中国东部中强地震发生的地震地质标志初探

中国东部地区,尤其是105°~120°E,20°~35°N的中国东南部大陆地区,自有史记载以来,少有7级以上的地震发生,却有不少5~6级左右的中强地震。研究此类中强地震发生的地震地质标志很有必要。对此,经初步分析认为:1)中国东部大多数中强地震发生在早第四纪(早、中更新世)活动断裂带附近;2)中国东部大多数5~6级中强地震都与第四纪断陷盆地的发育、分布有关;3)具有明显第四纪活动的构造地貌特征的地区,如线性断层地貌或地貌面的线性分布区具备孕发中强地震的可能性;4)有历史记载以来4~5级地震活动带的空区或缺震地区,也存在发育5~6级地震的可能性     

安宁河断裂带晚第四纪以来的活动与地震

本文着重研究安宁河断裂带的发育特征以及晚第四纪以来的活动历史。指出这种新活动性在时、空分布上并不是连续的和均匀的,具有明显的差异性。这种差异性伴有地震分段集中的特点和地震构造的脉冲现象。中强震的发生主要与断裂的最新活动段的断错地貌密切相关。     

丽江地区遥感影像线环结构特征与场地稳定性分析

丽江地区活动性构造发育，地震发生频繁。以遥感影像线环结构理论论述了该区主要活动断裂和活动环块的遥感影像特征和地质地貌特征，并分析活动构造与场地稳定性的关系，进而划分出该区内易发震地区与相对稳定的地区。     

则木河断裂上的悬沟与地震

本文着重研究了则木河断裂带全新世以来发育的悬沟地貌的成生机制;分布规律,及其与断裂新活动性质,运动特征的关系;与古地震及历史上7级以上地震极震区的关系。提出悬沟是压扭性活功断裂上7级以上地震极震区的特有地貌。     

宿松—枞阳断裂最新活动时代及未来地震危险性研究

宿松—枞阳断裂卫星影像清晰,是一条对构造、地貌、中新生代盆地有着控制意义的断裂。本文对该断裂所处的区域地震地质构造背景进行了分析,结合断裂的发育历史,选择典型剖面,对断裂的最新活动特征进行调查。根据野外地质考察和断裂沿线地震活动统计结果,对断裂未来的地震危险性进行了定量评估。分析认为,该断裂晚第四纪以来仍然有所活动,但活动强度已减弱,未来可能发生无地表位错的中强地震,最大震级综合判定为M5.5。     

闽—粤东南沿海滨岸区域稳定性分析

本文论述了闽一粤东南沿海滨岸地区长乐—南澳断裂带两侧的地貌景观,地壳形变,地震活动以及挽近时期区域构造应力场的特征。指出了断裂带经历了早期韧性剪切和晚期脆性破裂的发育历史。 研究本区地震活动的时空分布表明,不同时期,主要地震活动具有南段强,北段弱和自陆向海活动强度增强的趋势。说明现今地震活动格局已经发生了明显变化.作为地震预报的重点监视区,应着重考虑滨海断裂带活动情况,这对地震的长期预报是重要的。     

2005年江西九江5.7级地震构造背景与发震构造

2005年九江地震是“相对弱地震活动区”的一次中强破坏性地震.对该地震发生的新构造环境进行了分析,认为震区处于两大构造单元的边界带,具有发生中强地震的构造背景.野外观察并结合地震现场考察的结果显示,地震可能与瑞昌盆地西北边界发育的一条NE向断裂带有关.从丁家山-郎君山断裂对地貌和第四纪地层的控制、地质剖面、ESR年龄等方面对这一盆地边界断裂的活动性进行了考察与分析,认为该断裂在地表露头上表现为一条中更新世活动断裂.根据断裂活动特征和地震产生的地裂缝、等震线形态、震源机制解节面等的走向和位置,推断丁家山-郎君山断裂是九江5.7级地震的发震构造,而该断裂与较新活动的NW向断裂的交汇部位,则可能是该地震的发震部位.分析表明,此次地震并非一次意外事件,其发震断裂活动特征和隐蔽性在中国东部地区具有典型性.     

