地幔热导率的选取对动力学数值模拟的影响——以岩石圈张裂过程为例

目前存在有多种地幔热导率模型,不同模型在数值和随温压变化的特征上有明显的差异.为探究不同热导率模型对动力学数值模拟结果的影响,本文对不同模型下的岩石圈张裂过程进行模拟研究,探讨地幔热导率对岩石圈热传输、变形和熔融过程的影响及其作用机理.结果显示,不同热导率模型下,岩石圈的变形和熔融特征表现出明显差异.高热导率模型下,岩石圈破裂较晚,形成陆缘较为宽阔,地壳熔融强烈而地幔熔融较弱;低热导率模型下,岩石圈破裂较早,形成陆缘较为狭窄,地幔熔融强烈而地壳熔融较弱.这种差异源于不同地幔热导率下岩石圈和地幔热状态的变化及相应力学性质的改变.高热导率下,热传导的增温效应显著,岩石圈呈现较热的状态,其强度整体较低,壳幔耦合减弱;而低热导率下,热对流的增温效应显著,岩石圈呈较冷的状态,其强度整体较高,壳幔耦合增强.基于模拟结果,本文认为地幔热导率的选取对动力学模拟的结果有着较为显著的影响,相对于随温压的变化,热导率数值的差异对动力学数值模拟的结果影响更大,尤其是对于地幔熔融过程的影响.     

蒙古-贝加尔裂谷区深部结构研究进展综述

针对蒙古-贝加尔裂谷形成的动力机制和演化过程的两种观点,本文整理了近年来蒙古-贝加尔裂谷活动构造、重力异常、层析成像及接受函数等方面的研究成果,分析蒙古-贝加尔地区深层介质尤其是上地幔的各向异性特性,探究深部物质的变形方式和流动模式,探讨了蒙古-贝加尔裂谷形成和演化的条件.结果表明,蒙古-贝加尔地区地幔流场及对流应力场呈现非常复杂的图像,流场及应力场分布与地表构造具有很好的相关性.蒙古-贝加尔裂谷系的形成不是单纯的构造伸展或壳下岩石圈被热的软流圈物质机械代替的过分简单的模式,而是裂谷系的岩石圈强烈地构造热活化,即有软流圈上隆,熔体侵入.在蒙古-贝加尔裂谷形成和演化中地幔柱发挥了重要作用,同时与线性岩石圈年代及其相对于地幔柱位置有关,也与India-Asia碰撞提供的有利的远场力相关,这三者构成了蒙古-贝加尔裂谷形成和演化的三个条件.     

地幔对流拖曳力影响青藏高原东北缘地壳运动格局的数值模拟研究

基于近期关于青藏高原东北缘岩石圈速度、流变结构和地壳形变的观测和研究结果,建立了青藏高原东北部岩石圈三维有限元模型,并考虑了地幔对流拖曳力、高原重力势能、块体间相互作用等外部和内部条件对青藏高原东北缘岩石圈现今运动格局的控制作用.将地表运动速率的数值模拟结果与观测结果进行比较,结果表明:活动地块相互作用和高原地形蓄积的重力势能对高原内部向高原边缘逐渐变小的地壳运动特征具有控制作用,而以往关注不多的地幔对流拖曳力对青藏高原内部的地壳运动方向具有明显的控制作用;此外,基于岩石圈水平运动速率与下伏地幔对流速度差异、地震波各向异性观测提出的不同地块垂直连贯变形差异等观点,提出模型范围不同地块岩石圈底部地幔拖曳力作用强度存在差异的设想,并引入了地幔拖曳力强度因子并进行数值模拟,得到的地表形变速率模拟结果与GPS观测结果更为一致,模拟结果进一步支持了地震波各向异性观测提出的观点,即不同地块的壳幔耦合程度存在显著差异.     

