64层螺旋CT血管造影在头颈部血管病变中的临床应用

目的:探讨64层CTA在头颈部血管中的诊断价值.方法:收集头颈部血管CTA 200例,采用最大密度投影MIP、容积再现VRT、多平面重组MPR及Inspace软件中的减影技术进行三维重建,多角度观察,其中92例有豫、DSA及手术资料,采用双盲法,比较各种影像效果,总结出64层CTA的优缺点.结果:64层CTA用药少、辐射剂量小、扫描及成像速度快,图像清晰、立体感强并可任意方向旋转观察.VRT和MIP是最常用的方法,Inspace软件的减影技术能显示头颈部血管的全貌.结论:64层CTA可作为头颈部血管病变的常规筛选方法,可以普及使用.     

64排螺旋CT脑血管成像在烟雾病诊断中的应用

目的:探讨64排螺旋CT血管造影在诊断烟雾病中的应用价值.材料与方法:分析12例烟雾病病例.其中男5例,女7例,年龄16～72岁.对受检者行颅脑CT平扫及CTA检查,采用容积再现(VR)、最大密度投影、多平面重建技术处理图像.结果:12例病人均见基底节区扩张的脑血管,即烟雾血管.其中9例颅内可见不同部位的出血灶.CTA可清晰显示狭窄、闭塞以及增多的脑血管.VR重建有利于显示病变血管与周围结构的空间关系,但在显示细小血管和侧支方面不如MIP和MPR.6例病人有DSA检查,DSA显示颈内动脉终末段或大脑前动脉、大脑中动脉近端闭塞以及基底节区增生血管网,病理血管分布与CT一致.结论:64排螺旋CT血管造影对诊断烟雾病有重要的应用价值.     

16排螺旋CT血管成像在烟雾病中的诊断价值

目的：探讨16排CTA在烟雾病中的诊断价值。方法：回顾性分析12例烟雾病（MMD）患者的临床及影像资料,12例患者均行CT平扫及CTA检查。结果：10例患者CT平扫发现脑实质密度异常,6例表现为脑梗塞、呈多发、对称性,4例表现为脑出血,其中3例为蛛网膜下腔出血,1例为基底节出血,2例CT平扫未见明显异常。5例患者表现为不同程度脑萎缩,以额、颞叶为主。CTA均能显示血管狭窄或闭塞的部位,呈多支动脉受累,可见颅底烟雾状血管及侧支代偿血管。结论：CTA图像不仅可以显示脑实质病变如脑出血、脑缺血,而且可以显示血管狭窄及闭塞,可作为筛查烟雾病的常规检查方法。     

减影CTA在颅内静脉窦病变的诊断价值

目的:探讨减影CTA在颅内静脉窦病变的影像特点及诊断价值。方法:收集28例颅内静脉窦病变患者,其中动静脉畸形9例,静脉畸形3例,颅内静脉窦血栓4例,颈内动脉海绵窦瘘2例,肿瘤累及静脉窦10例;行CT平扫,增强及减影CTA,研究病变显示情况及诊断价值。结果:28例患者CTA静脉影像显示成功率为100%,可清楚显示病变位置,大小,形态以及与周围血管的关系。结论:减影CTA对颅内静脉窦病变具有无创,安全,快捷,准确性高等特点,可作为颅内静脉窦病变有效的检查方法。     

MSCT血管及尿路联合成像在泌尿系统病变中的应用价值

目的:探讨多层螺旋CT(MSCT)血管及尿路联合成像在泌尿系疾病中的应用价值。方法:收集58例临床有泌尿系症状患者行泌尿系常规CT平扫、双期增强扫描、排泄期全尿路扫描,将原始数据传送至工作站行图像后处理,分别获得动脉期及排泄期VR、MIP、MPR、CPR重建图像。结果:58例中,诊断为肾盂输尿管结石28例,肾癌6例,肾盂癌4例,输尿管癌2例,膀胱癌3例(已经侵犯输尿管),外压性输尿管狭窄11例,先天性肾发育异常4例。本组中42例经手术病理证实,16例经临床检查证实。58例患者经多层螺旋CTA及CTU联合成像,均可直观、可靠地显示泌尿系的正常解剖及病变与周围组织、器官和血管的关系。结论:MSCT血管期与排泄期联合成像能多方位、多角度显示泌尿系统正常解剖和病变与邻近血管之间的关系,为泌尿系统疾病的诊断、手术方案的选择提供重要可靠的参考依据,具有更高的诊断价值。      

