中国新疆南部地区表土孢粉与现代植被

应用现代孢粉与其植被相关性的研究可以提高利用化石孢粉资料进行古环境重建的精度.本研究在对新疆天山以南和昆仑山以北(34°00′～43°00′N, 74°00′～94°00′E,海拔888～4530m)广大地区进行植被样方调查的基础上,共采集188个表土样品进行孢粉分析,从而对新疆南部地区表土孢粉与植被间关系进行研究,结果表明:沿海拔(3530～1124m)天山南坡地区的表土孢粉组合带从高至低依次分为山地草原带、山地荒漠草原带和山地荒漠带,其组合均以蒿属、藜科和麻黄属花粉为主;沿海拔(4530～1287m)东帕米尔高原地区的表土孢粉组合可划分为高寒草原带、山地荒漠草原带和山地荒漠带,是以蒿属、藜科和菊科花粉为主;然而,塔里木盆地南部地区(海拔3548～888m)仅有山地荒漠草原带和山地荒漠带,其孢粉组合则是以藜科和蒿属花粉为主.应用ArcGIS展示孢粉样点的地理分布,结合R值计算以及相关分析,结果表明云杉属和松属花粉因受到风、河流或冰川搬运沉积的影响,多为外来花粉,具超代表性.麻黄属和白刺属花粉主要分布在山地荒漠和山地荒漠草原植被带;藜科和蒿属花粉广泛分布于新疆南部地区,它们均属于超代表...     

中国北方典型草原区花粉产量及其定量重建古植被的作用

基于中国北方典型草原区30个样点现代孢粉分析和植被调查,研究估算了常见花粉类型的相对花粉产量,并将估算结果应用于全新世以来的古植被定量重建．典型草原区现代花粉组合以蒿属、藜科、禾本科、莎草科和菊科等草本植物花粉为主,与草原区植物群落较一致．中国北方典型草原区上述五种主要花粉类型和常见花粉类型（唐松草属、鸢尾科、委陵菜属、麻黄属、十字花科和榆属）的风力传播能力强,相对花粉源1000m左右（以表土样品取样范围为沉积盆地半径,0．5m）,且基本不受风速影响．榆属、蒿属、十字花科和藜科植物花粉产量最高,唐松草属植物花粉产量较高,而菊科和鸢尾科植物花粉产量较低,禾本科、莎草科、委陵菜属和麻黄属植物花粉产量适中．相对花粉产量检验表明：多数花粉类型相对花粉产量结果可信;但菊科和鸢尾科相对花粉产量被显著低估,禾本科、藜科、麻黄属相对花粉产量被高估或低估,利用相对花粉产量定量重建古植被时应谨慎．依据花粉产量定量重建的植被演替表明,现在的中国北方典型草原区6500—5600cal．aBP之前为以禾本科、莎草科和蒿属植物为主的草甸草原,之后逐渐演变为现在的典型草原．     

中国花粉R值特征

建立现代孢粉-植被定量关系是第四纪孢粉学研究的热点和难点. R值计算简单、表征直接,是校正现代孢粉和植被非线性关系的一种传统指标.本文基于中国1987～2021年发表的花粉R值数据,经筛选、校正和标准化等处理,建立了中国花粉R值数据集,包含了898个现代花粉采样点和2115条花粉R值数据,涵盖了152个花粉类群,分属于65科、113属.集成分析中国花粉R值特征,结果表明:(1)在宏观空间尺度上证实了基于样点尺度的传统认知,中国花粉R值整体变异性大,约2/3呈低代表性,如杉科(Taxodiaceae)、榛属(Corylus)、白刺属(Nitraria)、柽柳属(Tamarix)、莎草科(Cyperaceae)、禾本科(Poaceae)、豆科(Fabaceae), 1/3呈超代表性,如松属(Pinus)、云杉属(Picea)、桦木属(Betula)、麻黄属(Ephedra)、藜科(Chenopodiaceae)、蒿属(Artemisia),且低代表性较强,超代表性较弱;而栗属(Castanea)、栎属(Quercus)、蓼科(Polygonaceae)、菊科(Asteraceae)花粉代表...     

青海湖流域表土花粉分析

青海湖位于青藏高原东北部,是我国最大的半成水湖。表土花粉研究显示青海湖流域各植被带表土花粉组合与主要植被类型之间相关性良好。占绝对优势的草、灌植物花粉中,蒿属花粉具有超代表性特征,禾本科、莎草科、蓼科花粉则表现为低代表性,蒿／藜比具有区域植被生态特点与气候指示意义。青海湖中花粉沉积来源于整个流域植被,花粉组合主要受控于近源植被类型,风速和风向对青海湖花粉的散布与沉积影响巨大。青海湖花粉沉积具有均一分布特点,但湖泊的汇聚作用以及河流和湖流作用等也造成了花粉沉积的局部差异性。     