基于横波分裂、GPS和断裂第四纪滑动速率数据研究中国大陆及邻区岩石圈/软流圈动力学特征

中国大陆及邻区位于欧亚大陆东南部,4个重要的板块强烈交互作用,东部受到太平洋板块和菲律宾海板块的俯冲作用,西部受到印度板块的碰撞作用,形成了诸多俯冲带、造山带及数千千米的大陆离散变形带。因此,中国大陆及邻区是开展地球动力学研究的天然实验室。提高对岩石圈和软流圈变形特征的认识对理解中国大陆及邻区的动力学含义具有重要意义。本研究将通过联合地表变形场和地幔变形场来分析中国大陆及邻区的岩石圈壳幔耦合程度和软流圈的地幔流特征。本研究收集了位于中国大陆及邻区的宽频带固定和流动地震台(共1 800个台)记录的XKS(SKS,SKKS,PKS)波形资料,采用最小切向能量的网格搜索和叠加分析方法测量了每个台站的各向异性参数,即快波偏振方向和快、慢波时间延迟,并利用他人在区域内的993个宽频带地震台站得到的横波分裂参数,一起组成表征地幔变形场的数据集;并利用发表的约3 600个GPS和断裂第四纪滑动速率测量数据,采用连续样条函数方法求取了中国大陆及邻区的地表连续变形场(速度场和应变率场)。根据应变率分布和岩石圈构造特征,按照高应变率和厚岩石圈区域采取岩石圈变形模式分析,定量求取和确定每个测点的岩石圈变形类型(左旋简单剪切、右旋简单剪切和纯剪切变形),通过预测的横波分裂参数与实测参数的对比来确定岩石圈壳幔力学耦合程度。研究结果表明,大部分地区符合垂直连贯变形模式,属于壳幔耦合特征,如青藏高原、天山造山带、阿尔泰造山带、台湾造山带、琉球岛弧等构造单元,但在印度板块和欧亚板块陆-陆碰撞带——喜马拉雅碰撞带、日本和稳定的四川盆地、塔里木盆地等区域,可能由于板块俯冲导致的复杂构造变形或一种古老的"化石"各向异性并不符合垂直连贯变形模式。在低应变率和薄岩石圈区域采用简单软流圈变形模式分析,假设各向异性是由于岩石圈底部和软流圈之间的运动速度差异引起的。基于预测的地幔流和地表速度场模拟的快波方向与XKS波分裂快波方向之间的比较,通过迭代反演确定了最佳地幔流。研究结果显示,长白山火山活动区将中国东部下面软流圈地幔流分成两部分,北部顺时针旋转的地幔流向东运动,指向东方的太平洋俯冲带,而南部顺时针旋转的地幔流自北向南由向南运动变化到向西南运动,指向西南的缅甸俯冲带和巽达俯冲带。长白山火山活动区下的热地幔上涌使得中国东部软流圈地幔流分成流动方向相反的两部分,北部的顺时针旋转的地幔流向东运动,而南部的顺时针旋转的地幔流自北向南,由向南运动到向西南运动。而在蒙古地区拟合的最佳软流圈地幔流为顺时针旋转的地幔涡流,其形成可能与太平洋板片俯冲、后撤/回转,以及巨厚岩石圈的西伯利亚克拉通的几何形态相关。东亚地区的太平洋板片、巽达板片和缅甸板片的俯冲作用和后撤/回转作用导致了中国大陆及邻区顺时针旋转的软流圈地幔流,使得与岩石圈底部产生了一个水平差异运动,在软流圈中产生一个与简单剪切一致的变形结构,进而形成了研究区所观测到的各向异性。     

裂谷盆地构造-热演化模拟中几个问题的讨论

裂谷盆地的构造-热演化模拟是在岩石圈尺度计算裂谷盆地形成演化过程中的热历史和沉降史.拉张模型实现了构造和热的完美结合,在描述裂谷盆地沉降和热流演化方面取得了很大的成功.本文使用二维运动学模型,通过有限元方法,在拉格朗日坐标系下进行拉张背景下的构造热演化模拟,探讨了拉张模型中初始地壳、岩石圈厚度、软流圈对流、模型上边界对构造热演化的影响,以及载水和载沉积物两种情况下盆地侧翼抬升的差异.     

