甘肃岷县M_S6.6地震前天体引潮力与OLR异常间关系的研究

分析甘肃岷县M_S6.6地震前后潮汐变化发现,发震时刻引潮力处于最低相位点,显示引潮力的诱震属于典型逆冲断层作用类型。以潮汐周期为时间指示,利用NOAA卫星地面长波辐射(OLR)数据,分析震中及其邻近区域(30°~40°N,90°~110°E)地震前后(7月17~25日)地面长波辐射值的连续变化状况,结果显示,震前仅震中及其相关联断裂附近OLR发生了显著且连续的异常变化,在时间上经历了起始增温—异常加强—峰值—衰减—发震—平静的演化过程;在空间上异常区域覆盖震中,与汶川地震引发的应变积累正影响区之南北地震带北段基本吻合;在形态演化上,表现出沿断裂带分散—汇聚—分散的破裂过程,并与岩石应力加载破裂的初始微动破裂—扩张破裂—应力闭锁—地震爆发—恢复平静阶段的力学过程完全吻合。这可能预示该地震发震前后天体引潮力对处于临界状态的活动断层具有诱发作用以及长波辐射异常在一定程度上对地震构造应力应变过程辐射进行表征。     

基于天体引潮力周期变化的OLR异常初探

采用NOAA卫星地面长波辐射（OLR）数据资料,数据空间分辨率为1°×1°、覆盖全球共360×181个格点,时间分辨率为1 d,时间起止为1954年至今。计算了2012年6月30日新疆新源6.6级地震天体引潮力变化和OLR逐日时空演化背景图像。结果表明：①本次地震发生在天体引潮力由高峰（6月20日）→低谷（6月30日）→高峰（7月5日）的周期变化过程由低谷向高峰时段,可能显示引潮力对发震构造的作用主要表现为加速断面的滑动。②+新源6.6级地震前后,亮温区域出现：起始→加强→高峰→衰减→平静→发震→小范围增温的变化过程,即6月25日在震中东北出现小范围的亮温现象,6月26日起亮温区域范围增大,强度增强,6月28日亮温异常范围和幅度减弱,6月29日亮温异常消失。6月30日发生了新源6.6级地震。而7月1日又出现亮温,可能与6月30日的6.6级地震及其后面余震的发生有关。该过程与岩石在受力破裂过程具有相似性,即岩石挤压→岩石微破裂→岩石破裂扩展→破裂终止等。     

基于天体引潮力周期变化的OLR异常初探

采用NOAA卫星地面长波辐射（OLR）数据资料,数据空间分辨率为1°×1°、覆盖全球共360×181个格点,时间分辨率为1 d,时间起止为1954年至今。计算了2012年6月30日新疆新源6.6级地震天体引潮力变化和OLR逐日时空演化背景图像。结果表明：①本次地震发生在天体引潮力由高峰（6月20日）→低谷（6月30日）→高峰（7月5日）的周期变化过程由低谷向高峰时段,可能显示引潮力对发震构造的作用主要表现为加速断面的滑动。②+新源6.6级地震前后,亮温区域出现：起始→加强→高峰→衰减→平静→发震→小范围增温的变化过程,即6月25日在震中东北出现小范围的亮温现象,6月26日起亮温区域范围增大,强度增强,6月28日亮温异常范围和幅度减弱,6月29日亮温异常消失。6月30日发生了新源6.6级地震。而7月1日又出现亮温,可能与6月30日的6.6级地震及其后面余震的发生有关。该过程与岩石在受力破裂过程具有相似性,即岩石挤压→岩石微破裂→岩石破裂扩展→破裂终止等。     

基于引潮力位的云南鲁甸M_S6.5地震前地面长波辐射短临变化

2014年8月3日中国云南省鲁甸发生M_S6.5地震,震源机制显示为走滑断层,利用NOAA卫星地面长波辐射(OLR)数据资料,对地震前后热辐射值连续变化进行分析,结果显示:在中国大陆范围(20°—45°N,80°—120°E)内,仅震中及相关联断裂附近,地面长波辐射(OLR)在时间上经历了起始增温→异常加强→高峰→衰减→发震→平静的演化过程,在空间上异常沿断裂由北向南向震中迁移。对鲁甸地区引潮力进行计算,结果显示,天体引潮力对本次地震具有显著诱发作用,长波辐射异常可能是地震构造应力应变过程的辐射表征。     

