基于Wi-Fi信号的地震废墟被困人员侦查系统

针对震后大面积废墟下被困人员快速准确检测与定位的需求,本文提出了基于Wi-Fi信号的地震灾害人员侦查技术。以嵌入式技术为基础,涉及FSK通信、Wi-Fi定位、Wi-Fi定位算法等方面的研究,提出Wi-Fi热点中继设备和显控中心平台切实可行的设计解决方案,研制出能够实现震后大面积废墟下被困人员快速定位的设备,并提出设备布设方案。为我国地震救援提供一种有效的技术手段。     

基于超宽带雷达及支持向量机的灾后人体呼吸信号识别方法与试验研究

与常规雷达相比,超宽带雷达具有距离分辨力高、近距离盲区小、穿透性强、目标识别率高等特点,已被广泛应用于灾后搜寻、救援工作中,以对受困生命体征目标进行生命探测。为实现使用超宽带雷达对受困生命体征目标的识别定位,本研究提出基于信号多特征提取技术及支持向量机模型的人体呼吸信号识别方法。首先,使用经验模态分解、变分模态分解及希尔伯特变换提取雷达探测信号的微多普勒特征,使用傅里叶变换提取宏观频谱特征,使用相关分析获取相关性特征;然后,以提取的信号特征为输入,使用支持向量机模型对信号进行分类,进而对人体呼吸信号进行识别,对人体位置进行定位。不同障碍物场景下的试验结果表明,本方法可有效识别砖墙、建筑楼板等遮挡物下的受困生命体征目标,并提供其位置信息。     

震后基于无人机快速三维定位被困人员模型研究

针对震后被倒塌建筑物或滑坡埋压的被困人员进行快速定位问题，在阅读大量相关文献的基础上，以无人机遥感、地理信息空间和三维质心定位技术为基础，采用无线信号RSSI测距模型，配合影像范围内基准影像数据辅助定位，构建震后基于无人机快速三维定位被困人员模型。以红河县城区作为研究区，对城区内特定人员进行三维定位，结果表明该模型定位精度高，对震后废墟被困人员营救具有重要意义。     

基于手机定位服务的地震灾情速报和搜救技术探讨

介绍了无线移动定位技术,TOA、TDOA定位技术原理与数学模型,分析了手机定位服务在地震灾情速报和搜救被困人员的应用价值,提出了手机定位服务于灾情速报和地震灾区埋压被困人员搜救技术系统架构,为地震灾区的快速圈定提供重要支持,使得对大面积的地震灾区埋压被困人员准确、快速搜救成为可能。     

基于卡尔曼滤波的超宽带穿墙雷达移动目标探测

穿墙雷达使用电磁波对墙等障碍物之后的目标进行探测、识别、定位和跟踪.利用超宽带(Ultrawideband:UWB)雷达进行穿墙探测,能获得更高的距离分辨率和穿透性能.由于探测环境复杂,穿墙雷达获得的目标回波信号往往被杂波所掩盖而提取困难.本文使用了一种基于卡尔曼滤波的目标信号和杂波信号分离的方法.本文利用UWB雷达对墙体内侧运动的人体进行探测,然后使用基于卡尔曼滤波的方法消除干扰获得目标回波信号.本文首先建立了UWB雷达穿墙探测的卡尔曼滤波信号模型.然后基于卡尔曼滤波对UWB雷达的穿墙探测实验数据进行了杂波压制,将原始信号分解为目标信号、背景信号和噪声信号.最后对目标信号沿空间方向进行了快速傅里叶变换(Fast Fourier Transform:FFT),获得了包括躯干、手臂和腿等人体各部分的运动特征.     