上通流对大陆岩石圈地幔-地壳热结构模式的潜在影响

本文以多孔介质中大尺度传热问题为基础,结合热平衡理论分析与数值计算,探讨了上通流对大陆岩石圈地幔-地壳热结构模式的潜在影响.根据大陆岩石圈中孔隙波传热概念模型的初步理论分析结果,指出了采用理论分析和数值模拟相结合的方法在研究大陆岩石圈地幔-地壳热结构模式时的重要性.理论分析方法可用来确定岩石圈尺度范围内大陆岩石圈的厚度和大陆地壳相关的边界条件,从而为地壳范围内数值模型的建立提供一些重要信息.数值模拟方法可以用来模拟地壳尺度范围内地壳的详细结构和复杂几何形状.如果地壳内的热分布是所考虑的主要因素,采用具有地壳尺度的合理数值模型可以有效减少计算机工作量.利用理论分析方法求出的岩石圈尺度范围内大陆岩石圈厚度与地幔传导热流之间关系的理论解,不仅可以用来验证模拟大陆岩石圈内传热问题所采用的数值方法, 而且可以用来初步研究大陆岩石圈内热分布的基本规律,为研究岩石圈地幔热事件中大陆岩石圈热减薄过程提供相应的边界条件.本文从理论分析的观点初步探讨了中国大陆不同构造背景下大陆岩石圈的热结构模式,其结果与从地球物理和地质资料中获得的大陆岩石圈热结构模式十分吻合.研究结果表明由大陆岩石圈中孔隙波传播所导致的上通流是影响大陆岩石圈地幔-地壳热结构模式及大陆岩石圈地幔与地壳之间物质和能量交换的可能机制之一.     

地幔柱与岩石圈相互作用过程的数值模拟

地幔柱的研究是地球科学研究的热点之一.本文主要集中研究地幔柱与岩石圈的相互作用过程.基于质量守恒方程、动量守恒方程和能量守恒方程,通过有限元数值方法可以计算得到地幔柱与岩石圈相互作用的温度场、速度场和有效黏度等的时空图.本文的流变本构模型主要基于非牛顿流体的有效黏度模型,通过数值模拟计算分析了地幔柱与岩石圈相互作用过程,着重讨论了地壳流变结构对此过程的影响.数值模拟结果显示,地幔柱与岩石圈的相互作用分为三个阶段:地幔柱上升期,时间持续到0.2 Ma,平均速度为2.75m·a-1,地幔柱顶部地形开始向上隆起;地幔柱与岩石圈纵向作用期,时间从0.2 Ma到0.26 Ma,地幔柱上升的平均速度为0.83m·a-1,地表地形隆升达到最大值;地幔柱与岩石圈横向作用期,0.26 Ma以后,岩石圈开始剪切变形,地幔柱水平运动速度为0.47m·a-1,当剪切变形达到一定程度,岩石圈底部开始出现拆沉作用.当下地壳流变强度比较小时,上地壳的流变结构控制着地幔柱顶部地表地形隆起程度,流变强度越大,隆升高度越小;而下地壳的流变结构控制着地幔柱两侧地表地形的下沉幅度,下地壳流变强度越小,下沉幅度越大.最后,讨论了数值模拟对峨眉山大火成岩省地幔柱发展演化的应用.     

