Sediment settling in the Latian Dam in Iran

Among the difficulties that influence future dam operations,reservoir sedimentation is the most problematic for engineers.This study predicted the amount and pattern of sedimentation for use in estimation of the useful lifespan of reservoirs and identification of optimal locations for outlets and intakes at the initial stages of dam design.Hydrographic surveys of different dams can provide better insight into this phenomenon.Latian Dam in Iran has conducted hydrographic surveys during 7 time periods.The amount and process of sedimentation in this reservoir were determined,and predictions of distribution of sediments were validated by well-known,common methods.The formation of a delta in the reservoir was investigated for different time periods after operation.Future problems due to the impacts of sedimentation on dam operation and the useful lifespan of the reservoir were predicted.In addition,the study results may be used for developing empirical methods to predict sedimentation patterns in other reservoirs.     

THE ADVERSE IMPACT OF HUMAN ACTIVITIES ON FLOOD CONTROL IN THE HUAIHE BASIN

LIN~DUCnONTheHuaiheBasinislOCatedbetWeen31"-36"llorthemlahtudeand112"-121"easternlongitude,andcoversatotalareaofabout269,000sq.kin,OfwhichthemountainousandhillyareasocCUPyl/3,theplainsandlow-iringland2/3.ThebasinelicitSsalientphysicalgeographicalfeatllTesasfollowsf(l)Thereisnoobviousmountaindividebe~ntheWatershedoftheriVerandtheYellowforerBasinaswellastheYangtZeRadBasin.MostofthetributariesinthenoalbudoftheHuaiheforertakethesouthdikesOftheYellowherasthedivide.(2)TheriVerbedofthetr…     

高密度电阻率法在珠海某防波堤工程中的应用

高密度电阻率方法在工程勘察中起着越来越重要的作用。本文简明论述了高密度电阻率法的原理、特点。利用本所新购买的由日本生产的ＭＣＯＨＭ－２１型高密度地电仪，对珠海某防波堤进行了高密度电阻率方法测量，并对测量横剖面利用仪器本身配备的偏移软件进行处理，得到的彩色或灰阶断面图非常直观地反映出防波堤断面的形态分布。对纵测线进行分段测量，采用脱机处理数据，给出整个纵测断面等值线图，反应了防波堤长轴方向上抛石的质     

APPLICATION OF GEOPHYSICAL METHODS FOR STUDYING THE TECHNICAL STATUS OF EARTH DAMS*

Earth dams are constructed on a wide scale for hydrotechnical and reclamative purposes. However, the great water permeability of soils and their bad gradation are frequently responsible for the development of mechanical suffusion and other phenomena resulting in dam destruction. Geophysical observations allow under certain conditions to forecast the development of adverse factors. They thus are, as practice shows, an important tool to observe the technical status of dams. The difference in propagation velocities of elastic waves in the zone of aeration and full saturation determines the applicability of the reflected wave method for determining the depth of seepage flow in the dam supporting mass. This can be also achieved by electrical sounding and induced polarization methods since the resistivity and polarizability of air-dry and water-saturated grounds differ considerably. Maps of equal potentials measured on the dam slope reflect the configuration of the contours of water table of the water flow passing through the dam. This makes it possible to obtain data on the direction and intensity of flow as well as on the presence of heterogeneous grounds filling the dam supporting mass. Besides, regime observations conducted according to the SP method allow to forecast the development of suffusion and observe the redeposition of grounds. If the SP anomalies do not increase with time, the suffusion processes can be regarded as fading out. Enhanced amplitude and increasing areas of anomalies show the intensification of these processes. Combined application of some of the above mentioned methods allowed to obtain many practical results on a number of dams in Transcaucasia and Central Asia. The true position of the depression surface determined in the dam of one of the high-mountain water reservoirs, for instance, considerably differed from the designed one. The configuration of the seepage flow surface and its fluctuation caused by the rise and drop of the water level in the reservoir have been studied in detail on another dam situated on a plain. The sites of the most intensive outwash of fine material have also been located and the processes of soil redeposition in the dam supporting mass characterized. The data of the geophysical investigations were used to plan hydroinsulation and repair work.     