64层CT血管造影在自发性蛛网膜下腔出血病因诊断的价值

目的:探讨64层CT血管造影在自发性蛛网膜下腔出血的病因诊断中的价值。方法:对2009年1～12月97位患有自发性蛛网膜下腔出血的病人行64层CT血管造影成像扫描,应用容积再现、最大密度投影、曲面重建、多平面重建等后处理技术显示血管,以明确病因。结果:64层CTA诊断12例正常,1例颈内动脉海绵窦瘘、9例动静脉畸形,75例动脉瘤,所有病例与数字减影血管造影和/或手术对比证实,其中12例正常病例行DSA检查,64层CTA漏诊1例,但其总的敏感性为98.7%,特异性为100%。结论:64层CT血管造影对自发性蛛网膜下腔出血的病因诊断准确性高,且简单、快速、微创、安全和经济,可作为自发性蛛网膜下腔出血病因诊断的首选检查方法。     

能谱CT最佳单能量技术优化头颈部CTA图像质量的研究

目的:探讨能谱CT最佳单能量技术提高头颈部CTA图像质量的价值。方法:选取2016年2月至2017年12月期间收治的60例疑似患有头颈部血管疾病的患者,进行能谱CT头颈部减影CTA检查。获得最佳单能量、常规混合能量两组减影图像,测量两组主动脉弓、颈总动脉末端、大脑中动脉M1段的CT值;计算两组图像信噪比（SNR）、对比噪声比（CNR）;对两组血管质量进行主观质量评分;并比较两组之间的差异性。结果:最佳单能量组、常规混合能量组在主动脉弓层面,平均CT值分别为445.25±105.45、283.88±71.96;在颈总动脉末端层面,平均CT值分别为444.00±96.02、350.38±76.40;在大脑中动脉M1段层面,平均CT值分别为375.00±73.78、280.00±55.12;差异均有统计学意义。两组图像SNR分别为62.01±39.56、31.36±17.35;CNR分别为60.46±39.19、30.10±16.80;差异有统计学意义;两组图像主观质量评分比较,差异有统计学意义。结论:能谱CT最佳单能量减影CTA较常规混合能量减影CTA,具有更高的血管CT值、SNR、CNR、主观质量评分,可提高头颈部血管CTA质量,优化血管的显示。      

CT血管成像在主动脉缩窄诊断与随访中的价值

目的：评价CT血管成像（CTA）在主动脉缩窄的诊断与随访中的应用价值。方法：回顾性分析17例主动脉缩窄患者的CTA资料,其中6例有术后随访资料。通过多平面重组（MPR）、容积再现（VR）、最大密度投影（MIP）等多种图像后处理方法对其进行评价。结果：17例主动脉缩窄患者,男10例,女7例,其中导管旁型8例,导管前型4例,导管后型5例;5例行外科旁路搭桥手术,1例行血管置换手术,1例行球囊扩张手术;3例合并其他畸形,包括1例双上腔静脉,1例动脉导管未闭,1例肺静脉异位引流;17例患者可见不同程度的侧枝循环形成,支气管动脉、肋间动脉、胸廓内动脉增粗;5例手术患者旁路血管管腔通畅。结论：CT血管成像能很好地显示主动脉缩窄,对并发畸形、侧枝循环能良好显示,在术前评估、术后随访中起非常重要的作用。     

肠缺血病变的MSCT诊断

目的:探讨肠缺血病变的MSCT表现及对其诊断价值,为临床治疗提供帮助。资料和方法:回顾性分析经DSA、手术、病理或临床最终确诊证实的55例肠缺血性病变患者行MSCT平扫及增强检查资料,对病变的部位、范围、病变段肠管的强化程度、相关的肠道外征象以及CTA进行诊断分析。结果:55例中,肠系膜上动脉栓塞或血栓形成13例,肠系膜上静脉血栓形成22例,缺血性结肠炎2例,肠扭转6例,粘连性肠梗阻5例,肠套叠4例及腹内疝3例。MSCT及CTA表现:肠腔扩张积液41例,肠系膜水肿33例（缆绳征5例、脂肪浑浊征27例,积气1例）,肠系膜血管走行异常17例（漩涡征5例,位置异常10例）及血管充盈缺损或狭窄35例。结论:MSCT对肠缺血病变显示敏感性高,且表现具有一定特征性,应作为常规和首选,同时密切结合临床,不仅对肠缺血病变能做出正确诊断,而且在查找病因、鉴别诊断等方面都有重要作用,为临床精准治疗提供依据。      