鲜水河断裂带的断错地貌及其地震学意义

断层的近代位错必将在地貌形态上留下深刻的印记,因而凭借断错地貌现象有可能得到关于活断层上地震活动性的重要信息。鲜水河断裂带上的断错地貌现象表明,断层以间歇性的地震滑动为特征,而且服从于大小相当的地震在原地重复发生的特征地震模式。断错水系的演化图象则进一步提供了在一定时段内,同一地点滑动速率基本稳定的线索。于是,可以把断错地貌的研究作为地震活动性研究的重要手段     

陇东黄土高原地区建筑抗震设防参数研究

通过对陇东黄土高原区地质构造环境、历史地震影响与破坏特征、概率地震危险性计算等几方面的研究,对该区地震动参数特征进行了分析,研究了该区黄土场地及地形地貌对地震动参数的放大效应与分区特征.研究表明,陇东黄土高原地区的地震影响主要来自中远距离的大震,地震动持续时间长,长周期部分相对丰富,黄土场地及地形对地震动具有明显的放大效应,地震动参数具有明显的地貌分区特性.最后对比地震动参数区划图给出了陇东黄土高原地区建筑抗震设防参数的一些建议,认为在抗震设防参数取值中适当提高特征周期,对峰值加速度则按地貌分区取值.     

福建漳州盆地新构造运动的探讨

漳州盆地是晚更新世以来发育起来的断陷盆地。从盆地的形成、地质地貌特征到地热地震活动,无不受到断裂构造(尤其是活动断裂)的控制。用定量方法对钻孔资料所揭示的第四沉积物的岩相、岩性、厚度及水文地质等因素进行分析.并结合以断裂构造、地貌等特征,将漳州盆地划分为四个新构造区,分别对应于不同的断块构造单元,具有不同的新构造地质特征。漳州盆地的新构造地质史是断裂控制下断块差异活动的历史,现今仍有很强的活动性。     

Seismicity and water level variations in the Lake Aswan area in Egypt 1982–1997

The data described here are obtained from the continuous record of earthquakeactivity and lake water-level variation in the Lake Aswan area in Egypt between 1982 and 1997. The seismicity is monitored by a local telemetered seismograph network. The hypocentral parameters of earthquakes have been determined using Hypo71. The earthquake foci are distributed in two seismic zones, shallow and deep in the crust. Shallow events have focal depths of less than 10 km. Deep events extend from 10 to 30 km. The temporal sequence of seismicity iscorrelated with both the water-level variation and the average daily change of the water level in the lake Aswan. The temporal variation of the seismicityindicates that there are only six sequences of increased seismic activity during 1982–1997. The correlation between the seismic activity and the daily variation of the lake water level is poorly observed except with the June 1987 events swarm, which was accompanied by the presence of an anomaly in rate of water level decreasing. It is concluded that the increase in seismic activity in the Aswan reservoir is demonstrating an example of rapid reservoir-triggered seismicity. The deeper seismic sequence in this area, which was associated with the November 14, 1981 mainshock (M_D = 5.7), and the earlier seismicity (1981–82), has been correlated with a deeper high velocity anomaly (Awad and Mizoue, 1995-b).     

Chemical evolution and volcanic activity of the active crater lake of Poás volcano, Costa Rica, 1993–1997

Concentrations of chloride and sulfate and pH in the hot crater lake (Laguna Caliente) at Poás volcano and in acid rain varied over the period 1993–1997. These parameters are related to changes in lake volume and temperature, and changes in summit seismicity and fumarole activity beneath the active crater. During this period, lake level increased from near zero to its highest level since 1953, lake temperature declined from a maximum value of 70°C to a minimum value of 25°C, and pH of the lake water increased from near zero to 1.8. In May 1993 when the lake was nearly dry, chloride and sulfate concentrations in the lake water reached 85,400 and 91,000 mg l⁻¹, respectively. Minimum concentrations of chloride and sulfate after the lake refilled to its maximum volume were 2630 and 4060 mg l⁻¹, respectively. Between January 1993 and May 1995, most fumarolic activity was focused through the bottom of the lake. After May 1995, fumarolic discharge through the bottom of the lake declined and reappeared outside the lake within the main crater area. The appearance of new fumaroles on the composite pyroclastic cone coincided with a dramatic decrease in type B seismicity after January 1996. Between May 1995 and December 1997, enhanced periods of type A seismicity and episodes of harmonic tremor were associated with an increase in the number of fumaroles and the intensity of degassing on the composite pyroclastic cone adjacent to the crater lake. Increases in summit seismic activity (type A, B and harmonic tremor) and in the height of eruption plumes through the lake bottom are associated with a period of enhanced volcanic activity during April–September 1994. At this time, visual observations and remote fumarole temperature measurements suggest an increase in the flux of heat and gases discharged through the bottom of the crater lake, possibly related to renewed magma ascent beneath the active crater. A similar period of enhanced seismic activity that occurred between August 1995 and January 1996, apparently caused fracturing of sealed fumarole conduits beneath the composite pyroclastic cone allowing the focus of fumarolic degassing to migrate from beneath the lake back to the 1953–1955 cone. Changes in the chemistry of summit acid rain are correlated changes in volcanic activity regardless of whether fumaroles are discharging into the lake or are discharging directly into the atmosphere.     