Characteristics of sedimentation and channel adjustment linked to the Three Gorges Reservoir

Construction of large dams is attractive because of their great benefits in flood control,hydropower generation,water resources utilization,navigation improvement,etc.However,dam construction may bring some negative impacts on sediment transport and channel dynamics adjustments.Due to the effects of recent water and soil conservation projects,sediment retention in the newly constructed large upstream reservoirs,and other factors,the sedimentation in the Three Gorges Reservoir(TGR)is quite different from the amount previously predicted in the demonstration stage.Consequently,based on the measured data,characteristics of sedimentation and the related channel deformation in the TGR were analyzed.The results imply that sediment transport tended to be reduced after the Three Gorges Project(TGP).Sedimentation slowed dramatically after 2013 and indicated obvious seasonal characteristics.Due to the rising water level in the TGR in the flood season,the yearly sediment export ratio(Eratio)was prone to decrease.The water level near the dam site should be reasonably regulated according to the flow discharge to improve the sediment delivery capacity and reduce sedimentation in the TGR,and to try to avoid situations where the flood retention time is close to 444 h.The depositional belt was discontinuous in the TGR and was mainly distributed in the broad reaches,and only slight erosion or deposition occurred in the gorge reaches.Sedimentation in the broad and gorge reaches accounted for 93.8% and 6.2% of the total sedimentation,respectively.The estuarine reach located in the fluctuating backwater area experienced alternate erosion-deposition,with a slight accumulative deposition in the curved reach.Sedimentation mainly occurred in the perennial backwater area.The insight gained in this study can be conducive to directly understanding of large reservoir sedimentation and mechanism of channel adjustment in the reservoir region in the main channel of large river.     

CHARACTERISTICS OF FOCAL MECHANISMS IN THE DOWNSTREAM RESERVOIR AREAS OF JINSHA RIVER

We select the Xiluodu-Wudongde reservoir area in the downstream of Jinsha River as the research area, and use the CAP and GPAT method to obtain focal mechanisms of M_L ≥ 2.0 earthquakes from 2016 to 2017 in this region. Then, we analyze the spatial distribution characteristics of focal mechanism solutions in each local region and investigate the relationship between seismicity and regional structures. According to 414 focal mechanism solutions we get following conclusions:1)The Xiluodu dam began to impound water on May 4, 2013, and seismicity increased significantly after impoundment. We get 49 focal mechanisms in the Xiluodu dam and its adjacent area which are dominated by thrust faulting and next by strike-slip faulting, which are mainly distributed near the middle section of the Ebian-Jinyang fault zone. The distribution of nodal planes striking in NNW to NE direction is consistent with that of regional faults, and some large earthquakes are controlled by regional structures. 2)There are 39 and 24 focal mechanisms obtained in the unimpounded Baihetan and Wudongde dams and adjacent areas, and the spatial distribution of focal mechanism solutions are relatively consistent, dominated by strike-slip faulting with a small amount of thrust and normal faulting. The sinistral strike-slip earthquakes are consistent with the activity of Xiaojiang fault zone and Puduhe-Xishan Fault. The strikes of the nodal planes are distributed discretely, and many groups of faults intersect with each other in the area, suggesting that the seismogenic environment is relatively complex. 3)The seismicity in Ludian continues to be active after the Ludian M6.5 earthquake. By the end of 2017, we got 260 focal mechanism solutions in the aftershock area of the Ludian M_S6.5 earthquake of Aug 3rd, 2014, which show an "L-shape" in distribution and are dominated by thrust and strike-slip faulting. The long axis is distributed in EW direction, and the short axis is distributed in near NNW direction. The strikes of nodal planes are mainly near EW and near NE, and the nodal planes in the NW direction are less. According to characteristics of a large number of focal mechanism solutions, we deduce that there may exist a buried structure in the EW direction, the seismicity is controlled by different types of faults and the seismogenic structure is very complex. 4)The centroid depth in each region is concentrated in the range of 5~15km, indicating that the seismogenic layer in the study area is 5~15km deep in the middle and upper crust.     

THE OPERATION MODE OF "STORING THE CLEAR WATER AND DISCHARGING THE MUDDY FLOW" FOR RESERVOIRS BUILT ON HEAVILY SILT-LADEN RIVERS--A CASE STUDY OF THE SANMENXIA RESERVOIR

Observation of the operation of the Sanmenxia Reservoir on the Yellow River has led to the conclusion that to preserve a certain effective storage volume for reservoirs built on heavily silt-laden rivers is feasible if the reservoir is operated according to the principle known as "storing the clear water and discharging the muddy flow". The relative stability of the bed elevation at the end of the backwater and the reservoir's erosion and deposition equilibrium depend on the compatibility of the pool level maintained in non-flood seasons with the conditions of flow and sediment load during flood seasons. Operating the reservoir to regulate the flood and sediment load during flood seasons can reduce the rate of aggradation in the Lower Yellow River. The basic condition for applying the operation mode of "storing the clear water and discharging the muddy flow" is that a sufficient amount of water should be used for discharging sediment during flood seasons. Under the condition of extremely low flow years, reservoir sedimentation cannot be avoided even if this operation mode is adopted.     

MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF SLUDGE SEDIMENTATION

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Managing reservoir sedimentation by venting turbidity currents:A review

Reservoir sedimentation is an issue that dam operators are increasingly facing as dams are aging. Not only does it reduce a reservoir's capacity but it also affects its outlet structures such as bottom outlets and powerhouse intakes. Sedimentation may also impoverish downstream ecosystems. For these reasons, several strategies for sediment management are being investigated and applied worldwide. Among these methods, venting of turbidity currents reaching the dam can be very beneficial and economical. This measure helps in preserving a certain continuity of sediment transport in rivers obstructed by dams. However, several practical but also theoretical challenges hamper this technique, rendering its use less common and its aspects rela-tively unknown. The present paper aims to gather the actual state-of-the-art concerning turbidity currents venting and to present an outlook for future development and research in this field.     

THE 1998 FLOOD OF THE YANGTZE RIVER

1INTRODUCTIONDuringthefloodseasonof1998,anothercatastrophicfloodoccurredinthemiddleandlowerYangtzeRiverfollowingthecatastrophicfloodin1954.Ascomparedwiththe54flood,the1998floodwascharacterizedbythefactsthatthedurationofthehighwaterstagewasmuchlonger,thefloodcontrolwasmuchmoredifficult,andthetotalmanpowerandmaterialresourcesexpelldedintilefloodfightingweremuchmoreenormous.TOsummarizetheexperienceandlessonsfromthefloodissignificanttotilehydraulicengineeringandfloodcontroloftheYangtzeRiver.…     

动态地幔柱尾管结构

动态地幔柱模式被广泛用于讨论地球科学中的一些重要课题,如巨大火成区的成因,冈瓦纳古陆解体的原因,板块内中小尺度动力过程的驱动因素等．但是这个基于实验研究而建立的模式中,忽略了地幔柱尾管特征及其作用．地幔柱尾管内温度和速度分布是研究地幔柱上升过程的必要条件．本文从控制尾管结构的基本方程出发,给出了一个定常轴对称地幔柱温度和速度分布的近似分析解．从而得到尾管结构的基本特征：影响尾管内温度分布的主导因素是地幔柱的热流通量,而尾管内上涌速度的大小则不仅取决于热流通量,主要是取决于地幔粘度随深度的变化方式．结果表明,对弱地幔柱,尾管的热损失可能是不可忽略的,而对强地幔柱,径向质量传递可能是不可忽略的.     

马鞍石热电厂灰坝稳定性分析与地质灾害防治

为了对马鞍石热电厂灰坝工程做出安全性评价,对坝体在无渗水作用下可能发生的地质灾害进行了分析。选取坝体可能破坏的面进行理论计算,发现其安全系数值大于规范给定的数值,大坝是稳定的。经现场勘察及相应分析,该坝汇水面积较大,若不加整治,由强降雨引起的汇流雨水对坝体稳定造成一定的威胁,因此,提出了相应措施对大坝进行整治。     

地球形成理论研究进展

本文概述了太阳系角动量分布，地球的物质来源，地球的形成方式，地核和地幔的形成几个总理研究的进展。     

CLASSIFICATION AND TYPES OF PREFERENTIAL FLOW FOR A DARK CONIFEROUS FOREST ECOSYSTEM IN THE UPPER REACH AREA OF THE YANGTZE RIVER

Preferential flow is the ordinary phenomenon of rapid and non-equilibrium transport of water and solutes occurring in most soil. It causes latent pollution of ground and surface waters and affects runoff yield and flow concentration. This paper studies preferential flow for a dark coniferous ecosystem in the upper reach area of the Yangtze River, establishes a classification for the preferential flow and discusses types of preferential flow with a soil column experiment using a homemade apparatus and dye-tracer analysis. The preferential flow is mainly unsaturated gravitational flow in the upper layer of the slope deposit for mature forest soil, which is dominated by a wetness front, and the flow gradually transforms to macroporous flow as the soil layer deepens. The observed preferential flow in the young, middle-aged and over-mature forests that have grown on glacial lateral moraines is macroporous flow. The purpose of this research is to analyze systemically the behavior of soil water movement for a dark coniferous forest ecosystem in the upper reach area of the Yangtze River and to provide a theoretical basis for effective watershed management.     