克拉通岩石圈减薄与破坏机制的动力学数值模拟

大陆克拉通岩石圈的减薄是一种常见现象,但是其破坏并不常见.尽管前人针对这两种过程开展了不少研究,但是对其动力学机制尚缺乏统一认识.文章以大陆克拉通岩石圈,尤其是华北克拉通作为研究对象,基于前人的地质地球物理学观测以及动力学数值模拟研究,对克拉通岩石圈减薄与破坏的过程和机制进行了系统的分析和总结.其中,华北克拉通减薄和破坏的动力学机制限定为与大洋板块俯冲相关的两种主要模式,分别是:(1)"自下而上"过程,即俯冲板片扰动富水的地幔转换带,使其中流体上涌,软流圈物质受到扰动而发生对流,对上覆岩石圈底部进行"烘烤",并可能伴随流体/熔体-岩石反应,改变岩石圈地幔的矿物组成和流变学性质,导致岩石圈底部物质混合进入软流圈而发生减薄乃至破坏.(2)"自上而下"过程,强调大洋板片在克拉通岩石圈底部平俯冲并发生脱水,水化蚀变上覆岩石圈地幔,降低岩石圈地幔岩石流变特性;随后平俯冲转变为陡俯冲,伴随软流圈侧向上涌,被弱化的岩石圈地幔由于热侵蚀作用而进入软流圈,从而发生减薄乃至破坏.这两大类过程都是比较复杂的、多过程耦合的模式,都把大洋板块的俯冲及其流体活动作为上覆克拉通岩石圈减薄/破坏的主要驱动机制;不同之处在于俯冲大洋板片的位置,一种是在地幔转换带的平卧与滞留,另一种是沿着克拉通岩石圈底部的平俯冲.对于华北克拉通而言,东部岩石圈在中生代时期受到古太平洋板片的俯冲,板块俯冲带对华北克拉通之下的地幔和转换带物质的扰动及其伴随的流体活动,很大程度上控制着华北克拉通岩石圈的改造.为了更好的探讨和对比这两种模式,其核心关键点在于大洋俯冲带中水的活动.因此,文章重点对含水矿物相变及俯冲带和地幔转换带中水的迁移过程进行了探讨,分析了大洋俯冲带中可能的流体活动模型、各自存在的问题及其可行性.此外,为了全面认识克拉通岩石圈的减薄与破坏机制,还对其他可能的机制进行了总结,包含以下四组模式:拉张减薄模型、挤压增厚拆沉模型、大尺度地幔对流侵蚀模型以及地幔柱侵蚀模型.相对于前面介绍的两种大洋俯冲相关模型,这四种模型主要是由相对简单的单一过程和机制所致(分别是拉张、挤压、对流和地幔柱),可能是华北克拉通减薄与破坏的二级驱动机制.     

地下岩体应力场-渗流场-热场三场耦合作用的数值模拟研究初探

在地下岩体变形、地震的孕育与发生过程中,多种物理场、化学场是同时存在并相互影响的,其中应力场、渗流场和热场是其最重要的物理场.文中综述了近40年来地下岩体应力场-渗流场-热场三场耦合作用的研究现状,基于渗流场与热场、应力场与热场、以及三场耦合作用的研究,从场与场之间相互影响关系入手,综合分析了从以变量为媒介到以场为媒介,从松散耦合到强耦合,从观测统计模型到数值模拟的发展历程,并阐述了地下岩体三场耦合存在的问题和发展趋势.     

边界驱动对流与克拉通岩石圈减薄:二维热-力学模拟

古老克拉通与相邻的年轻活动带之间通常存在着岩石圈厚度的突变,二者之间温度和密度的横向差异能引发小尺度地幔对流(边界驱动对流).在这里我们利用二维热-力学数值模拟方法探讨克拉通与活动带之间的岩石圈台阶引发的边界对流及其在克拉通岩石圈减薄中的作用.模拟结果显示:在同等初始条件下,边界对流对克拉通的改造作用取决于克拉通岩石圈自身的性质及其与周缘物质的物性差异.当克拉通岩石圈密度相对较大时,高强度的克拉通岩石圈抵御边界驱动对流的能力强,克拉通岩石圈减薄仅局限于边缘.而低强度的克拉通岩石圈抵御边界驱动对流的能力弱,克拉通岩石圈在下降流的作用下被逐渐侵蚀,从而造成了克拉通岩石圈的大规模减薄.当克拉通岩石圈的密度相对较小时,无论克拉通岩石圈的强度高低,低密度的克拉通岩石圈都很好的抑制了边界驱动对流的影响,上升流驱使克拉通岩石圈边缘流向活动带岩石圈的底部,岩石圈减薄仅发生在边缘.太古代的华北克拉通被显生宙的活动带所围限,其岩石圈减薄最早发生在北缘和东缘,且经历了一个缓慢的过程.我们认为边界驱动对流可能在华北克拉通岩石圈减薄过程中发挥了重要作用,尤其是在岩石圈减薄的启动过程中,但不排除其他多元机制的共同作用.     