The Albano maar lake (Colli Albani Volcano, Italy): recent volcanic activity and evidence of pre-Roman Age catastrophic lahar events

The evaluation of volcanic hazard in the Roman hinterland related to the quiescent Colli Albani Volcano has recently been the subject of renewed attention and several interpretations by many authors. However, very little was known of the recent history of the volcano, making such interpretations rather speculative. The most recent activity of Colli Albani Volcano originated from the Albano polygenetic maar lake, which erupted several phreatomagmatic units, the most recent of which, the Peperino Albano ignimbrite, has been dated at around 25 ka. An area of several square kilometers centered around Albano Lake is presently the site of shallow and frequent seismic activity and gaseous emission as well as hydrothermal activity and is therefore considered the most prone to geologic hazards. This paper presents new stratigraphic and geomorphologic data as well as age determinations that allow rejuvenation of the most recent activity of the Colli Albani Volcano, and particularly the Albano maar lake, to the Holocene. This study allows for the first time to identify a potential hazard related to the Albano maar lake withdrawal interpreted to be related to endogenous causes, namely CO₂ emission. The main results of the study are: (1) the Peperino Albano is not, as is generally believed, the last phreatomagmatic eruption from the Colli Albani Volcano; a previously unrecognized phreatomagmatic surge deposit has been identified overlying the paleosol at the top of the Peperino Albano and related lahar deposits; (2) two lahar deposits separated by paleosols top the stratigraphic succession and are dispersed only to the NW, corresponding to the lowest point of the maar rim, indicating that catastrophic hydrologic events occurred at the Albano Lake in recent times; rapid and substantial lake-level variations and lake withdrawal are reported by Roman historians and recorded by the stratigraphy of the Albano Lake lacustrine sediments; (3) microfracturing related to seismic energy release is linked to sudden variation of CO₂ flow and upwelling of hydrothermal fluids. These occurrences across the lake are the likely causes that triggered during Holocene several episodes of lake withdrawal, rising the water table and probably triggering convective rollover of the lake water.     

Active fault and water loading are important factors in triggering earthquake activity around Aswan Lake

Aswan Lake started impounding in 1964 and reached the highest water level so far in 1978 with a capacity of 133.8 km³, thus forming the second largest man-made lake in the world. An earthquake of magnitude 5.3 (Ms) took place on 14 November 1981 along the most active part of the E-W Kalabsha fault beneath the Kalabsha bay (the largest bay of the lake). This earthquake was followed by a tremendous number of smaller events that continue till now. A radio-telemetry network of 13 seismic short period stations and a piezometer network of six wells were established around the northern part of the lake.Epicenters were found to cluster around active faults near the lake. The space-time distribution and the relation of the seismicity with the lake water level fluctuations were studied. Six years after flooding the eastern segment of the Kalabsha fault, strong seismicity began following the main shock of 14 November 1981. It occurred four days after the reservoir had reached its seasonal max level. The effect of the North African drought (1982 to present) is clearly seen in the reservoir water level. As it decreased and left the most active fault segments uncovered, the activity (Gebel Marawa area) decreased sharply. Also, the shallow activity was found to be more sensitive to rapid discharging than to the filling. This study indicates that geology, topography, lineations in seismicity, offsets in the faults, changes in fault trends and focal mechanisms are closely related. No relation was found between earthquake activity and both-ground water table fluctuations and water temperatures measured in wells located around the Kalabsha area.     

中强地震活动地区地震区划重要性及关键技术进展

本文分析了中强地震活动地区的地震灾害特点,指出了加强中强地震活动地区地震区划的重要性,回顾了中强地震活动地区的地震活动性参数确定、潜在震源区确定、地震动衰减关系等方面的研究进展,并对主要技术环节的方法改进提出了建议。     

Seismic activity of Erebus volcano,antarctica

Mount Erebus is presently the only Antarctic volcano with sustained eruptive activity in the past few years. It is located on Ross Island and a convecting anorthoclase phonolite lava lake has occupied the summit crater of Mount Erebus from January 1973 to September 1984. A program to monitor the seismic activity of Mount Erebus named IMESS was started in December 1980 as an international cooperative program among Japan, the United States and New Zealand. A new volcanic episode began on 13 September, 1984 and continued until December.Our main observations from the seismic activity from 1982–1985 are as follows: (1) The average numbers of earthquakes which occurred around Mount Erebus in 1982, 1983 and January–August 1984 were 64, 134 and 146 events per day, respectively. Several earthquake swarms occurred each year. (2) The averag number of earthquakes in 1985 is 23 events per day, with only one earthquake swarm. (3) A remarkable decrease of the background seismicity is recognized before and after the September 1984 activity. (4) Only a few earthquakes were located in the area surrounding Erebus mountain after the September 1984 activity.A magma reservoir is estimated to be located in the southwest area beneath the Erebus summit, based on the hypocenter distributions of earthquakes.     