基于卫星导航的震后被困人员手机信号定位分析

针对当前被困人员手机信号定位所采用的方法中手机信号定位距离存在局限性,且信号来源方向的确定受信号传播损耗变化影响较大的问题,提出基于卫星导航的震后被困人员手机信号定位分析方法。从地震的突发性、破坏性、社会影响和防御难度四个方面分析地震的特点,设计便携式移动台,通过GPS单差模型提取手机残差信号,计算各移动台在指定区域中的手机信号平均残差,获取各个区域手机信号的均方根,将均方差代入所有地震事件的双差方程进行联立,求解手机信号强度,通过AOA测量方法实现了卫星导航定位手机信号的分析。通过模拟在地震废墟中测试手机接收信号强度指示值(RSSI)与手机信号发射强度,对采集的数据进行分析以验证该系统在大范围地震废墟中的搜寻能力。实验结果证明,提出该方法系统可以对大范围的手机进行搜寻定位,信号来源方向较为稳定。     

非开挖特深管线的探测技术分析及展望

本文介绍了最近几年对非开挖施工大于3m的深埋管线探测的4种物探探测技术的最新进展,包括地面高精度磁测、井中磁梯度探测、探地雷达、电磁法探测等技术的工作原理、数据处理、应用的成功实例,并总结了各自探测技术的优点、缺点,讨论了物探方法在对非开挖管线的定位技术的发展趋势.     

智能化雷达探生仪的研制

基于电磁波雷达探测技术研制一套智能化雷达探生仪。介绍了电磁波雷达生命探测原理,并给出智能化雷达探生仪的研制方案,其包括收发天线、射频收发模块、采集模块和手持式终端的设计。     

FDTD数值模拟在GPR管线探测中的应用

探地雷达是一种非常重要的管线探测技术,为了提高地下管线雷达图像特征的认识,确定管线异常体的位置,提高雷达资料的解释精度.论文从Maxwell两个旋度方程出发,推导了二维TM波的差分方程、CFL数值稳定性条件、频散关系.然后,基于Matlab平台编写了探地雷达正演的FDTD程序,应用该FDTD程序开展了管线探测中探地雷达探测效果分析,包括对管线埋藏深度、管线间距、管线内物质、管线材质等影响因素的数值模拟.通过分析雷达正演剖面特征,可以清晰了解并掌握雷达管线探测与各种影响参数之间的关系,对实际地下管线探测可起到指导作用.最后,将GPR应用于武广高速浏阳河隧道管线探测中,GPR准确地定位了PVC通迅电缆的位置在埋深,为工程施工与处置提供了依据.     

基于Wi-Fi信号的地震埋压人员快速求救与搜救系统开发

大震巨灾发生后,如何在72 h黄金救援期挽救人民群众的生命是救援工作的重中之重,但往往由于通信基站破坏或通信阻塞,使得被埋压人员无法与外界取得联系,只能通过呼救或敲击等原始方式求救,效果不佳且耗费体力。外界搜索一般通过人工搜索、搜救犬、生命探测仪等方式,存在探测区域小、易受干扰、价格昂贵等不足。针对这一问题,提出了基于Wi-Fi的新型地震埋压人员快速求救和搜救系统,具有覆盖范围广、传输速度快、成本低、易操作等优点,可有效提高搜救效率。与其他Wi-Fi定位方法不同,基于信号强度的RSSI测距定位算法不需事先收集Wi-Fi接入点的位置信息,更加符合震后搜救的实际情况。借助目前普遍使用的移动智能终端,受困人员通过客户端程序发送求救信号,救援人员利用基于Wi-Fi信号强度的RSSI测距模型,通过三点定位和优化处理,快速确定埋压人员的具体位置,从而有针对性地分配救援力量,及时高效地展开救援。经过在国家陆地搜寻与救护基地不同废墟环境场景下的实地测试,系统运作效果良好,能满足地震求救、搜救人员的救援需要。     

