地震雷达

利用绿色、环保的人工震源，主动向地下发射地震波，构建地震雷达，实现大范围的地下探测，是地球科学的一个前沿课题.最早，探测地球内部利用的是天然地震产生的地震波，这是因为天然地震释放的能量大，一次天然地震释放的能量相当于万吨级炸药.几千公里远处仍可以接收到信噪比大于1的地震波信号，但天然地震发生频度低和震源位置定位精度低限制了利用天然地震进行地下探测的精度；后来，利用人工源的地震勘探得到迅速的发展，探测精度明显提高，但受到人工源能量的限制，探测的空间尺度有限；今天，以小当量激发实现大尺度探测是发展地震雷达的一个关键问题，是将地震波理论和现代信息科学相结合的一个新的领域.发展人工震源的编码和接收信号的解码等理论和技术，可以从电磁波雷达在过去半个世纪所经过的道路得到许多借鉴和启发.可以预期，地震雷达的发展将会对观测地震学带来全面的影响.     

人工源深部地震探测与壳幔结构及对异常体的分辨

利用地震波场研究地球内部壳、幔结构的方法主要包括天然地震波场中的远地震观测法、近地震观测法和人工源地震深部探测法.其中,由于人工源地震探测的震源位于浅表层介质中,且其震源位置、爆炸时间、接收条件等均为精确已知,因此其所得结果的精度最高、且最为准确.人工源深部地震探测分为深部地震宽角反射和折射剖面探测及深部近垂直反射波法探测.前者可求得壳、幔介质的分层结构和速度分布,后者可较详细了解地壳构造形态的细节.两种方法具有不同的特点、但却相辅相成.当今,将深地震宽角反射/折射和深反射法联合观测以取得较详细的速度结构和构造展布特征将必成地球内部研究的必然轨迹.     

聚力创新,提高地震深部探测的分辨和精度

正搞清楚地震发生机理,详尽了解地壳上地幔,特别是发震位置的介质结构以及应力状态是实现地震预报的关键。地震深部探测是了解地壳上地幔介质结构和性状最有效可靠的方法。但我们对地球内部的探测精度远远不能满足地震预报和地震科学研究的需要,主要原因是:(1)人工源能量小,难以达到震源深度。天然地震发生随机,波源的可控性差。地球内部介质对地震波的吸收、几何扩散、能量转换等原因,使到达目的层的地震波信号弱;(2)地震波属于低频,波     

重复地震及其在人工探测中的潜在应用

本文研究了地球物理学家在重复地震（Doublet）研究方面取得的主要进展。针对天然重复地震数量少，区域分布有限，观测被动等问题，本文通过野外实验研究了人工震源信号的可重复性。由于人工震源位置已知，可随时主动激发，提出以此构建精确的人工重复地震，对于提高重复地震方法的可靠性与可行性具有重要意义，为进一步利用人工重复地震进行大尺度的地震探测奠定了基础。     

编码震源提高地震探测能力的野外实验研究

地球深部结构研究是地震预报和地球动力学研究的基础，传统人工地震受到探测深度、分辨率或震源能量的环保限制，探索利用小能量震源进行深部高分辨率探测技术具有重要意义.本文借鉴雷达探测中的编码原理，开展了震源编码探测实验，利用人工震源向地下发送具有独特特征的随机编码序列脉冲，作为一次等效激发，利用准确记录的编码震源的源函数与地震连续观测的互相关进行“解码”分析，获取地下信息，形成编码地震探测技术.实验表明编码地震能够大幅度提高地震探测能力，利用小能量震源获得远距离的探测和高分辨率，是一种具有重要发展前景的人工探测技术.     

“明灯1号”人工爆破地震地磁效应场地试验

中国地震局地球物理研究所于2007年12月12日在河北省怀来县实施了"明灯1号"大当量人工爆破,目的是以人工震源开展地球深部结构探测及地球物理学相关研究.这无疑是开展地震地磁效应场地试验的机会.在人工震源周围数十千米范围内开展了地磁三分量重复测量和地磁总强度连续测量.初步分析结果显示了有意义的信息.测量过程和数据处理结果也验证了流动地震地磁观测具有可靠的精度.     

中国地球物理学会2005年第21届年会地球层析内容简述

[本刊讯]在这届地球物理年会上,涉及地球层析的理论和二维与三维地球物理场成像技术的文章约有60篇,其中,中国地震局陈顒院士和中国科学院朱日祥院士在《发展“地震雷达”的设想》一文中提出的地震雷达的概念,包括地震波的产生,接收和信息处理三个主要部分,它的理论、方法和技术在认识地球内部、资源勘探、减轻地质灾害和发展城市地球物理学等多方面都有巨大的应用意义。地震雷达偏重于由可控震源来产生地震波,重视人工激发波源的使用。天然地震成像和人工地震勘探是地震雷达的雏形,天然地震能量大,可以探测到地幔和地核的整个地球范围,但由…     

探索精密可控震源实现地震预报之路

正我国大陆破坏性地震多发生在深度为5—25 km的地壳层,对于地壳层物理参数的动态监测是实现地震预报的一个行之有效的方法。通过建立观测量与地震层介质参数的关系,实现对地震层物理参数的动态监测是地震预报的一种根本办法。近代地震学很早就提出,通过监测由地壳内部应力积累引起的地震波速变化来预报地震。天然地震和人工震源是人类探测地下结构的主要手段。人工震源克服了天然地震的时空分布不均匀、重复性差、震源位置不确定、信号源弱等缺陷,已成为"照亮"地下介质并且是地     

