井下振动环境分析与模拟

智能导钻井下工具及仪器在钻进过程中产生复杂的振动,剧烈或长时间振动会造成井下仪器的电路故障与钻具机械疲劳破坏,引发钻井事故,增加钻井成本.为了验证井下仪器的振动环境适应性与可靠性,需要开展破坏机理、井下工况数据采集与分析、测试与试验的体系化研究,在实验室充分发现仪器潜在的故障,不断迭代升级,提升仪器可靠性.本文通过自主研制的井下振动冲击记录仪器在实钻井中采集真实的振动环境数据,对数据进行处理分析后,制定了三个方向的振动试验条件;定制研制了国内首台专门用于井下仪器测试的双台并激振动试验系统,研究了基于双台振动设备的并激振动试验与测试方法,实现了实验室条件下真实模拟井下振动环境,构建的系统化井下振动试验平台有效支撑了井下工具及仪器的高质量研发.     

去除交通环境振动观测记录中本底振动的自互功率谱法

去除环境振动观测记录中的本底振动是提高信噪比、揭示交通环境振动特征的一个重要环节.本文在分析现有从交通环境振动观测记录中去除本底振动方法不足的基础上,从考虑本底振动与观测振动互相关性出发,提出了采用自互功率谱法去除本底振动的新方法,推导了计算公式,并通过实际算例论证了方法的可靠性.分析结果表明,本文提出的自互功率谱法能够更有效地去除观测数据中的本底干扰,获得更贴近实际的交通环境振动的功率谱、时程、振动级以及加权振级.在本底振动占优势的低频段,本文提出的方法较现有方法计算精度有明显的提高.     

水轮机流道压力脉动诱发厂房振动分析

水轮机压力脉动是引起厂房内源振动的主要诱因,如何在振动系统中合理、准确地施加水力荷载的振源特性,是目前机组振动分析的主要难点.文中将压力脉动假定为简谐荷载,通过跟踪楼板的振动变化和共振校核确定机组的振源特性,采用有限元法精细模拟了水轮机流道压力脉动诱发的厂房振动问题,并结合电站特点提出振动控制标准的建议值,由此对振动进...     

面内端部激励下斜拉索振动方程推导与求解

为精确描述面内端部激励下拉索非线性振动机制,构建抽象端部激励下的拉索力学描述模型,分别推导了拉索拟静态振动和模态振动控制方程,基于有限差分法给出了拉索模态振动的数值求解方法。由于垂度效应的影响,在轴向、竖向以及轴向和竖向共同激励下拉索的拟静态索力与端部位移采用一个非线性方程予以表征。拉索拟静态振动可视作外部激励施加在拉索上,引起拉索的非线性模态振动,通过理论推导分别求得模态振动的控制方程和变形协调方程。在模态振动过程中,拉索的动力特性(如刚度和周期)不断变化,索力和拉索变形相互耦合,使得其求解非常复杂。采用有限差分法进行数值求解,并基于有限元方法验证了数值求解方法的准确性。重点讨论了拉索模态振动共振机制,结果表明,在轴向、竖向以及轴向和竖向激励下,拉索模态振动存在多个共振区域,包括小周期、0.5T₁、T₁和2T₁等(T₁为成桥状态下拉索基本振动周期);在共振区域内,拉索振动索力幅度较大,模态振动对总索力的贡献系数较高,超过0.4,在实际工程中不容忽视;拉索阻尼对模态振动的影响较大,增加拉索阻尼比将改...     

地面线城轨列车引起的地面振动预测模型研究

通过建立地面线路城轨列车引起的自由场地振动分析模型,并对模型中不同影响因素进行分析,建立地面振动预测模型。分析模型包括振源和场地两个部分,由列车运行作用于道碴上的力进行联系。影响因素包括:钢轨类型,轨道不平顺,列车速度、编组、载客量,场地土性质。利用课题组在京广铁路沿线进行的自由场地振动测试对振动分析模型进行验证,结合统计软件的相关程度来评价本文所建立的振动预测模型的适用性。     

爆破振动对岩锚梁的影响测试

讨论了爆破地震产生的地震波传播规律 ,以及地振动信号和仪器记录的电信号之间的关系。在此基础上 ,论述了振动影响测试的原理 ,记录仪器系统的标定以及从观测信号中消除仪器影响的方法。对云南某水电站主厂房施工中的爆破振动进行了测试 ,讨论了爆破地震测试中应注意的问题     

