新建社区的地震应急避难规划研究

人员密集、用地集约、功能混合是近年来新建社区的共同特点,一旦地震大灾在没有任何应急准备的情况下发生,社区居民的震时疏散和震后安置将面临很大困难。本文分析了新建社区的开发模式特点、脆弱性和应急避难需求,提出了新建社区地震应急避难规划设计的五点原则:安全第一、因地制宜、优化分区、有机整合和家喻户晓。通过大连市万科海港城一期地震安全示范社区"应急避难规划设计方案"实例,说明依据上述原则开展空间布局等"硬"规划和实施机制等"软"规划的具体方法,验证了规划原则的可操作性和对于管理、规划、建设防灾减灾城市的积极作用。     

基于价值工程的地震安全社区经济性决策分析

近几年地震频繁发生,为有效预防地震灾害,我国大力推进地震安全社区建设。运用价值工程原理对地震安全社区和普通建设小区的成本和效益进行对比分析,建立价值工程模型,并结合实例验证:增加少量成本建设地震安全社区,可以大幅度增加社会效益和经济效益,为地震安全社区的推广建设提供科学依据。     

中国地震安全农居示范工程综述

本文从建设社会主义新农村的高度,以提高农村民居抗御地震灾害的能力为目标,论述了在我国农村地区实施地震安全农居工程的必要性、可行性和目标;介绍了“十一五”国家防震减灾规划重点项目-地震安全农居示范工程的建设内容。涉及农村民居基础资料调查与抗震能力评价、农村民居抗震实用化技术研究与开发、地震安全农居示范工程建设、农村民居防震减灾知识宣传和技术培训、农村民居抗震技术服务网建设、地震安全农居工程投入机制、政策研究及国际合作等方面。     

浅谈太原市防震减灾示范社区创建工作

文章对太原市创建防震减灾示范社区的意义、创建工作步骤及已取得的成就进行了详细的阐述,说明创建规范的示范社区能提高公众的防震减灾意识、震时自救互救的能力,有助于减轻地震灾害损失。     

广东省农居地震安全技术服务系统设计与实现

提供易懂易学易用的农居地震安全技术服务,既可以使农民得到农居地震安全方面的技术支持,也有利于提高农民对地震安全的认识。本文介绍了广东省农居地震安全技术服务系统的设计与实现过程,该系统包含农居地震安全示范工程建设成果展示、抗震设防烈度查询、盖房必看、政策法规、外省经验、工匠查询、专家答疑、宣传培训等8部分内容,在充分挖掘广东省农村民居地震安全示范工程建设成果和现有农居抗震研究成果的基础上,结合地理信息技术为地震管理人员、建筑工匠和农户提供了全方位的农居地震安全技术服务。     

浅谈城市发展与防震减灾

通过对加强防震减灾规划,加强地震安全性评价工作,加强地震应急救援能力以及增强公众防震减灾意识等4个方面的分析,揭示了城市发展与防震减灾的关系,强调了建设地震安全社区的重要性。     

四川省防震减灾素质教育工程设计

四川省防震减灾素质教育工程的建设内容包括1个防震减灾素质教育中心、39个防震减灾科普宣传服务站、180个防震减灾科普示范学校和25个防震减灾科普示范社区。教育工程能够实现全省防震减灾科普知识的有效宣传,以及地震信息的实时发布和地震救援信息的实时更新。     

“5·12”汶川地震房屋建筑震害分析与对策研究报告——“5·12”汶川地震房屋震害研究专家组

2008年5月12日14时28分,四川省汶川县境内发生了里氏8．0级特大地震,地震造成重大人员伤亡和经济损失。地震发生后,在国家建设部等有关部委支持下,在四川省委、省政府的统一部署下,四川省建设系统和地震系统等迅速组织相关专家和工程技术人员前后共计2500余人次,持续时间达2个多月,深人灾区开展地震震害调查、房屋安全应急评估、专项房屋结构技术鉴定和技术人员培训等工作,掌握了较丰富的房屋震害第一手调查评估资料。     

“5·12”汶川地震房屋建筑震害分析与对策研究报告——“5·12”汶川地震房屋震害研究专家组

2008年5月12日14时28分,四川省汶川县境内发生了里氏8．0级特大地震,地震造成重大人员伤亡和经济损失。地震发生后,在国家建设部等有关部委支持下,在四川省委、省政府的统一部署下,四川省建设系统和地震系统等迅速组织相关专家和工程技术人员前后共计2500余人次,持续时间达2个多月,深人灾区开展地震震害调查、房屋安全应急评估、专项房屋结构技术鉴定和技术人员培训等工作,掌握了较丰富的房屋震害第一手调查评估资料。     

"5·12"汶川地震房屋建筑震害分析与对策研究报告

2008年5月12日14时28分,四川省汶川县境内发生了里氏8.0级特大地震,地震造成重大人员伤亡和经济损失.地震发生后,在国家建设部等有关部委支持下,在四川省委、省政府的统一部署下,四川省建设系统和地震系统等迅速组织相关专家和工程技术人员前后共计2500余人次,持续时间达2个多月,深入灾区开展地震震害调查、房屋安全应急评估、专项房屋结构技术鉴定和技术人员培训等工作,掌握了较丰富的房屋震害第一手调查评估资料.     