临震天体引潮力和地面长波辐射OLR异常

利用天体引潮力周期变化模型和地面长波辐射(OLR)数据资料,分析2010~2011年云南、西藏地区的4次M5.0以上地震震前OLR异常,探讨了诱发地震的外部因素,即天体引潮力周期与红外异常发展的关联特征。结果显示:以临近发震时刻所在周期引潮力值最低点日期为OLR参照背景,获取的地震前后NOAA长波辐射OLR日增量分布图像显示:震中附近热异常明显,异常受构造控制,且其分布与断裂关系密切;异常演化经历起始-加强-高峰-衰减-再增强-发震-平静的过程,符合岩石因应力增加而破裂的规律。一方面表明地应力的临界状态演化过程可通过OLR辐射变化来反映。另一方面表明引潮力可以改变构造内部地应力的状态。     

2020年1月新疆伽师序列地震OLR变化跟踪

基于对2020年1月新疆伽师地区3次地震的年、月预测结果,计算震中在2019年12月13日～2020年2月3日时间范围内的潮汐变化,并以引潮力周期为时间背景指示,利用NOAA提供的中国大陆范围夜间射出长波辐射(OLR)遥感辐射数据资料,分析17°N～55°N、72°E～135°E的空间范围内长波辐射连续日增量分布变化。结果显示:在潮汐连续4个低谷—高峰—低谷的周期变化中,地震发生在潮汐的高峰时段,并且其所在潮汐周期也是整个中国大陆地区唯一的长波辐射增强区域。辐射增强与潮汐同步,辐射时空演化经历微增强—增强—微衰减—增强—平静的过程,与岩石受力应变-破裂所经历的微破裂—破裂—闭锁—加速破裂—破裂的过程中,各阶段向外红外辐射演化特征吻合。表明引潮力在本次地震中改变了构造内部地应力累积—失衡过程,具有触诱发地震的作用,而OLR变化反映了本次地震地应力的变化过程,也说明在地震预测实践中,多时间尺度综合分析遥感辐射和引潮力变化,将有助于地震预测能力的提高。     

基于潮汐调制的玉树地震热异常现象

计算2010年4月14日发生在青海玉树Ms7.1地震前后潮汐力位变化,并以潮汐力位变化为时间指示,处理美国NOAA提供的大气温度(AT)、地面长波辐射(OLR)数据资料,结果显示:玉树地震发生时正处于震中所受引潮力较大的极值附近;在震中附近,大气温度和地面长波辐射遥感影像,都呈现出震前增温、震后衰减的清晰过程。     

2020年7月12日唐山MS5.1地震遥感热参量时空变化分析

计算河北唐山M_S5.1地震过程中潮汐变化,基于该潮汐周期指示背景时间,分析本次地震过程中射出长波辐射（OLR）和遥感大气温度（AT）同步变化。结果显示,2020年7月5日~2020年7月13日,伴随引潮力由低谷向高峰连续增强变化,地震发生在引潮力相对高值时刻;伴随引潮力变化,长波辐射、大气温度经历震前平静-增强-高峰、震后快速衰减的同步变化。表明引潮力在本次地震中改变了构造内部地应力累积-失衡过程,具有触诱发地震的作用,而地面长波辐射、地表大气温度准同步变化,间接反映了本次地震地应力的变化过程。     

青海玛多MS7.4地震前LURR与OLR短临异常关联性研究

加卸载响应比(LURR)是根据岩石应力-应变关系的动态演化规律提出的地震预测方法。以Benioff应变为响应量,分析青海玛多M_S7.4地震前震中及其周边400 km内的LURR异常的演化特征发现,在震前一个月LURR值达到最高值,半个月之后出现高值回落的现象,说明此时孕震区岩石介质已进入屈服阶段的末端。在此基础上,利用NOAA卫星地面长波辐射(OLR)数据,分析高值回落后(5月14—25日)地面长波辐射值的短临异常演化规律。结果显示:震前在空间上仅仅在震中北部出现OLR显著且连续的短临异常变化并呈现向震中扩展的趋势,在时间上整个演化过程经历了初始增温-异常扩展-达到峰值-异常减弱-地震发生-异常消失等6个阶段。LURR和OLR震前短临异常特征说明,回落前的LURR高值反映了岩石介质屈服阶段的结束,OLR在一定程度上可以表征处于临界状态的活动断层的构造应力累积状态,综合研究两种物理参量震前异常演化特征,有助于更准确评估地震活动趋势。     