碎石土振动压实动态监测方法研究

根据结构振动理论,分析了振动压实机械与被压土体的相互作用机理,研究了碎石土振动压实动态监测的理论依据,建立了一套适用于加速度监测仪的振动压实动态监测数据采集系统．在大量室内试验数据的基础上,研究了振动压实过程中加速度电信号响应随碎石土密实度的变化规律,发现二者具有显著的线性相关性．研究结果为实现快速有效的碎石土路基密实度实时动态监测提供了理论依据和工程指导．     

黄土振动促渗效应研究

在大规模高铁和重载铁路建设与运营过程中,出现了一类新型黄土灾害,即机车振动、降雨和干湿循环联合作用下诱发的铁路路基黄土湿陷振陷与斜坡体崩解滑移.这对于铁路毫米级变形控制而言后果不堪设想,严重地威胁着铁路运营与人民生命安全.为此,作者提出了黄土受振动、水和干湿循环等影响下的"五促效应",即促裂、促渗、促崩(解)、促滑和促沉效应.本文主要探讨黄土振动促渗效应:开展了铁路沿线黄土斜坡的机车振动波的现场采集、处理,获得了机车振动下黄土斜坡响应规律,其中机车振动的优势频率主要集中在18～22Hz,最大振幅达0.4mm;在自主研发的振动促渗仪上开展了原状黄土的机车振动促渗试验,揭示了机车振动加快水在黄土中的渗透与提高饱和程度的振动促渗效应,其中振动作用下饱和渗透系数约为非振动下的1.5～20倍并在振动频率20Hz时达到最大;开展了黄土的振动积水入渗试验,,获得了振动作用下加速水分入渗、推进湿润锋演化以及加快气体逃逸等规律,其中振动频率、振动幅值和干密度等因素对其影响明显.以上所揭示的黄土振动促渗效应及其主控因素为探究机车振动、降雨和干湿循环联合作用触发黄土灾害机理做出了开创性的工作.     

村镇建筑砌体结构的动力特性分析

为探讨村镇建筑中低层砌体结构的动力特性与振动机理,基于农居调查实测的布置及材料性能数据,在ABAQUS软件中建立考虑结构布置、材料强度及有限元网格控制等参数的7个有限元模型方案,对各模型进行结构动力特性分析,并对比分析其振动形态、振型分量及振型周期。分析表明,村镇建筑中按常规布置的砌体结构,其振动特性不利于结构抗震;砌体材料性能劣化在降低结构承载能力的同时还会放大高阶面外振动分量的地震作用,加剧承重墙在地震中发生外闪倒塌的机率;如采取措施实现结构的基本振型为沿横向平动,则其振动特性表明横墙的承重与抗侧能力均可有效发挥,且面外振动的高阶振型被抑制,提高了结构抗震能力;此外,本文还提出ABAQUS对壳单元沿厚度方向的网格控制要求。     

水平地震力作用下岩体破坏机理探究

基于摩尔库伦强度准则和波动理论对地震作用下岩体的破坏机理进行研究。结果表明:当埋深在一定范围内,水平地震作用下岩体的内聚力c和正应力σn与振动速度和埋深呈线性关系。当埋深一定时,振动速度越大c值越小;在振动速度增大的过程中岩体的应力状态由压应力逐渐转变为拉应力,且拉应力随振动速度的增大而增大;当振动速度一定时,岩体埋深越大c值越小;埋深越浅,拉应力越大,当埋深达到一定值时岩体就只在其弹性极限内振动而不产生破坏。     

老旧小区砖混结构房屋振动与减振

老旧小区中房屋产生振动影响正常使用的现象近期日益增多。这些房屋一般为6~7层砖混结构,属于多层住宅。本文基于某典型小区房屋振动现象,根据地质和房屋资料,采用经验公式法对小区房屋自振频率进行估算,结合现场微振测试结果,确定由大型车辆经过或是车站车辆制动及启动引起的振动,其频率较低,与房屋的自振频率相近,是引发房屋振动的主要原因。结合此类小区自身特点,对常用减振方法的实用性逐一进行分析,选择打钻孔灌注排桩的方式作为房屋的减振措施,并提出初步设计方案。     