展望地震监测台网的发展与应用

随着国民经济的快速发展，我国地震监测台网的发展也日新月异，设备性能、技术系统、台网密度正逐步接近发达国家的水平，同时积累了大量的观测数据。如何利用这些监测资源，更好地为经济建设和社会公共安全服务，是值得研究的重要问题。本文认为提取有用的地震前兆信息、提升地震速报能力、扩展烈度速报功能是地震监测台网为地震预报和地震应急服务的重点；整合台网资源，构筑统一标准、多用途的地震监测网络是建设公共安全服务技术平台的前提；工程、海洋、气象、环保等是地震监测资源的主要服务领域。因此，开发监测资源，加强自主创新，构筑技术平台，拓展服务领域是未来地震监测台网为社会和公共安全服务的重要发展方向。     

Prospects for the Development and Application of the Earthquake Monitoring Network

With the rapid development of the economy in China, the seismic network has been changing rapidly, in that the capability of instruments, technological systems and network density are approaching those of developed countries and a large quantity of observation data has been accumulated. How to apply these resources to economic construction and public safety has become an important issue worth studying. In order to improve earthquake prediction and earthquake emergency response, it is suggested in this paper that extracting valuable precursor information, improving earthquake rapid reporting ability and extending rapid intensity reporting function are key issues. Integrating network resources, building unified standards and a multifunction seismic monitoring network are preconditions of establishing a public safety service platform and earthquake observation resources will contribute significantly to the fields of engineering, ocean, meteorology, and environmental protection. Thus, the future directions of the development of the seismic network are exploring monitoring resources, enhancing independent innovation, constructing a technological platform and enlarging the service field.     

Earthquake safety in India: achievements,challenges and opportunities

The Indian subcontinent has suffered some of the greatest earthquakes in the world. The earthquakes of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries triggered a number of early advances in science and engineering related to earthquakes that are discussed here. These include the development of early codes and earthquake-resistant housing after the 1935 Quetta earthquake in Baluchistan, and strengthening techniques implemented after the 1941 Andaman Islands earthquake, discovered by the author in remote islands of India. Activities in the late 1950s to institutionalize earthquake engineering in the country are also discussed. Despite these early developments towards seismic safety, moderate earthquakes in India continue to cause thousands of deaths, indicating the poor seismic resilience of the built environment. The Bhuj earthquake of 2001 highlighted a striking disregard for structural design principles and quality of construction. This earthquake was the first instance of an earthquake causing collapses of modern multi-storey buildings in India, and it triggered unprecedented awareness amongst professionals, academics and the general public. The earthquake led to the further development of the National Information Centre of Earthquake Engineering and the establishment of a comprehensive 4-year National Programme on Earthquake Engineering Education that was carried out by the seven Indian Institutes of Technology and the Indian Institute of Science. Earthquake engineering is a highly context-specific discipline and there are many engineering problems where appropriate solutions need to be found locally. Confined masonry construction is one such building typology that the author has been championing for the subcontinent. Development of the student hostels and staff and faculty housing on the new 400-acre campus of the Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar has provided an opportunity to adopt this construction typology on a large scale, and is addressed in the monograph. The vulnerability of the building stock in India is also evident from the occasional news reports of collapses of buildings under construction or during rains (without any earthquake shaking). Given India’s aspirations to be counted as one of the world’s prosperous countries, there is a great urgency to address the safety of our built environment. There is a need: to create a more professional environment for safe construction, including a system for code enforcement and building inspection; for competence-based licensing of civil and structural engineers; for training and education of all stakeholders in the construction chain; to build a research and development culture for seismic safety; to encourage champions of seismic safety; to effectively use windows of opportunity provided by damaging earthquakes; to focus on new construction as opposed to retrofitting existing buildings; and to frame the problem in the broader context of overall building safety rather than the specific context of earthquakes. Sustained long-term efforts are required to address this multi-faceted complex problem of great importance to the future development of India. While the context of this paper is India, many of the observations may be valid and useful for other earthquake-prone countries.     