应用地震干涉法定位四川九寨沟7.0级地震震源位置

利用地震干涉法对2017年8月8日九寨沟M7.0主震及部分余震进行定位.地震干涉法在可控源地震勘探领域有着广泛应用,但由于震源机制和震源辐射花样的复杂性,在天然地震研究中,地震干涉震源成像应用较少.本研究将地震干涉震源成像技术应用到了天然地震定位中,通过计算原始地震波形记录的特征函数,消除了由于震源辐射花样不同而引起的初动方向不一致性.通过对干涉波形进行偏移叠加,选择互相关型和卷积型两种偏移核函数,分别对震源水平位置和深度进行偏移成像,确定了九寨沟M7.0主震及11次M > 3.5余震的震源位置参数.结果显示,这次地震发生在一个之前未被关注的无名断裂（现已命名为树正断裂）上,研究分析推测,树正断裂与虎牙断裂存在连接的可能性.     

广东地区地壳结构的初步探讨

广东地区的地震,就目前本省台网多年测定的结果表明,震源深度都是分布在0～20公里这个范围,这说明地震的孕育和发生都是在地壳中进行的。随着地震研究工作的深入开展,为了解地震震源在地壳内部的形成过程,这就要求对地壳的内部结构进行探测。目前,探测地壳结构的方法,主要的仍是地震波法(包括人工地震和天然地震)和     

SCIENCE CHINA Earth Sciences SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 57(2014)

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Distribution of throughfall and stemflow in multi‐strata agroforestry,perennial monoculture,fallow and primary forest in central Amazonia,Brazil

The partitioning of rain water into throughfall, stemflow and interception loss when passing through plant canopies depends on properties of the respective plant species, such as leaf area and branch angles. In heterogeneous vegetation, such as tropical forest or polycultural systems, the presence of different plant species may consequently result in a mosaic of situations with respect to quantity and quality of water inputs into the soil. As these processes influence not only the water availability for the plants, but also water infiltration and nutrient leaching, the understanding of plant effects on the repartitioning of rain water may help in the optimization of land use systems and management practices. We measured throughfall and stemflow in a perennial polyculture (multi‐strata agroforestry), monocultures of peach palm (Bactris gasipaes) for fruit and for palmito, a monoculture of cupuaçu (Theobroma grandiflorum), spontaneous fallow and primary forest during one year in central Amazonia, Brazil. The effect on rain water partitioning was measured separately for four useful tree species in the polyculture and for two tree species in the primary forest. Throughfall at two stem distances, and stemflow, differed significantly between tree species, resulting in pronounced spatial patterns of water input into the soil in the polyculture system. For two tree species, peach palm for fruit (Bactris gasipaes) and Brazil nut trees (Bertholletia excelsa), the water input into the soil near the stem was significantly higher than the open‐area rainfall. This could lead to increased nutrient leaching when fertilizer is applied close to the stem of these trees. In the primary forest, such spatial patterns could also be detected, with significantly higher water input near a palm (Oenocarpus bacaba) than near a dicotyledonous tree species (Eschweilera sp.). Interception losses were 6·4% in the polyculture, 13·9 and 12·3% in the peach palm monocultures for fruit and for palmito, respectively, 0·5% in the cupuaçu monoculture and 3·1% in the fallow. With more than 20% of the open‐area rainfall, the highest stemflow contributions to the water input into the soil were measured in the palm monocultures and in the fallow. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A Monte Carlo study of rainfall forecasting with a stochastic model

A procedure for short-term rainfall forecasting in real-time is developed and a study of the role of sampling on forecast ability is conducted. Ground level rainfall fields are forecasted using a stochastic space-time rainfall model in state-space form. Updating of the rainfall field in real-time is accomplished using a distributed parameter Kalman filter to optimally combine measurement information and forecast model estimates. The influence of sampling density on forecast accuracy is evaluated using a series of a simulated rainfall events generated with the same stochastic rainfall model. Sampling was conducted at five different network spatial densities. The results quantify the influence of sampling network density on real-time rainfall field forecasting. Statistical analyses of the rainfall field residuals illustrate improvement in one hour lead time forecasts at higher measurement densities.     

Anthropogenic Eutrophication and Red Tide Outbreak in Lacustrine Systems of the Kashmir Himalaya

Red tide, a recurrent phenomenon has become conspicuous in several Kashmir lake ecosystems since 1991. The responsible organism (Euglena pedunculata), a rare flagellate rediscovered in the Kashmir Himalaya (Khan 1993) caused first and unprecedented red tide outbreak, constituting a maximum of 96% of resident numerical phytoplankton density in Dal Lake. At present, conflicting hypotheses exist on the generation of causal assemblage(s) imparting redness to waters: Jeeji Bai (1991) linked its origin to acid precipitation – a fallout of burning oil‐fields during the Gulf War – whilst Khan (1993) holds local factor(s) responsible. Field/experimental studies support the latter contention that the influx of untreated sewage, in unison with warm temperatures, high levels of PhAR, iron and interruption to hydrological flow‐pattern together with absence/or reduction in grazing activity created conducive environmental milieu for red tide outbreak. Dal Lake “red tide” drifted the bloom‐inoculum to other waters, including Lake Wular, where additional ecological niches were carved out, threatening the aesthetic value and biological diversity of Kashmir lakes. Ecological monitoring indicates frequent seasonal red tide occurrence in Dal Lake (including summer‐autumn event of 1998) which testifies its unabated eutrophication status. Further studies are needed on ecological adaptability and biogeographic distribution of this rare and unique red tide‐causing flagellate.