永胜6.O级地震场地与震害的关系

介绍了永胜6.0级地震震区的自然概貌,将影响震害的四种主要场地条件按其影响轻重分类,用震害指数划分了该次地震的震害分布及局部异常区,分析了局部场地特征对震害的影响.结果表明:在影响震害的诸多场地条件中,场地土特性的影响较显著,地形的影响不明显,场地土、覆盖层和地下水的影响有互相制约的现象.     

姚安6.5级地震场地与震害的关系

介绍了姚安6．5级地震震区地质概貌和场地特征。以100多个现场调查点资料为基础，将影响震害的四种主要因素，按其影响轻重分类，用震害指数分析了该次地震的震害分布和局部场地特征对震害的影响。结果表明，震区未形成震害异常区，但有震害异常点存在。在影响震害的诸多场地因素中，以地基土特性的影响最为严重。     

施甸5.9级地震场地与震害的关系

施甸5．9级地震震源浅导致了其震害偏重，而特殊的场地条件则导致许多烈度异常区（点）的产生。概述了施甸县历史地震的情况，介绍了旋甸5．9级地震震区自然根貌和场地特征，以近百年现场调查点资料为基础，将影响震害的四种主要因素，按其对震害影响程度的轻重分类，分析了该次地震的震害分布特征与异常区的场地特征，结果表明，在影响震害的诸多场地因素中，以地基土特性的影响最重。     

芦山7.0级地震宏观场地效应

继汶川地震之后,2013年4月20日四川省庐山县又发生了7.0级强烈地震,其场地条件对震害的影响目前认识较少.通过专项工作,考察了雅安雨城区、芦山县、天全县、宝兴县等地区的结构震害及其场地条件,包括软土场地、老河床、不利地段、潜在滑坡等,分析了不同场地条件与震害的关系.结果表明,此次地震震害与场地条件有较密切关系,震害形式主要表现为软土震陷、河谷地形控制震害分布、不利地段加重震害、潜在滑坡的威胁、地质灾害堵塞交通等,其中软土震陷、河谷地形震害分布、不利地段处理都是值得深入研究的问题.     

珠江三角洲场地震害预测

场地震害是随空间和时间而变化的多因子影响的综合体。本文根据这一观点分析影响珠江三角洲场地震害的环境因子及岩土特征，探讨该区砂土液化、软土震陷、活动断裂、滑坡、崩塌、岩溶和孤立地形等场地震害，指出本区未来场地震害的主要形式是砂土液化和软土震陷，但也不可忽视活动断裂和水下场地震害，以及特殊地形地貌引致的共振、驻波破坏。     

水利水电工程震害分析及抗震措施建议

通过对汶川地震、通海地震、唐山地震和澜沧-耿马地震中水利工程破坏情况的统计分析,本文以统计表的形式直观地反映了水利工程震害的特点及破坏形式.根据水利工程的震害特点,探讨分析了水利工程震害的主要影响因素,结果表明地震烈度、结构设计、施工质量、地基及场地条件是水利工程震害的主要影响因素.基于水利工程震害的特点及主要影响因素...     

复杂场地上结构地震反应的研究

介绍了局部复杂场地上结构震害异常的实例。使用显式有限元法分析了陡坎和山坡止方结构地震反应的特点，计算结果表明，复杂场地上地面运动的差动对结构地震应力的影响是不容忽视的。     

基于地脉动谱比的龙头山集镇局部场地特征分析

地脉动法已被广泛应用于场地特征分析,本文依据鲁甸龙头山集镇老行政机关办公区、老街区及骡马口村区三个震害严重区域的场地特征地脉动,并结合各区内建筑结构特点和局部场地效应分析了龙头山集镇场地特征对震害的影响,结果表明:各测试区具有显著的场地放大效应,且存在方向性差异;参考点谱比法与H/V谱比法虽有一定差异,但两方法的优势频带基本吻合;老行政机关办公区和老街区的建筑多为砖混结构,其震害较重是由其场地显著的放大效应及共振效应共同作用引起的;老街区与骡马口村区的土木与土石结构震害较重主要是由场地放大效应引起的。     

论加强工程场地地震安全性评价工作的法制管理

通过对地震灾害造成直接经济损失和人员伤亡主要原因以及震害与工程场地条件的关系的分析，论述了场地地震安全性评价的社会与经济效益，以及地震安全性评价法制管理的必要性。并就制定法规应具备的基本条件及其它有关问题进行了讨论。     