基于引潮力附加构造应力调制的九江 地震热异常时空动态过程研究

通过利用发震区域的天体引潮力附加构造应力变化模型, 研究了2005年11月26日江西九江M_S5.7地震发震构造与天体潮汐引力的关系, 并利用该模型结合美国国家环境预报中心多源综合温度数据资料, 分析了九江地震前后发震区域热异常在时空上的动态变化特征. 结果显示, 一方面, 在时间序列变化上, 孕震区热异常表现出的起始—消亡演变过程与岩石在应力加载下的形变—破裂过程相吻合. 无论近地表大气还是上附多层大气, 热异常主要集中在活动断裂带及其附近区域, 与构造断裂带分布相一致; 同时, 热异常从近地表到高空消失的垂向分布, 符合地面对大气加热导致大气升温→抬升→扩散→消亡的大气动力学基本特性, 表明构造运动是本次温度异常变化的主控原因. 另一方面, 热异常变化遵循引潮力(低值—高值—低值)的变化过程, 显示出天体引力对发震断层温度异常识别具有一定的指示意义以及引潮力可能对构造应力处于临界状态的发震断层具有诱震作用, 预示利用引潮力附加构造应力与热异常变化相结合研究短临地震预测具有一定价值.      

On the synchronism in the events within the core and on the surface of the earth: the changes in the organic world and in the polarity of the geomagnetic field in the phanerozoic

The data on geomagnetic reversals are compared with the changes in the organic world and with the lower-mantle plumes. The times of the formation of plumes and the times of their appearance on the Earth’s surface relate to the intervals characterized by the different frequencies of geomagnetic reversals, i.e., there is no interrelation between the formation of plumes and the frequency of the changes in the geomagnetic field polarity. At the same time, a certain synchronism is observed between the frequency of the geomagnetic reversals and the boundaries of the biostratigraphic ages, i.e., the changes in the organic world in the long-period range. A hypothesis is proposed, which explains the change in the sign of the geomagnetic field by the combined effect of the irregular rotation of the internal core relative to the mantle and the changes in the slope angle of the axis of the Earth’s rotation, which, in turn, results in synchronous events on the Earth’s surface: the rates of changes in the organic world.     

Comparison Between the Nutations of the Planet Mars and the Nutations of the Earth

The nutations of the planets Mars andEarth are investigated and compared. Alarge number of interior structureparameters are involved in the nutationcomputations. The comparison between the observations and the computationsprovides several constraints on these parmeters andtherefore allows a better understanding of the physics of the interior of theplanet. For the Earth, the high precision of the observations of the nutationshas led to a very good determination of interior properties of the planet. ForMars, observations of nutations are not yet available, and we review how theamplitude of the Martian nutations depends on the hypotheses consideredfor its interior. Although Mars is very similar to the Earth, its interior is not well known;for example, we don't knowif its core is liquid or solid. Only if the core is liquid,the Free Core Nutation (FCN) normal mode exists and can alter the nutationswhich are close to the resonance. From the observed geoids, it is known thatboth planets are not in hydrostatic equilibrium. The departure is larger forMars than for the Earth, and consequently, the implication of considering a convective mantle instead of a mantle in hydrostatic equilibrium described byClairaut's equation for the initial equilibrium state of the planet is largeron the Martian nutations than on the Earth nutations. The consequences of theuncertainty in the core dimensions are also examined and shown to be of a veryhigh influence for Mars if the core is liquid, due to the potential changes inthe FCN resonance. The influence of the presence of an inner core, which isknown to exist for the Earth, could be more important for Mars than for theEarth if the inner core is large. Due to the presence of Tharsis on Mars, thetriaxiality of this planet has, additionally, larger effects than on Earth.     

太平洋中部地磁台11年周期变化的研究

综合APIA、HONOLULU、PAMATAI 3个地磁台三分量的11年周期变化的形态后,可定性地提出该变化源于内场。如内源为核幔边界的电涡流,则其中心点应位于3台之间。     

On the use of the autocorrelation method for estimating the depth to the magnetic basement

The depth to the top of magnetic dykes can be estimated from total field aeromagnetic data using the relation between the depth to magnetic sources and the autocorrelation function of magnetic data. By using synthetic anomalies we show that in the ideal case, depth can be determined to an accuracy of 10% or better, when the anomaly sources are two-dimensional dykes. However, the estimated depths depend on the width of the dykes. The estimated depth is about 0.6 times the actual depth to the top of thin dykes, and around the true depth for thick dykes having width-to-depth ratio around 3. The depth is considerably overestimated for very thick dykes (e.g., contacts, which is a special case of the thick dyke). Thus, the autocorrelation method requires that the width-to-depth ratio of the dyke is estimated independently to correctly estimate the depths. Alternatively, it must be assumed that the width-to-depth ratio for the two-dimensional source body is between 1.5 and 4.     