论新疆深大断裂特征与地震的关系(3)

北天山山前地带是构造运动十分强烈的地区,褶皱断裂等构造现象十分发育,这里曾发生过多次中强破坏性地震。由于受区域构造长期作用的影响,在北天山山前地区逐步发育形成了多排褶皱背斜及活动断裂,且运动方式具有独特性。该区域作为推覆逆冲的典型地区,其研究成果具有代表性和普遍性。     

哀牢山变质带元江──墨江剖面岩石的纵波波速特征及其地质意义

依据研究区的地热梯度（25℃／km）,在高温高压（最高温度为1050℃,最高压力为1.2GPa）条件下系统测量了横穿红河-哀牢山断裂带的元江-墨江地质剖面上的哀牢山岩群各类变质岩（千枚岩、片岩、浅粒岩、变粒岩、大理岩和片麻岩）的纵波速度．实验结果表明,不同岩类的纵波速度随温度压力变化的趋势不同．在相当于衷牢山岩群变质岩峰期变质温度和压力条件下（P=0．4-0.8GPa,T=35-700℃）,测得大部分岩石的纵波速度为5．50－5．80km／s,这一纵波速度值与区域地球物理测深揭示的中地壳低速层的纵波速度相当因此,结合该区变质岩、地壳内热状态及地球物理测深研究成果可初步认为：组成哀牢山岩群的浅粒岩、变粒岩、酸性片麻岩以及部分千枚岩、片岩为该地区中地壳低速层的主要岩石类型．     

CHARACTERIZATION AND CAUSATION OF RUNOFF AND SEDIMENT VARIATION IN THE JIALINGJIANG RIVER BASIN

The Jialingjiang River basin is one of the main sediment contributing areas in the upper reaches of the Changjiang River. Great changes have taken place in the runoff and sediment discharge in recent years. Comparing the data of 1991-2003 with the data of 1954-1990, the annual runoff of the Jialingjiang River basin decreased by 23 %, and the suspended sediment transport decreased by 74% or 105 million tons. The main factors affecting the reduction include a decrease in rainfall, sediment detention of hydraulic structures, soil and water conservation activities, sedimentation and sand dredging in the river channel. Thorough investigation and analysis of the contribution of each factor to the sediment decrease at Beibei Station was determined for the first time. The following are the contributing percentages for each factor: a decrease in runoff accounted for 32.9%; soil and water conservation measures accounted for 16.4%; sediment detention of hydraulic structures accounted for 30.5%; sedimentation, river channel sand dredging, and other factors accounted for 20.2%. These findings are very important for forecasting the trend of inflow sediment discharge variation.     

广东省汤溪水库大坝抗震稳定性分析

汤溪水库始建于1959年,当时未对地震设防。为响应“国际减灾十年”号召,有关部门要求对该水库大坝的抗震能力进行复核。 在研究区的地震地质、地震活动性以及深部地球物理场等资料的基础上,划分出四个潜在震源区,并用概率地震危险性分析方法,给出复核大坝抗震能力的两个等级的地震动:取地震复发周期475年(相当于地震基本烈度)的峰加速度142.2cm/s~2,复发周期2474年(相当于“罕遇烈度”)的峰加速度229.6cm/s~2。 在上述地震动下,利用三种方法对大坝抗震能力进行复核:1.水工建筑物抗震设计规范SDJ10—78的拟静力法;2.有限元整体永久变形分析法;3.有限滑动永久变形分析法。根据上述三种方法的复核结果,主坝可以抗御地震基本烈度的作用;在罕遇烈度下,几种方法的结果稍有不同;拟静力法的最小安全系数K=1.08,稍小规范规定的1.1;整体永久变形算出的最大水平永久变形10.8cm,估计坝顶和坝坡会出现规模不大条数不多的纵、横向裂缝,因此是可以接受的,有限滑动分析的几种类似的方法给出的结果差别较大,尤其是Romo法,得出水平和垂直最大永久变形分别为66cm和21cm。综合来看,在罕遇烈度下,主坝的抗震能力处于临界状态。副坝抗震能力高,在罕遇烈度下也是令人放心的。     

Rossby波的螺旋斑图

应用描写大气大尺度运动的准地转方程组，求得了大气Rossby波的三维定常流场以及相应的位温场、涡度场和散度场，其中的三维流场构成了物理空间的一个非线性自治动力系统. 研究表明，Rossby波具有     

肃北野马河北侧断裂地貌特征及其晚第四纪活动性

阿尔金活动断裂带东段的滑动速率由西向东逐渐减小,而肃北是阿尔金断裂东段滑动速率的"突变点"之一。在肃北以东分布多条分支断裂,野马河北侧断裂便是其中的一条。野马河北侧断裂长约30km,总体走向NEE,该断裂沿野马河盆地北侧山前洪积扇延伸,沿断裂具有大量的左旋走滑和逆冲等地貌现象,多处冲沟出露有断层剖面。野外调查结果表明该断裂是一条左旋走滑兼逆冲断裂,错断了晚更新世时期形成的洪积扇或冲沟阶地。通过实测得到地貌面左旋、垂直错动数据,并采集样品测试相关地貌面的年龄,估算该断裂晚更新世以来的平均水平滑动速率为(1.27±0.18)mm/a,平均逆冲速率为(0.4±0.07)mm/a,该断裂分解了阿尔金断裂东段的部分运动量