Empirical relationships between natural vibration period and height of buildings in Singapore

Singapore is a classic case of a modern metropolis with low hazard but high exposure to the seismicity in Sumatra. Because of land shortage, more than 80% of the population lives in high‐rise residential buildings. As part of the efforts to assess the seismic performance of buildings in Singapore subjected to long‐distance Sumatran earthquakes, relationships between the natural vibration period and height of high‐rise public residential buildings in Singapore are derived empirically by conducting ambient vibration tests on 116 buildings. The measured buildings have a height ranging from 4 to 30 stories. The aspect ratio of buildings in plan is found to be insignificant in affecting the natural vibration period of the first mode of the buildings. The period‐height relationships are derived using regression analysis considering the site properties of a building. It is concluded that the vibration periods estimated from the proposed period‐height relationship for buildings located at soft‐soil site are about 40% longer than the vibration periods estimated for buildings located at firm‐soil site. Measurements are also conducted to study the influence of buildings on the measured frequency of the surrounding soil. For this purpose, two buildings with 25 and 30 stories located at firm‐soil site and soft‐soil site, respectively, are selected. It is found that the distance of building influence on the measured frequency of the surrounding soil may reach up to one building height for a firm‐soil site and two building heights for a soft‐soil site. Additional data of natural vibration periods of 19 instrumented residential buildings, which have height ranging from 9 to 30 stories, were obtained from the building response recorded during the September 30, 2009 Sumatran earthquake event. The natural vibration periods of these buildings are compared with those estimated using the proposed period‐height relationships, and the absolute differences are found to be less than 12%. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

地铁列车曲线运行引起学校建筑物振动响应分析

地铁以其快捷、准时、运量大等优点,已成为重要的轨道交通形式,但由此引起的环境振动问题日益突出。针对杭州市地铁3号线曲线地段的某中学建设工程,利用有限元软件ABAQUS,对车辆-普通整体道床轨道系统的竖向耦合模型进行振动响应分析,得到考虑轨道高低不平顺影响的轨道振动源强。应用有限元软件MIDAS GTS/NX,建立双孔平行曲线盾构隧道-土-桩-建筑物系统的三维有限元模型。以轨道支点力作为激励对地铁列车运行时的隧道-土-桩-建筑物系统的振动响应进行计算,研究地铁振动波在地层中的传播规律和建筑物的动力响应特性。根据相关环境振动控制标准对建筑物的振动舒适性进行评价。结果表明：轨道加速度和扣件动支点力的最大值分别约为40 m/s²和30 kN;地层和建筑物的振动以竖向为主,水平Y向振动略大于水平X向振动;地面加速度随着距隧道中心线距离的增加而逐渐衰减;各建筑物楼层的振动主频位于16~40 Hz;部分建筑物楼层的振动响应水平已超出了规范的限值要求,建议对地铁轨道或建筑物采取适当的减振措施。     

强震下高层建筑横向晃动反应过程模拟分析

传统的静力弹塑性分析方法对强震作用下的高层建筑的横向晃动反应过程模拟时,存在计算结果不准确、计算用时较长的问题。提出新的强震下高层建筑横向晃动反应过程模拟分析方法,其基于直接积分法的三种方法实施模拟分析。分别是隐式方法、显式方法以及KK模型方法。其中隐式方法和显式方法均能够对不同自由度下的高层建筑的横向晃动位移作出准确的计算,KK模型通过高层建筑Von Mises屈服面,分析高层建筑钢材Bauschinger反应基础上,精确模拟出高层建筑在横向晃动反应中的变形过程。实验结果说明,所提方法对强震作用下的高层建筑的横向晃动反应的运算准确率和效率较高。     

