地震异常平静用于短期预报的研究

本文对我国东部十几次中强震前地震活动的中期和短期（短临）平静特征进行了深入的研究。对中期平衡，使用了归一化的Ｎ－ｔ和Ｌ－ｔ图，及地震活动统计量βｎ，由此定量确定中期平静的时间段。对短期平静，使用了归一化的Ｎ－ｔ和Ｌ－ｔ曲线，并结合主震前小震活动集中分布确定短期（短临）平静及未来主震的可能位置，根据研究区域内发生的标志地震震级估计未来主震的震级。本文还总结了中强震前几种不同的地震活动方式，但总的特征     

新疆天山地区中强地震前中小地震活动特征的定量研究

应用地震活动统计量βn定量分析了新疆天山地震带不同分区中小地震活动状态以及中强地震前中小地震活动速率的异常特征,并提取了中强震前βn值的中期预测指标.结果表明,当βn值满足各研究区的异常指标时,北天山和南天山东段1年左右可能发生5～6级地震;巴楚-阿图什和喀什-乌恰地区1年左右可能发生5.5～7.0级的地震.从发震时间来看,乌鲁木齐、乌苏-石河子和喀什-乌恰地区中强地震基本发生在βn值异常结束后;拜城-库车地区和巴楚-阿图什地区部分中强震发生在βn值处于异常状态过程中.各研究区中强震前1年左右中小地震活动具有区域特征:乌鲁木齐地区呈现增强;乌苏-石河子地区和喀什-鸟恰地区既有增强也有平静;巴楚-阿图什地区以平静为主;南天山东段和阿克苏-巴楚地区异常特征不明显.     

利用中期地震活动异常综合预测地震危险区

在分析了首都圈地区（３８．５°～４１°Ｎ，１１３°～１２０°Ｅ）中强以上地震前地震活动特征的基础上，总结出了本区中强以上地震前地震活动的普遍性特征，应用孕震模型对地震活动异常进行综合分析，给出了应用地震活动异常进行地震预报的物理基础。文中还提出了应用中期地震活动异常进行预报的综合判别指标，当其达到给定阈值时，再考虑地质构造、中强以上地震发生的自然概率、大震后的减震作用、中期地震活动异常的分布及其预报效能等因素，给出二维的综合概率分布图，把概率值较高的地区作为未来一、二年中强以上地震的危险区。此外还进行了震级、时间预测方面的研究。     

东南沿海地震带近期地震形势探讨

从地震活跃幕、地震活动相关性和时空强特征演变等多个方面探讨了东南沿海地震带近期的地震形势．认为该带第四个中强地震活跃幕已经在1999年结束,目前正处于第五个平静幕的中期或后期阶段．短时间内发生6级以上地震和5级以上地震丛集活动的可能性较小,未来1-2年内．有发生5级左右地震的危险。     

1999年5月17日万宁近海MS4.8级地震

对１９９９年５月１７日万宁近海Ｍｓ４．８级地震进行了总结。分析认为,这次地震属孤立型,发震断层为ＮＥ向的兴隆－龙滚断裂和琼东南海断裂之间的次一级断裂,具有走滑特征。地震前存在３个月无ＭL≥３．０级地震的异常平静、低b值、应变释放加速、缺震、地震频度地ＣＬ高值以及琼中地磁台Ｚ分量“双低点”等前兆异常现象。地震前有不同程度的中期和短期预报。     

华北地区大范围内中等地震活动平静的统计检验及其预测意义

以相邻２次地震的时间间隔作为统计量,对华北地区的地震活动异常平静进行了统计检验。统计结果表明,中小地震的时间间隔服从幂指数分布,对华北地区而言中强地震之前大范围内中小地震活动的异常平静现象是明显的,以９０％的置信概率主为,ＭＬ≥４．５地震持续１１０天以上的平静可判定为异常;约有７０％的平静出现之后,华北地区有ＭＳ≥５．０地震发生。     

1996年11月9日长江口以东海域6.1级地震中短期震兆特征

将长江口以东海域６．１级地震前的震兆演变过程分为１９９３年初开始的中期、１９９５年９月开始的１年尺度中短期和１９９６年年中开始的短期３个阶段,总结了各阶段震兆总体特征,即中期阶段危险区异常总项数迅速从最少６项增加到最多１７项,并且多项空间扫描显示异常主要在危险区南部发展,同时南部ＭＬ≥３．０活动增加;１年尺度中短期以异常总项数开始减少和南部ＭＬ≥３．０平静为其特征;短期阶段特点是危险区尤其在南部异     

大震前地震活动平静异常的模糊识别与分析

本文利用模糊模式识别的直接方法分析识别了大震前可能出现的中期和短期地震活动平静异常。建立了地震活动平静异常的从属函数 μ=(1 ak/T)_(-1),根据从属函数曲线μ(t),利用模糊模式识别中的阈值原则及最大隶属原则,可以识别出大震前的地震活动平静异常,并分析其时间特性。 若把时间单元取成年(或月),就可以识别出大震前数年(或月)内出现的中期(或短期)地震活动平静异常。 本文探讨了我国华北、西南和西北地区大震前出现的中期地震活动平静异常及华北地区较大地震前出现的短期地震活动平静异常。     