青藏高原-天山地区岩石层构造运动的地幔动力学机制

利用全球重力大地水准面异常、板块绝对运动及全球地震层析成像数据,计算了青藏高原-天山地区岩石层下部地幔大尺度对流格局以及此种尺度对流驱动下岩石层内应力场分布;同时,利用区域均衡重力异常数据反演青藏高原中、北部到天山地区上地幔小尺度对流模型．结果表明,大尺度的地幔物质运移过程可能驱动着中国大陆岩石层整体从西部以南北方向为主的运动转向东部地区以北东和南东方向的运动;而该区域上地幔小尺度上升流动支持了现代青藏高原和天山地区的抬升运动．提出和讨论了青藏高原隆升的“断离隆升-挤压隆升-对流隆升”三阶段模式,并探讨了大陆岩石层构造运动的地幔深部动力学背景．     

Influence of mantle convection to the crustal movement pattern in the northeastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau based on numerical simulation

Based on the recent observations about the movement and rheological structure of the lithosphere and deformation pattern of the crust, we developed a three-dimensional finite element model for the northeastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau. The model considered the impacts of both external and internal conditions, including mantle convection, gravitational potential energy and block interactions. We compared the simulated surface movement rates to the observed GPS velocities, and the results revealed that crustal movement gradually decreased toward the edge of the plateau. The factors controlling this pattern are the interactions of adjacent blocks, gravitational potential energy of the plateau, and also mantle convection as well. Additionally, according to the observation that there was an apparent difference between the horizontal movement rate of the lithosphere and convective velocity of the underlying mantle, and also based on the results of seismic anisotropy studies that suggest different strengths and deformation regimes of the lithosphere in different tectonic blocks, we proposed that the impact of mantle convection on the lithosphere may have varied in space, and introduced a parameter named mantle convection intensity factor in numerical simulations. Our simulation results show consistent surface movement rates with GPS observations, which further supports the viewpoint of seismic anisotropy studies, i.e., the degree of coupling between the crust and mantle varies significantly among different blocks.     

地幔对流拖曳力对中国大陆岩石层变形的影响

采用较为符合实际岩石层变形的非线性幂指数本构关系,基于ANSYS有限元平台, 模拟了近20万年来中国大陆地区地表运动及演化过程,探讨了印度板块挤压作用和地幔对流拖曳力各自对于中国大陆地区地表形变运动格局的影响.模拟结果与观测数据的比较表明：在印度板块的挤压和地幔拖曳力联合作用下,中国及东亚大陆岩石层运动形变模式能够和现代GPS观测有较好的吻合; 印度大陆和欧亚大陆的碰撞以及印度大陆的持续向北推进、挤压所产生的应力环境,一直主导了以青藏高原为核心的我国西部地域岩石圈构造、运动和演化,但其影响随着远离青藏高原地区而逐渐变小;地幔对流产生的作用于岩石层底部的拖曳力是中国大陆（特别是远离碰撞带）岩石层运动构造变形的重要驱动力.然而在构造复杂和东部靠近太平洋板块的区域,模型预测结果和GPS观测还存在一定的差距,这说明在未来的中国大陆岩石层变形运动的数值模拟中,应当采用更为复杂的构造模型和驱动力因素.     

Evolution of the deformation and stress patterns of the East Asia continent under multi-driving force

Introduction Seismological observation and all kinds of ways of geodesy measurement imply that there is significant correlation between crustal movement and seismic activity (MEI, 1993). Therefore, it is very important to get the materials of the continental crust deformation and the patterns of stress field for the studying of the mechanism and prediction of the continental strong earthquake. Data of the continental deformation and patterns of stress field can be mainly obtained by the follo…     