固体潮的地震预测研究与地球动力学研究之分析比较

本文分析了现行固体潮地震研究中的历史影响,对比研究了固体潮地震预测研究和固体潮地球动力学研究二者在振动频率、振动源体积、传输距离与介质等方面的地球物理特点与本质区别,强调了固体潮地震预测研究中最根本的工作是建立地震预测的目标和基本概念.     

On the Mechanism of the Secular Tidal Acceleration of the Solid Inner Core and the Viscosity of the Liquid Core

As is known, the secular deceleration of the Earth's diurnal rotation is explained mainly by the tidal friction in the ocean. Below we consider this mechanism in some detail, taking into account also elastic deformations of the mantle under the action of ocean loading and the interaction between the tide-generating body, ocean tidal wave, liquid outer core, and solid inner core. It is shown that elastic displacements of the core-mantle boundary under the action of ocean loading are of about the same amplitude and phase as the elastic loading displacements of the Earth's outer surface. As a result, side by side with the mechanism of secular deceleration of diurnal rotation of the mantle, there are also (1) the opposite mechanism of secular acceleration of diurnal rotation of the outer liquid core and of the solid inner core and (2) the mechanism of excitation of differential rotation in the liquid core. Taking these effects into account, we compare theoretical and modern observed data on the eastward drift of the solid inner core. It is shown that the best agreement may be obtained if the turbulent viscosity of the liquid core is about 2 × 10 ³ Poise     

Macrobenthic communities of the Pechora Sea: the past and the present on the threshhold of the prirazlomnoye oil-field exploitation

On data of bottom sampling, carried out by means of grab, trawl and underwater photography in August–September of 1993 in the area of the Pechora Sea, quantitative regularities of macrobenthos distribution are described for the ecological monitoring purposes. Maps of -biodiversity and biomass indices, bottom communities and trophic zones, singled out by dominant method, are presented. Assessment of structure changes of the investigated area bottom communities during the last 60–70 years is fulfilled. It is shown that the described communities on the whole are of natural undisturbed character and that the revealed changes are within the natural fluctuations in the abundance of benthic populations or may be interpreted in terms of methodical differences in the data analysis and generalization by different authors.     

动水压力对深水桥墩地震响应影响的研究综述

地震激励下处于深水中的桥墩和周围水体的相互作用将对桥梁结构的动力响应产生较大影响。首先对地震作用下水-桥墩的相互作用理论做了概括,给出了动水压力对桥墩的作用效应及各自的适用范围;对主要的三种考虑流固耦合效应的分析方法做了对比,探讨了地震作用下影响水-结构相互作用的主要因素,并对今后的研究提出了建议。     

On the maintenance of the axisymmetric part of the flow in the atmosphere

Summary The maintenance of the axisymmetric component of the flow in the atmosphere is investigated by means of a steady-state, quasi-geostrophic formulation of the meteorological equations. It is shown that the meridional variations in the time-averaged axisymmetric variables can be expressed as the sum of three contributions, one being due to the eddy heat transport, another to the eddy momentum transport, and a third to the convective-radiative equilibrium temperature which enters the problem through the specification of a Newtonian form of diabatic heating. The contributions by the large scale eddies are evaluated through the use of observed values for the eddy heat and momentum transports.The contributions from each of the three forcing mechanisms to the temperature and zonal wind fields are invstigated individually and found to be of about equal importance. The sum of the three contributions are also presented for the temperature, the zonal wind, the stream function associated with the mean meridional circulation and the corresponding vertical motion. Although the results fail to reproduce the main observed features of the lower stratosphere, they are found to be in good agreement with observations in the middle latitude troposphere. At any pressure level, for example, the computed mean zonal wind has a jet-like profile and the axis of the jet is found to slope to the south with height, as observed in the atmosphere.Based in part on a thesis submitted by the first author as partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Ph.D. degree at the University of Michigan. — Publication No. 194 from the Department of Meteorology and Oceanography, The University of Michigan.     

中国大陆构造环境监测网络基准站多路径效应影响因素浅析

在数据完整率达到95%的基础上,为进一步确保中国大陆构造环境监测网络GNSS基准站观测数据质量,选取2010—2020年全国基准站观测数据,采用TEQC软件进行质量检验,分类整理其中多路径效应计算结果呈典型特征的台站,结合观测环境状态,对多路径效应存在的区域性特征进行分析,发现除接收机天线周围发生遮挡外,硬件更换、台站周围地势差等因素,均对多路径效应产生不同程度的影响,可为建站选址和观测环境监测工作提供参考。