高分辨率探地雷达及实验研究

本文作者开发基于E5071B型矢量网络分析仪(VNA)的高分辨率探地雷达系统(LANRCS—GPR),该系统立足于频率域探地雷达系统的宽频带和适应性强的优点之上,充分发挥了矢量网络分析仪具有的超宽带、高精度测量等特性。该系统采用LAN方式进行系统联机控制方式,使系统组建成本低廉、易于扩展:本系统采用了计算效率高的F-K偏移方法作为实时成像方法。系统测试实验表明,该系统具有很高的探测分辨率,探测精度高,信号信噪比高,系统动态范围大,而且系统的操作灵活可靠,适应范围广,系统功能可扩展性强。该系统的研究开发为将来成品频域探地雷达系统的研发提供了理论、实验基础,同时也为电磁波传播研究及电磁探测研究搭建了一个采集数据精度高、信息量大、适应范围广、操作方便的实验平台。     

Detection of macroalgae blooms by complex SAR imagery

Increased frequency and enhanced damage to the marine environment and to human society caused by green macroalgae blooms demand improved high-resolution early detection methods. Conventional satellite remote sensing methods via spectra radiometers do not work in cloud-covered areas, and therefore cannot meet these demands for operational applications. We present a methodology for green macroalgae bloom detection based on RADARSAT-2 synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images. Green macroalgae patches exhibit different polarimetric characteristics compared to the open ocean surface, in both the amplitude and phase domains of SAR-measured complex radar backscatter returns. In this study, new index factors are defined which have opposite signs in green macroalgae-covered areas, compared to the open water surface. These index factors enable unsupervised detection from SAR images, providing a high-resolution new tool for detection of green macroalgae blooms, which can potentially contribute to a better understanding of the mechanisms related to outbreaks of green macroalgae blooms in coastal areas throughout the world ocean.     

Integration of gauge and radar rainfall to enable best simulation of hydrological parameters

This study is about use of spatially distributed rain in physically based hydrological models. In recent years, spatially distributed radar rainfall data have become available. The distributed radar rain is used to precisely model hydrologic processes and it is more realistic than the past practice of distribution methods like Thiessen polygons. Radar provides a highly accurate spatial distribution of rainfall and greatly improves the basin average rainfall estimates. However, quantification of the exact amount of rainfall from radar observation is relatively difficult. Thus, the fundamental idea of this study is to apply hourly gauge and radar rainfall data in a distributed hydrological model to simulate hydrological parameters. Hence the comparison is made between the outcomes of the WetSpa model from radar rainfall distribution and gauge rainfall distributed by the Thiessen polygon technique. The comparative plots of the hydrograph and the results of hydrological components such as evapotranspiration, surface runoff, soil moisture, recharge and interflow, reflect the spatially distributed radar input performing well for model outflow simulation.

EDITOR D. Koutsoyiannis

ASSOCIATE EDITOR F. Pappenberger     

高速公路路面厚度探地雷达检测

探讨了探地雷达检测高速公路路面厚度的物理前提,并根据我国公路工程建设的实际情况,建立了高等级公路路面结构地球物理模型.系统地介绍了雷达检测路面厚度的方法原理,并对检测中技术参数的选择,如:采样频率、时窗、检测速度进行了详细的说明.介绍了自制的高速公路路面厚度雷达探测解释系统各个模块,如:数据预处理中的时、空域滤波,偏移等方法,并总结面层与基层的反射波三个重要特征,为辅助计算机自动识别反射波打下基础.应用SIR-3000型探地雷达于益常高速公路路面厚度交工验收检测中,通过55个钻孔抽样对比表明,雷达检测能很好地达到了评价路面厚度的目的,为工程质量评价提供了可靠的科学依据.     