河北省自然震害特点及其预测

考察了历史地震震害特点,认为自然震害多受自然条件控制,对震害类型起定性作用的是地质地貌条件,地质因素只影响震害的程度。因此,可望在烈度区划的基础上,利用地貌与震害关系的研究成果,对强震的自然震害进行宏观预测。总结了河北省历史上遭遇强震影响所出现的自然震害特点,对全省各地貌单元可能出现的震害进行了宏观预测。在此基础上考虑到工程对场地的要求,将全省区划为四类场地,即无震害或汉有轻微震害的A类场地;场地条件好,但烈度区划高,或者场地条件差,但烈度区划低震害轻的B类场地;可产生各类较重震害的C类场地;以及场地条件差,烈度区划高,可产生严重震害的D类场地。     

SCIENCE CHINA Earth Sciences SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 57(2014)

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A Monte Carlo study of rainfall forecasting with a stochastic model

A procedure for short-term rainfall forecasting in real-time is developed and a study of the role of sampling on forecast ability is conducted. Ground level rainfall fields are forecasted using a stochastic space-time rainfall model in state-space form. Updating of the rainfall field in real-time is accomplished using a distributed parameter Kalman filter to optimally combine measurement information and forecast model estimates. The influence of sampling density on forecast accuracy is evaluated using a series of a simulated rainfall events generated with the same stochastic rainfall model. Sampling was conducted at five different network spatial densities. The results quantify the influence of sampling network density on real-time rainfall field forecasting. Statistical analyses of the rainfall field residuals illustrate improvement in one hour lead time forecasts at higher measurement densities.     

Distribution of throughfall and stemflow in multi‐strata agroforestry,perennial monoculture,fallow and primary forest in central Amazonia,Brazil

The partitioning of rain water into throughfall, stemflow and interception loss when passing through plant canopies depends on properties of the respective plant species, such as leaf area and branch angles. In heterogeneous vegetation, such as tropical forest or polycultural systems, the presence of different plant species may consequently result in a mosaic of situations with respect to quantity and quality of water inputs into the soil. As these processes influence not only the water availability for the plants, but also water infiltration and nutrient leaching, the understanding of plant effects on the repartitioning of rain water may help in the optimization of land use systems and management practices. We measured throughfall and stemflow in a perennial polyculture (multi‐strata agroforestry), monocultures of peach palm (Bactris gasipaes) for fruit and for palmito, a monoculture of cupuaçu (Theobroma grandiflorum), spontaneous fallow and primary forest during one year in central Amazonia, Brazil. The effect on rain water partitioning was measured separately for four useful tree species in the polyculture and for two tree species in the primary forest. Throughfall at two stem distances, and stemflow, differed significantly between tree species, resulting in pronounced spatial patterns of water input into the soil in the polyculture system. For two tree species, peach palm for fruit (Bactris gasipaes) and Brazil nut trees (Bertholletia excelsa), the water input into the soil near the stem was significantly higher than the open‐area rainfall. This could lead to increased nutrient leaching when fertilizer is applied close to the stem of these trees. In the primary forest, such spatial patterns could also be detected, with significantly higher water input near a palm (Oenocarpus bacaba) than near a dicotyledonous tree species (Eschweilera sp.). Interception losses were 6·4% in the polyculture, 13·9 and 12·3% in the peach palm monocultures for fruit and for palmito, respectively, 0·5% in the cupuaçu monoculture and 3·1% in the fallow. With more than 20% of the open‐area rainfall, the highest stemflow contributions to the water input into the soil were measured in the palm monocultures and in the fallow. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Anthropogenic Eutrophication and Red Tide Outbreak in Lacustrine Systems of the Kashmir Himalaya

Red tide, a recurrent phenomenon has become conspicuous in several Kashmir lake ecosystems since 1991. The responsible organism (Euglena pedunculata), a rare flagellate rediscovered in the Kashmir Himalaya (Khan 1993) caused first and unprecedented red tide outbreak, constituting a maximum of 96% of resident numerical phytoplankton density in Dal Lake. At present, conflicting hypotheses exist on the generation of causal assemblage(s) imparting redness to waters: Jeeji Bai (1991) linked its origin to acid precipitation – a fallout of burning oil‐fields during the Gulf War – whilst Khan (1993) holds local factor(s) responsible. Field/experimental studies support the latter contention that the influx of untreated sewage, in unison with warm temperatures, high levels of PhAR, iron and interruption to hydrological flow‐pattern together with absence/or reduction in grazing activity created conducive environmental milieu for red tide outbreak. Dal Lake “red tide” drifted the bloom‐inoculum to other waters, including Lake Wular, where additional ecological niches were carved out, threatening the aesthetic value and biological diversity of Kashmir lakes. Ecological monitoring indicates frequent seasonal red tide occurrence in Dal Lake (including summer‐autumn event of 1998) which testifies its unabated eutrophication status. Further studies are needed on ecological adaptability and biogeographic distribution of this rare and unique red tide‐causing flagellate.