基于结构类型和使用功能的建筑分类及其应用

基于结构类型的建筑分类是抗震设计和地震灾害分布调查的基础,也是开展建筑结构地震易损性研究所依据的分类形式,而在社会管理中则更注重基于使用功能的建筑分类。上述2种建筑分类方法难以给出恰当的经济损失评估结果,因此在面向地震巨灾保险研究与应用时存在一些不足。首先,传统的建筑分类将建筑的使用功能与结构类型平行处理,未考虑建筑结构类型和建筑使用功能的耦合影响;其次,随着经济社会的发展,建筑结构形式和使用功能均不断地变化,需要发展适用性强大的非固定类型分类方法。本文针对地震巨灾保险业务中建筑分类这一核心问题,结合中国建筑形式和使用功能,从建筑结构分类出发,进一步考虑建筑的使用功能,形成了基于结构类型-使用功能多因素耦合的建筑分类模型,并以北京市典型区域为例,对所提出的建筑分类模型开展应用示范。同时,本文提出的建筑分类模型结合网络信息技术,可解决传统分类应用于具体目标区域时分类指标体系不具备可变性的问题,满足了地震巨灾保险的数据需求。     

城市小区居民地震灾害认知与响应的初步研究——以宝鸡市宝钛小区为例

城市小区居民地震灾害认知与响应的研究,可为制定防震减灾相关政策提供实证依据.通过问卷调查方式,采用比较分析法,对宝鸡市宝钛小区居民的地震灾害认知与响应状况进行研究.结果表明,居民地震灾害认知与响应的总体水平不够理想,其中在自救互救方面最差,在地震灾害知识方面较好;居民对地震灾害知识了解的准确性欠缺、深度不够,防震减灾技能掌握不足,但有迫切的学习需求;居民自救互救的主动性和组织性较差,互救意识淡薄,地震谣言辨别能力不强,易于传播谣言.因此,充分发挥小区基层机构的宣传、引导、组织和管理作用,提升小区居民对地震灾害的认知与响应水平,是增强城市小区防震减灾综合能力的有效途径之一.     

Earthquake early warning as a tool for improving society’s resilience and crisis response

Increasing vulnerability of metropolitan areas to earthquake and the very low probability level at which short term earthquake forecasting is possible make earthquake early warning methods (EEW) the main viable alternative for effective risk reduction in cities. Preventive actions, such as retrofitting and building and the diffusion of construction codes, are of course essential. They are not sufficient. A substantial proportion of the population in areas of higher earthquake hazard still reside in buildings that do not meet modern earthquake resistant standards, and cannot currently be strengthened in an economically viable manner. As demonstrated in Japan EEW has the potential of significantly contributing to reduce individual vulnerability of urban population to earthquakes. Future research on EEW should be focused on its implementation to protect lifelines, infrastructures and strategic buildings, and it should include training of administrators and people who can fully exploit the technological advantages offered by EEW systems. In particular it should foresee extensive cost-benefit analysis for each potential application, the identification and solution of legal problems (such as liability in the event of false or missed alarms), education and training, both for mitigation and response, as well as detection and processing within 1 s of the first seismic wave arrivals. Further objectives include the development of people-centred EEW, specialized IT and decision making support systems, integration of sensors, communications and decision making systems, integration into programs of eco-sustainable development, and integration with other EW systems (all hazard systems).     

印度锡金邦6.8级地震中国西藏地区民房震害分析.

2011年9月18日印度锡金邦发生6.8级地震,对我国西藏地区造成较大人员伤亡与民房破坏.本文在现场地震烈度调查和地震损失评估基础上,对灾区民房震害进行了分析.给出了灾区民房的震害特点、抗震设防中存在的问题和对策建议.提出了西藏民居抗震设计的基本原则,强调了民居抗震中的概念设计.根据相应的抗震措施和原则,在不增加太多费用的情况下可以大幅提高房屋的抗震能力,减少地震人员伤亡和损失,促进西藏地区经济的和谐发展.     

国家安全发展示范城市建设的震灾预防对策研究

我国地震多、强度大、分布广,强地震的现实危害和潜在威胁是我国城市安全发展所面临的重大挑战。国内外城市地震灾害惨痛经验表明,震灾预防能力建设不足的城市往往在强震中毁于一旦。实现我国城市安全可持续发展,必须高度重视和持续推进城市震灾预防能力建设,切实防控和消除地震灾害风险。本文在深入分析城市地震灾害影响因素的基础上,从震灾预防能力建设、城市地震灾害风险防控工作、法规及技术标准和评价体系等方面入手,提出了进一步加强城市震灾预防能力建设的对策建议。     

龙滩水电站左岸导流洞爆破振动测试与控制研究

通过对龙滩水电站左岸导流洞爆破开挖振动进行观测、分析和处理,得到了该导流洞爆破开挖振动传播衰减经验公式。根据该水电站导流洞的特点,提出了爆破振动破坏标准,由经验公式和破坏标准,得出了该导流洞新浇混凝土支护区爆破安全控制参量。分析了爆破地震的特点,结合该水电站导流洞的爆破实际,建议了该导流洞相应的爆破降震措施。从工程实施的实际效果看,本文的研究成果与结论获得了较好的应用效果,保证了该工程爆破施工的顺利完成。