Importance of no‐rain measurements on the comparison of radar and rain gauge rain rate

This study evaluated four possible cases of comparing radar and rain gauge rain rate for the detection of mean‐field bias. These four cases, or detection designs, consider in this study are: (1) design 1‐uses all the data sets available, including zero radar rain rate and zero rain gauge rain rate, (2) design 2—uses the data sets of positive radar rain rate and zero or positive rain gauge rain rate, (3) design 3—uses the data sets of zero or positive radar rain rate and positive rain gauge rain rate and (4) design 4—uses the data sets of positive radar rain rate and positive rain gauge rain rate. A theoretical review of these four detection designs showed that only the design 1 causes no design bias, but designs 2, 3 and 4 can cause positive, negative and negative design biases, respectively. This theoretical result was also verified by applying these four designs to the rain rate field generated by a multi‐dimensional rain rate model, as well as to that of the Mt Gwanak radar in Korea. The results from both applications showed that especially the design 4, which is generally used for the detection of mean‐field bias of radar rain rate, causes a serious design bias; therefore, is inappropriate as a design for detecting the mean‐field bias of radar rain rate. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Propagation of uncertainties in interpolated rainfields to runoff errors

Conditional daily rainfields were generated using collocated raingauge radar data by a kriging interpolation method, and disaggregated into hourly rainfields using variants of the method of fragments. A geographic information system (GIS)-based distributed rainfall–runoff model was used to convert the hourly rainfields into hydrographs. Using the complete radar rainfall as input, the rainfall–runoff model was calibrated based on storm events taken from nested catchments. Performance statistics were estimated by comparing the observed and the complete radar rainfall simulated hydrographs. Degradation in the hydrograph performance statistics by the simulated hourly rainfields was used to identify runoff error propagation. Uncertainty in daily rainfall amounts alone caused higher errors in runoff (depth, peak, and time to peak) than those caused by uncertainties in the hourly proportions alone. However, the degradation, which reduced with runoff depth, caused by the combined uncertainties was not significantly different from that caused by the uncertainty of amounts alone.     

Distributed hydrological modelling using weather radar in gauged and ungauged basins

Distributed hydrological modelling using space–time estimates of rainfall from weather radar provides a natural approach to area-wide flood forecasting and warning at any location, whether gauged or ungauged. However, radar estimates of rainfall may lack consistent, quantitative accuracy. Also, the formulation of hydrological models in distributed form may be problematic due to process complexity and scaling issues. Here, the aim is to first explore ways of improving radar rainfall accuracy through combination with raingauge network data via integrated multiquadric methods. When the resulting gridded rainfall estimates are employed as input to hydrological models, the simulated river flows show marked improvements when compared to using radar data alone. Secondly, simple forms of physical–conceptual distributed hydrological model are considered, capable of exploiting spatial datasets on topography and, where necessary, land-cover, soil and geology properties. The simplest Grid-to-Grid model uses only digital terrain data to delineate flow pathways and to control runoff production, the latter by invoking a probability-distributed relation linking terrain slope to soil absorption capacity. Model performance is assessed over nested river basins in northwest England, employing a lumped model as a reference. When the distributed model is used with the gridded radar-based rainfall estimators, it shows particular benefits for forecasting at ungauged locations.     

RCS analysis in the detection of a generic missile target with sea clutter background

The detection of a missile target in heavy sea clutter is a significantly challenging problem due to the clutter effects. In this paper, the radar cross sections (RCS) of a pre-assumed generic missile model is computed with multilevel fast multi-pole algorithm (MLFMA), while the RCS of ocean surface is computed by a more reduced form of the fractional Weierstrass scattering model proposed here. At last, the computed RCS of missile model is compared with that of sea surface, and then the comparisons of missile-to-ocean RCS ratios of different incident angles, incident frequencies, and polarization patterns are also presented. The discussion and comparisons of RCS of the missile and ocean surface can help us to plan and design a radar system in the application of detection of a missile target or other analogous weaker targets in the strong sea clutter background.     

核电站防波堤探地雷达检测的适用性研究

在分析核电站防波堤常见安全隐患及其产生机理的基础上,采用目前较为先进的探地雷达检测技术,对实际的堤防进行模拟检测,探究探地雷达检测防波堤的适用性和准确性.分析表明,探地雷达作为一种无损检测方法对防波堤的检测是可行的,且检测准确度满足实际工程的要求,可以用于核电站海堤的日常安全检测和维修加固后的成果检验.