螺旋CT血管造影及三维重建在脑血管疾病中的临床应用

目的：探讨螺旋CT血管造影（Spiral CT angiograply SCTA)及三维重建的新技术，在脑血管病中的应用价值，方法：对26例脑血管患者进行了SCTA检查和三维重建，三维重建采用最大强度投形（MIP）或表面示意图法（Sutface Rendeling)，其中颅内动脉瘤13例，脑血管畸形6例，自发性颅内出血5例，脑缺血性疾病2例，本组有23例行数字减形血管造影（DSA）检查，且与CTA结果对照，结果：除3例末行DSA检查的患者，1例多发性动脉瘤CTA漏检2个小动脉瘤外，22例CTA的结果与DSA相同。CTA在描绘毗邻骨结构以及脑血管三维结构上优于DSA，结论：SCTA是一种简单，快捷，有效的无创伤性脑血管成像术，在某种程度上可替代DSA或创伤性的脑血管造影。     

SCIENCE CHINA Earth Sciences SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 57(2014)

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Distribution of throughfall and stemflow in multi‐strata agroforestry,perennial monoculture,fallow and primary forest in central Amazonia,Brazil

The partitioning of rain water into throughfall, stemflow and interception loss when passing through plant canopies depends on properties of the respective plant species, such as leaf area and branch angles. In heterogeneous vegetation, such as tropical forest or polycultural systems, the presence of different plant species may consequently result in a mosaic of situations with respect to quantity and quality of water inputs into the soil. As these processes influence not only the water availability for the plants, but also water infiltration and nutrient leaching, the understanding of plant effects on the repartitioning of rain water may help in the optimization of land use systems and management practices. We measured throughfall and stemflow in a perennial polyculture (multi‐strata agroforestry), monocultures of peach palm (Bactris gasipaes) for fruit and for palmito, a monoculture of cupuaçu (Theobroma grandiflorum), spontaneous fallow and primary forest during one year in central Amazonia, Brazil. The effect on rain water partitioning was measured separately for four useful tree species in the polyculture and for two tree species in the primary forest. Throughfall at two stem distances, and stemflow, differed significantly between tree species, resulting in pronounced spatial patterns of water input into the soil in the polyculture system. For two tree species, peach palm for fruit (Bactris gasipaes) and Brazil nut trees (Bertholletia excelsa), the water input into the soil near the stem was significantly higher than the open‐area rainfall. This could lead to increased nutrient leaching when fertilizer is applied close to the stem of these trees. In the primary forest, such spatial patterns could also be detected, with significantly higher water input near a palm (Oenocarpus bacaba) than near a dicotyledonous tree species (Eschweilera sp.). Interception losses were 6·4% in the polyculture, 13·9 and 12·3% in the peach palm monocultures for fruit and for palmito, respectively, 0·5% in the cupuaçu monoculture and 3·1% in the fallow. With more than 20% of the open‐area rainfall, the highest stemflow contributions to the water input into the soil were measured in the palm monocultures and in the fallow. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A Monte Carlo study of rainfall forecasting with a stochastic model

A procedure for short-term rainfall forecasting in real-time is developed and a study of the role of sampling on forecast ability is conducted. Ground level rainfall fields are forecasted using a stochastic space-time rainfall model in state-space form. Updating of the rainfall field in real-time is accomplished using a distributed parameter Kalman filter to optimally combine measurement information and forecast model estimates. The influence of sampling density on forecast accuracy is evaluated using a series of a simulated rainfall events generated with the same stochastic rainfall model. Sampling was conducted at five different network spatial densities. The results quantify the influence of sampling network density on real-time rainfall field forecasting. Statistical analyses of the rainfall field residuals illustrate improvement in one hour lead time forecasts at higher measurement densities.     

Anthropogenic Eutrophication and Red Tide Outbreak in Lacustrine Systems of the Kashmir Himalaya

Red tide, a recurrent phenomenon has become conspicuous in several Kashmir lake ecosystems since 1991. The responsible organism (Euglena pedunculata), a rare flagellate rediscovered in the Kashmir Himalaya (Khan 1993) caused first and unprecedented red tide outbreak, constituting a maximum of 96% of resident numerical phytoplankton density in Dal Lake. At present, conflicting hypotheses exist on the generation of causal assemblage(s) imparting redness to waters: Jeeji Bai (1991) linked its origin to acid precipitation – a fallout of burning oil‐fields during the Gulf War – whilst Khan (1993) holds local factor(s) responsible. Field/experimental studies support the latter contention that the influx of untreated sewage, in unison with warm temperatures, high levels of PhAR, iron and interruption to hydrological flow‐pattern together with absence/or reduction in grazing activity created conducive environmental milieu for red tide outbreak. Dal Lake “red tide” drifted the bloom‐inoculum to other waters, including Lake Wular, where additional ecological niches were carved out, threatening the aesthetic value and biological diversity of Kashmir lakes. Ecological monitoring indicates frequent seasonal red tide occurrence in Dal Lake (including summer‐autumn event of 1998) which testifies its unabated eutrophication status. Further studies are needed on ecological adaptability and biogeographic distribution of this rare and unique red tide‐causing flagellate.