Two-dimensional mantle flow beneath a rigid accreting lithosphere

This study considers two-dimensional mantle flow beneath a rigid lithosphere. The lithosphere which forms the upper boundary of a convecting region moves with a prescribed uniform horizontal velocity, and thickens with distance from the accreting plate boundary as it cools. Beneath the lithosphere, the mantle deforms viscously by diffusion creep and is heated radiogenically from within. Solutions for thermal convection beneath the lithosphere are obtained by finite-difference methods. Two important conclusions have resulted from this study: (1) convective patterns of large aspect ratio are stable beneath a rigid moving lithosphere; (2) even for a lithosphere velocity as small as 3 cm/yr. and a Rayleigh number as large as 10⁶, mantle circulation with large aspect ratio is driven dominantly by the motion of the lithosphere rather than by temperature gradients within the flow. Gravity, topography and heat flow are determined and implications for convection in the upper mantle are discussed.     

The structure of thermal convection and geotherms beneath a continent and ocean

The formation of the thermal cross section of the lithosphere and mantle upon the interaction between the mantle convection and the immobile continent surrounded by the oceanic lithosphere is studied by numerical modeling. The convective temperature and velocity fields and then the averaged geotherms for subcontinental and suboceanic regions up to the boundary with the core are calculated from the solution of convection equations with a jump in viscosity in the continental zone. Using the experimental data on the solidus temperature in the rocks of the upper mantle, the average thickness of the continental and oceanic lithosphere is estimated at 190 and 30 km, respectively. The effect of a hot spot formed in the subcontinental upper mantle at a depth of 250–500 km, which has not been previously noted, is revealed. Although the temperature in this zone is typically assumed to be close to adiabatic, the calculations show that it is actually higher than adiabatic by up to 200°C. The physical mechanism responsible for this effect is associated with the accumulation of convective heat beneath the thermally insulating layer of the continental lithosphere. The revealed anomalies can be important in studying the phase and mineral transformations at the base of the lithosphere and in the regional geodynamical reconstructions.     

基于地幔动力学模拟推断云南地区剪切波各向异性源的深度

地震各向异性与地幔对流导致的变形存在因果关系,因此地幔对流模拟可被用来预测地震各向异性,并推测剪切波各向异性地幔源的深度.本文建立了基于地震速度结构的地幔对流模型来预测云南地区剪切波分裂的快波方向,它同时受地表板块运动和地幔内部的温度扰动所驱动.通过与观测结果进行对比分析,推测在云南地区西北部和东部区域,剪切波各向异性源主要存在于岩石圈中.在西南部和四川盆地及其西缘,地幔流动可能是剪切波各向异性的主要贡献者,各向异性层分别位于210~330 km和170~330 km深度,导致西南部剪切波各向异性的地幔可能处于大幅度的剪切变形状态,而四川盆地及其西缘主要处于中等强度的剪切变形状态.     

Experimental models of extension of continental lithosphere weakened by percolation of asthenospheric melts

Analogue models are used to investigate extension of a continental lithosphere weakened by asthenospheric melts percolating through the upper mantle, a process that has been hypothesised to control the opening of the Ligurian Tethys. Models were performed in a centrifuge apparatus and reproduced, by using materials such as sand and viscous mixtures, extension of 60-km thick, three-layer continental lithosphere floating above the asthenosphere. The percolated lithospheric mantle was assumed to be characterised by a rheological behaviour similar to that of the asthenosphere. Two sets of experiments investigated the influence on deformation of (1) the thickness of the percolated mantle and the associated strength contrast between the normal and weakened lithosphere, and (2) the lateral width of the weakened zone. Model results suggest that mantle percolation by asthenospheric melts is able to promote strong localised thinning of the continental lithosphere, provided that a significant thickness of the lithospheric mantle is weakened by migrating melts within a narrow region. Strain localisation is maximised for percolation of the whole lithospheric mantle and strong strength contrast between the normal and weakened lithosphere. Under these conditions, the thickness of the lithosphere may be reduced to less than 12 km in 3 Ma of extension. Conversely, localised thinning is strongly reduced if the thickness of the percolated zone is ≤1/3 of the thickness of the whole lithospheric mantle and/or the lithosphere is weakened over wide regions. Overall, model results support the working hypothesis that mantle percolation by asthenospheric melts is a controlling factor in the transition from distributed continental deformation to localised oceanic spreading.     