高层建筑在连续振动下的壁板结构失稳定BIM模型设计

为了提高高层建筑壁板结构的抗震性,需设计高层建筑在连续振动下的壁板结构失稳定BIM模型。应用软件:通过Revit塑造高层建筑模型和结构模型,结合SAP2000建模性能塑造高层建筑结构的有限元实体模型,实现高层建筑模型的转换,设计BIM模型的IFOD软件总体结构,实现BIM模型的智能化管理。参数:在BIM模型的基础上,分析了连续振动下高层建筑壁板结构风致响应,给出高层建筑壁板结构的平均风响应、脉动风响应,得出高层建筑壁板结构位移,实现了高层建筑在连续振动下的壁板结构稳定性分析。实验:实验结果说明,所设计BIM模型可对连续振动下的高层建筑加速度时程以及位移时程进行准确分析,且相比传统方法,本文方法对高层建筑在连续振动下的壁板结构是否失稳判断结果比较准确。     

Empirical formula for fundamental vibration periods of reinforced concrete buildings in Taiwan

More than 30 buildings around Taiwan have been selected to monitor the floor responses under seismic excitation. The structural array monitoring system in each building controls at most 27 channels of accelerometers distributed in several floors. Those buildings were triggered by many events during the past five years of operation. In each building, the records at the basement can be considered as the ground excitation, and the others at the upper floors are the structural responses. The frequency transfer functions of those buildings can be identified by ARX models, and then the fundamental vibration periods are estimated. The identified fundamental vibration periods using different events are compared in order to ensure the reliability of system identification. An empirical formula in predicting the fundamental vibration period is presented through the regression analysis to the identified fundamental vibration periods of 21 reinforced concrete (RC) moment‐resisting frame (MRF) buildings. It is found that the height of a building plays an important role in predicting the fundamental vibration period, compared with the length, width, and time after completion of the building. It is also found that the RC MRF buildings in Taiwan tend to be stiffer than those in the U.S. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Effects of high modes on the wind-induced response of super high-rise buildings

For super high-rise buildings,the vibration period of the basic mode is several seconds,and it is very close to the period of the fluctuating wind.The damping of super high-rise buildings is low,so super high-rise buildings are very sensitive to fluctuating wind.The wind load is one of the key loads in the design of super high-rise buildings.It is known that only the basic mode is needed in the wind-response analysis of tall buildings.However,for super high-rise buildings,especially for the acceleration response,because of the frequency amplification of the high modes,the high modes and the mode coupling may need to be considered.Three typical super high-rise projects with the SMPSS in wind tunnel tests and the random vibration theory method were used to analyze the effect of high modes on the wind-induced response.The conclusions can be drawn as follows.First,for the displacement response,the basic mode is dominant,and the high modes can be neglected.Second,for the acceleration response,the high modes and the mode coupling should be considered.Lastly,the strain energy of modes can only give the vibration energy distribution of the high-rise building,and it cannot describe the local wind-induced vibration of high-rise buildings,especially for the top acceleration response.     

Approximate modal decomposition of inelastic dynamic responses of wall buildings

Two approximate methods for decomposing complicated inelastic dynamic responses of wall buildings into simple modal responses are presented. Both methods are based on the equivalent linear concept, where a non‐linear structure is represented by a set of equivalent linear models. One linear model is used for representing only one vibration mode of the non‐linear structure, and its equivalent linear parameters are identified from the inelastic response time histories by using a numerical optimizer. Several theoretical relations essential for the modal decomposition are derived under the framework of complex modal analysis. Various numerical examinations have been carried out to check the validity of the proposed modal decomposition methods, and the results are quite satisfactory in all cases. Fluctuating bending moment and shear at any location along the wall height contributed by each individual vibration mode can be obtained. Modal contributions to shear and flexural strength demands, as well as the corresponding modal properties, under various seismic loading conditions can also be identified and examined in detail. Furthermore, the effects of higher vibration modes on seismic demands of wall buildings are investigated by using the modal decomposition methods. Several new insights into the complicated inelastic dynamics of multi‐story wall buildings are presented. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

浅析打桩振动效应在工程中的应用

对住宅楼打桩振动效应进行了测试,测试由打桩因素引起地面质点的振动速度（或加速度）及其振动关系随震源距加大的衰减关系,进而评价打桩振动效应对周边建筑物的影响情况,以便给今后在类似施工方式、类似场地条件下工程施工提供参考。     

振动压路机地面振动对建筑物的影响

研究了振动压路机的地面振动衰减关系，指出压路机的激振力、振动频率和场地土质条件都是影响振动衰减的重要因素，提出了各类建筑物安全振动速度的标准，评价了振动压路机施工振动对建筑物的影响。