1 of coefficients, beyond which the resulting characteristics have unsuitable shapes. This type of characteristic differs from the others in not being a biassed odd function about its cut-off frequency.     

用于地震观测的瞬态滤波试验数据分析

地震数据采集器中的滤波技术是影响地震观测数据质量的重要因素。本研究通过实测数据对比分析了最小相位滤波、线性相位滤波和瞬态滤波对观测数据的影响程度。实测波形数据证实了理论分析的预期,最小相位滤波在观测地方性微小地震时,初动半周期及后续波的失真均较大,利用波形作深入研究时,应注意该失真的影响;线性相位滤波引起的"前缀"可能会干扰震相的正确判读,不宜用于以震相分析为主要用途的地方震观测;瞬态滤波兼有前两类滤波的优点而无其缺点,是观测地方震和水库地震的优良滤波技术,但应用瞬态滤波必须提高采样率。     

GOCE卫星重力测量中有色噪声滤波器设计

本文根据卫星重力梯度测量的有色噪声特性,设计了Wiener、AR、FIR三种滤波器,并利用模拟的有色噪声数据对其滤波效果进行了测试,结果表明:对于文中采用的有色噪声数据,AR的滤波效果最好,其次为Wiener滤波器,FIR的滤波效果最差;三种滤波器均可用于GOCE卫星重力测量中有色噪声数据滤波,但其实用性尚需利用实测数据进行检验;可以利用不同的滤波器对含有色噪声的卫星重力梯度数据进行多次滤波,以进一步减弱有色噪声对卫星重力梯度测量精度的影响.     

极低频电磁观测数据噪声处理方法研究

“十五”期间,在全国各地震台站共安装了约12套ELF极低频电磁观测仪器,从记录到的观测资料来看,所有台站均不同程度地受到工频50 Hz及其谐波的干扰,同时还有一些不必要的信息存在,因此,对ELF观测数据进行滤波处理显得尤其重要。该文用MATLAB编程软件设计了FIR数字滤波器,运用理论数据和ELF实测数据对滤波器的性能进行了验证,分析了ELF时间序列经过带通滤波和陷波处理后的效果,发现其对台站ELF观测数据的处理有一定的应用价值。     

REALIZATION OF SHARP CUT-OFF FREQUENCY CHARACTERISTICS ON DIGITAL COMPUTERS*

Sharp cut-off frequency filtering is carried out in the discrete time domain on digital computers. A convolution of the digital filter impulse response with the sampled input yields the output. For practical reasons, the length of the filter inpulse response, corresponding to the number of filter coefficients, is limited, and consequently the resulting frequency characteristic will no longer be identical to that originally specified. This is analogous to synthesising some specified frequency characteristic with a finite number of resistive, capacitative and inductive components. In Part I of this paper, we examine the effect of approximating the sharp cut-off frequency characteristic best in a mean square sense by an impulse response of finite length. The resulting frequency characteristic corresponds to the truncated impulse response of the specified frequency characteristic. It has a cut-off slope proportional to, and a mean square error inversely proportional to, the length of the impulse response, and is a biassed odd function about the cut-off frequency point. Because of the Gibbs phenomenon for discontinuous functions, the resulting frequency characteristic will always have a maximum overshoot with respect to the specified characteristic of ± 9%, regardless of the length of the corresponding impulse response. Equal length truncated impulse responses of specified filters with different cut-off frequencies yield frequency characteristics which are almost identical about their respective cut-off points. Now on a log frequency scale (as against a linear frequency scale implied previously) such characteristics may be made almost identical about the respective cut-off points by having the truncated impulse responses composed of an equal number of zero crossings. Results for the low-pass filter are applicable to the high-pass and band-pass characteristics. In the latter case, the mean square error is double that for a single slope characteristic (low-pass or high-pass) and the slopes at both edges of the passband are approximately equal in magnitude to the length of the impulse response (linear frequency scale). Part II of this paper is concerned with reducing the ± 9% overshoot that results from the discontinuous nature of the sharp cut-off frequency characteristic and which is not dependent on the length of the truncated impulse response. The reduction is achieved, at the expense of the steepness of cut-off for the resulting frequency characteristic, by the use of functions which weight the truncated impulse response of the specified frequency characteristic. These functions are called apodising functions. Among other variables, the length of the truncated weighted impulse response will determine the amount of maximum overshoot since the effective frequency characteristic being approximated is no longer a discontinuous function. The digital realization of the finite length impulse responses of Parts I and II is discussed in Part III, together with the optimum partially specified digital filter approximation to the desired frequency characteristic.