The Application of Combined Seismic and Electrical Measurements to the Determination of the Hydraulic Conductivity of a Lake Bed

The hydraulic properties of lake beds control the interactions between lakes and ground water systems, but these properties are normally difficult to measure directly. The authors'method combines seismic reflection and electrical measurements to map the relative hydraulic conductivity of lake bed sediments. A shipboard seismic profiling system provides sediment thickness, while a towed electrical array yields longitudinal conductance and electrical chargeability. The sediment's leakance (hydraulic conductivity/thickness) can be calculated from the longitudinal conductance data. Leakance may then be converted to relative hydraulic conductivity through the seismically derived sediment thicknesses. Simultaneously acquired electrical chargeability provides an independent measure of clay content. The seismic and electrical systems are computer automated and yield production rates of approximately five line-kilometers/hour or 300 electrical soundings/hour. The systems provide continuous hydraulic information along the ship track rather than the point information derived from coring.
The procedure and systems have been used to map the bed of Lake Michigan offshore from an area of heavy pumpage. This location has been chosen to test the method because lake water has intruded the aquifer in plumes largely controlled by lake bed hydraulics. Mapping these plumes onshore permits the inference of the spatial distribution of offshore hydraulic conductivities. Offshore seepage measurements and numerical, chemical transport modeling of this site have confirmed the reliability of the geophysically derived hydraulic conductivities and have also demonstrated the improvement in numerical results achieved through the availability of spatially determined hydraulic conductivities.     

Hydroacoustic noise precursors of the 1990 eruption of Kelut Volcano, Indonesia

The results of a hydroacoustic monitoring experiment in the Kelut Crater lake, Indonesia, prior to its 1990 eruption, are presented, with the benefit of hindsight. Indeed, the underwater noise levels in three widely separated frequency bands, together with the lake water temperature, was radio-transmitted and almost continuously recorded from a period of quiescence of the volcano till the onset of its 10 February 1990, eruption, which destroyed the monitoring buoy. The comparative analysis of the noise variations in the three bands, together with seismic and temperature data, have shed light on the mechanisms underlying the pre-eruptive activity. The three acoustic levels had shown conspicuous, yet distinctive, changes prior to the eruption. Acoustic level in the low-frequency (1–50 Hz) band, which increased one year before the resumption of seismic activity and the lake warming up, is interpreted as the result of boiling at depth. The source of high-acoustic level in the audiometric (500–5000 Hz) range is clearly the bubbling of volcanic gases, occurring as a strong convective column in the middle of the lake. From the variations of this audiometric level, we have estimated that the degassing rate in the lake increased by a hundred-fold during the pre-eruptive period. Variations of ultrasonic (20–100 kHz) frequency acoustic level seem to be related with pressure and thermal changes within the hydrothermal system and its rock matrix beneath the lake. In conclusion, this experiment demonstrates the potential of hydroacoustic monitoring as an early warning system at crater lake volcanoes.     

江苏及邻区地震活动特征及震灾分析

对江苏及邻区地震活动概况进行背景性分析,从该地区地震地质构造背景入手,阐述了影响该地区地震活动的主要断裂构造,对研究区域内的地震活动空间、时间分布特征进行了探讨,并分析了该地区的地震灾害特点。     

Seismic structure and seismicity of the cooling lava lake of Kilauea Iki, Hawaii

The use of multiple methods is indispensable for the determination of the seismic properties of a complex body such as a partially solidified lava lake. The combined results from various active and passive experiments conducted on Kilauea Iki in March 1976 suggest a rather thin (less than 10 m) zone of residual melt, the lateral extent of which is delineated by a sharp drop in the activity of seismic events occurring within the crust of the lake. The heavily fractured crust is characterized by P velocities ranging from 0.8 to 2.2 km/s and the P velocity could be even lower in the melt possibly because of the presence of gas bubbles. The present seismicity of the lake is compatible with the formation of tensile cracks caused by contraction due to cooling.