宁夏南部及邻区ML≥3.0地震平静与中强以上地震的关系

通过对宁夏南部及邻区1965年以来ML≥3．0地震平静现象与中强地震的关系的分析和讨论，得到了宁夏南部4．9级以上地震发生前ML≥3．0地震的活动规律和4．9级以上地震的发生模式：平静1年→ML≥3．0地震活跃→平静4-6个月→发生地震，为今后宁夏南部的地震中短期预测提供了参考。     

我国最近4次7级以上地震前1年的平静特征

我国最近4次7级以上地震前的地震活动图象表明,7级地震前1年,地震所在地区出现在中强地震活动水平较高背景下的大范围5级以上地震的平静特征。它可能是岩石在应力作用下的变形特性改变的表现。这一特征对我国大陆7级地震的中期预报与7级地震的发生地区的判定具有很现实意义。     

SCIENCE CHINA Earth Sciences SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 57(2014)

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Distribution of throughfall and stemflow in multi‐strata agroforestry,perennial monoculture,fallow and primary forest in central Amazonia,Brazil

The partitioning of rain water into throughfall, stemflow and interception loss when passing through plant canopies depends on properties of the respective plant species, such as leaf area and branch angles. In heterogeneous vegetation, such as tropical forest or polycultural systems, the presence of different plant species may consequently result in a mosaic of situations with respect to quantity and quality of water inputs into the soil. As these processes influence not only the water availability for the plants, but also water infiltration and nutrient leaching, the understanding of plant effects on the repartitioning of rain water may help in the optimization of land use systems and management practices. We measured throughfall and stemflow in a perennial polyculture (multi‐strata agroforestry), monocultures of peach palm (Bactris gasipaes) for fruit and for palmito, a monoculture of cupuaçu (Theobroma grandiflorum), spontaneous fallow and primary forest during one year in central Amazonia, Brazil. The effect on rain water partitioning was measured separately for four useful tree species in the polyculture and for two tree species in the primary forest. Throughfall at two stem distances, and stemflow, differed significantly between tree species, resulting in pronounced spatial patterns of water input into the soil in the polyculture system. For two tree species, peach palm for fruit (Bactris gasipaes) and Brazil nut trees (Bertholletia excelsa), the water input into the soil near the stem was significantly higher than the open‐area rainfall. This could lead to increased nutrient leaching when fertilizer is applied close to the stem of these trees. In the primary forest, such spatial patterns could also be detected, with significantly higher water input near a palm (Oenocarpus bacaba) than near a dicotyledonous tree species (Eschweilera sp.). Interception losses were 6·4% in the polyculture, 13·9 and 12·3% in the peach palm monocultures for fruit and for palmito, respectively, 0·5% in the cupuaçu monoculture and 3·1% in the fallow. With more than 20% of the open‐area rainfall, the highest stemflow contributions to the water input into the soil were measured in the palm monocultures and in the fallow. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A Monte Carlo study of rainfall forecasting with a stochastic model

A procedure for short-term rainfall forecasting in real-time is developed and a study of the role of sampling on forecast ability is conducted. Ground level rainfall fields are forecasted using a stochastic space-time rainfall model in state-space form. Updating of the rainfall field in real-time is accomplished using a distributed parameter Kalman filter to optimally combine measurement information and forecast model estimates. The influence of sampling density on forecast accuracy is evaluated using a series of a simulated rainfall events generated with the same stochastic rainfall model. Sampling was conducted at five different network spatial densities. The results quantify the influence of sampling network density on real-time rainfall field forecasting. Statistical analyses of the rainfall field residuals illustrate improvement in one hour lead time forecasts at higher measurement densities.     

Anthropogenic Eutrophication and Red Tide Outbreak in Lacustrine Systems of the Kashmir Himalaya

Red tide, a recurrent phenomenon has become conspicuous in several Kashmir lake ecosystems since 1991. The responsible organism (Euglena pedunculata), a rare flagellate rediscovered in the Kashmir Himalaya (Khan 1993) caused first and unprecedented red tide outbreak, constituting a maximum of 96% of resident numerical phytoplankton density in Dal Lake. At present, conflicting hypotheses exist on the generation of causal assemblage(s) imparting redness to waters: Jeeji Bai (1991) linked its origin to acid precipitation – a fallout of burning oil‐fields during the Gulf War – whilst Khan (1993) holds local factor(s) responsible. Field/experimental studies support the latter contention that the influx of untreated sewage, in unison with warm temperatures, high levels of PhAR, iron and interruption to hydrological flow‐pattern together with absence/or reduction in grazing activity created conducive environmental milieu for red tide outbreak. Dal Lake “red tide” drifted the bloom‐inoculum to other waters, including Lake Wular, where additional ecological niches were carved out, threatening the aesthetic value and biological diversity of Kashmir lakes. Ecological monitoring indicates frequent seasonal red tide occurrence in Dal Lake (including summer‐autumn event of 1998) which testifies its unabated eutrophication status. Further studies are needed on ecological adaptability and biogeographic distribution of this rare and unique red tide‐causing flagellate.