大陆岩石圈、地幔底部异常体与地幔对流相互作用的数值模拟

在地球表层存在着占地表面积约30%的具有低固有密度、高黏度的大陆岩石圈.由于其特殊的物理化学性质,大陆岩石圈通常不直接参与下方的地幔对流,但其与地幔对流格局有着重要的相互影响.大量研究显示,在中太平洋和非洲的下地幔底部,存在着两块占核幔边界（CMB）面积约20%的高密度热化学异常体（由于其剪切波速度较低,常称作低剪切波速度省（LSVPs））.LSVPs的演化既受地幔对流的影响,同时也影响地幔物质运动的格局和动力学过程.本文系统研究了存在大陆岩石圈,下地幔LSVPs的地幔对流模型.模拟结果显示：（1）当大陆体积较小时,其边缘常伴随着俯冲,大陆区域地幔常处于下涌状态,其上地幔温度较低,大陆岩石圈在水平方向处于压应力状态.随着大陆体积的增大,大陆边缘的俯冲逐渐减弱,大陆区域地幔由下涌转为上涌,其上地幔温度较高,大陆岩石圈水平方向处于拉应力状态.（2） 岩石圈与软流圈边界（LAB）在大陆下方较深,温度较低;在海洋区域较浅,温度较高.随着大陆体积的增大,陆洋之间LAB深度、温度的差异逐渐减小.（3）大陆区域地幔底部LSVPs物质的丰度与大陆的体积呈正相关.当大陆体积较小时,大陆下方的LSVPs丰度比海洋区域少.随着大陆体积的增大,大陆下方LSVPs的丰度逐渐增大.（4）海洋地区地表热流高,且随时间波动大,大陆地区地表热流低,随时间波动较小;LSVPs区域的核幔边界热流低.     

New Perspectives on Mantle Dynamics from High-resolution Seismic Tomographic Model P1200

—Recently a high-resolution tomographic model, the P1200, based on P-wave travel times was developed, which allowed for detailed imaging of the top 1200 km of the mantle. This model was used in diverse ways to study mantle viscosity structure and geodynamical processes. In the spatial domain there are lateral variations in the transition zone, suggesting interaction between the lower-mantle plumes and the region from 600 km to 1000 km. Some examples shown here include the continental region underneath Manchuria, Ukraine and South Africa, where horizontal structures lie above or below the 660 km discontinuity. The blockage of upwelling is observed under central Africa and the interaction between the upwelling and the transition zone under the slow Icelandic region appears to be complex. An expansion of the aspherical seismic velocities has been taken out to spherical harmonics of degree 60. For degrees exceeding around 10, the spectra at various depths decay with a power-law like dependence on the degree, with the logarithmic slopes in the asymptotic portion of the spectra containing values between 2 and 2.6. These spectral results may suggest the time-dependent nature of mantle convection. Details of the viscosity structure in the top 1200 km of the mantle have been inferred both from global and regional geoid data and from the high-resolution tomographic model. We have considered only the intermediate degrees (l = 12–25) in the nonlinear inversion with a genetic algorithm approach. Several families of acceptable viscosity profiles are found for both oceanic and global data. The families of solutions for the two data sets have different characteristics. Most of the solutions asociated with the global geoid data show the presence of asthenosphere below the lithosphere. In other families a low viscosity zone between 400 and 600 km depth is found to lie atop a viscosity jump. Other families evidence a viscosity decrease across the 660 km discontinuity. Solutions from oceanic geoid show basically two low viscosity zones one lying right below the lithosphere; the other right under 660-km depth. All of these results bespeak clearly the plausible existence of strong vertical viscosity stratification in the top 1000 km of the mantle. The presence of the second asthenosphere may have important dynamical ramifications on issues pertaining to layered mantle convection. Numerical modelling of mantle convection with two phase transitions and a realistic temperature- and pressure-dependent viscosity demonstrates that a low viscosity region under the endothermic phase transition can indeed be generated self-consistently in time-dependent situations involving a partially layered configuration in an axisymmetric spherical-shell model.