中国北方几种主要花粉类型与植被定量关系

为了解中国北方典型植被类型表土主要花粉类型与植被间的数量关系, 通过205个表土样品分析与植物样方植被调查结果显示: 不同生态类型植被的花粉组合差别明显, 温带落叶阔叶林中乔木花粉多大于30%; 温带草原花粉组合中草本花粉一般高于90%, 其中蒿属、藜科是最主要的花粉类型, 蒿属一般高于30%; 荒漠植被孢粉组合中藜科花粉百分比一般大于蒿属, 蕨类孢子较少出现; 亚高山或高寒草甸花粉组合中莎草科花粉百分比多大于20%. 花粉百分比与植被盖度间关系研究表明: 多数乔木花粉与植被盖度间表现出较好的相关性, 灌木花粉表现出一定的相关性, 草本花粉相关性较差. 乔木花粉中以云杉属花粉与植被盖度相关性最好; 其次为栎属和鹅耳枥属; 桦属、落叶松属、胡桃属花粉与植被盖度间也具有较好的相关性, 桦属花粉为超代表性类型, 桦林中桦属花粉高于40%; 落叶松属和胡桃属花粉为低代表性类型, 花粉含量超过10%, 可肯定当地有落叶松或胡桃林; 松属花粉与植被盖度间有一定的相关性, 为超代表性类型, 只有松花粉含量高于30%以上时, 周围才有可能有松林存在; 榆或杨属花粉与植被盖度的相关系数较 低, 当这两种植物与其他乔木混生时, 花粉不易被记录到, 但只要花粉含量超过1%, 周围存在该植物的可能性很大. 灌木花粉中, 以荆条与植被盖度关系最密切; 其次为榛属、柽柳及白刺, 这些植物不出现时, 花粉百分比一般小于1%; 锦鸡儿和绣线菊花粉与植被盖度有一定的相关性; 蔷薇科、虎耳草属花粉与植被盖度关系不明显. 草本花粉中, 莎草科花粉与植被盖度关系最密切, 当莎草科占优势时(盖度高于30%), 随盖度的增大, 花粉百分比增高, 植被盖度低于30%时, 花粉百分比多低于5%; 蒿属和藜科花粉含量主要与所在区域有关; 禾本科、豆科、菊科与植被盖度关系不明显.     

中国东北表土花粉组合特征及其在古气候重建中的意义

中国东北地区位于东亚夏季风影响范围的北界,是研究东亚夏季风强弱变化的理想区域.东北地区现代花粉数据的缺乏阻碍了该地区化石花粉记录的解译及古植被、古气候的定量重建.文章选取中国东北地区西部的森林、典型草原及草甸草原内共44个样点开展现代花粉与植被、气候关系的研究.聚类分析、指示值法和主成分分析被用于研究花粉数据的间断分布和连续变化趋势;相关分析与增强回归树分析用于确定主要的气候解释变量,而协惯量分析、冗余分析分别用于探查花粉-植被、花粉-气候的关系.研究结果表明:(1)表土花粉谱能够很好的代表植被类型.森林植被以高含量的乔木花粉(70%)为特征,桦属为优势类群(含量40%),并伴有一定数量的桤木属、落叶松属、松属等花粉;而典型草原则以草本花粉为主(80%),以蒿属、藜科花粉占优势;(2)花粉组合与年均温度、年均降水的相关性显著,表明花粉组合可用于指示东北地区温度和降水量变化;(3)蒿属/藜科比值、乔木/非乔木花粉比值在东北地区可分别作为湿度、温度的良好代用指标.     

吉兰泰盐湖沉积物孢粉记录的季风边缘区全新世气候演化

全新世气候具有不稳定性,且存在着区域差异,在季风边缘区尤为显著.因此,本研究选取季风边缘区吉兰泰盐湖沉积物的孢粉记录并结合AMS14C测年结果,对该地区全新世的古植被演化及古气候变化历史进行了重建.结果表明,在全新世阶段,该地区植被类型未发生变化,以干旱的荒漠植被为主.早全新世(10.5 8.5 cal ka BP),以蒿属孢粉为主,伴随出现少量藜科、禾本科及麻黄属孢粉,蒿藜比(A/C比值)相对稳定(4.11左右),指示全新世早期气候逐步转湿的过程,在8.5 cal ka BP,蒿属孢粉数量下降且被藜科孢粉取代,指示一次明显气候干旱事件;中全新世(8.5 3.5 cal ka BP),蒿属孢粉含量增加及藜科孢粉含量降低,A/C比值在7.1 cal ka BP左右达到峰值,指示该地区中全新世气候最为湿润;晚全新世(3.5 cal ka BP至今),藜科孢粉含量增加且超过早全新世,A/C比值低至3.66,区域呈现明显的干旱化趋势.此外,结合吉兰泰盐湖沉积物矿物组成结果,发现中全新世湖泊沉积物中,钙芒硝大量出现,一定程度上指示降水量增多所带来的淡水注入,与孢粉指标指示该阶段湿润的结果一致.通过区域对比,发现吉兰泰地区在全新世时期的气候演化模式与东亚季风区具有较好的一致性,表明该地区受到东亚夏季风的影响较大,尤其是在中全新世,东亚夏季风增强,带来较多的降水,气候湿润.     

青藏高原中部纳木错流域孢粉多样性的时空变化及其对高寒植被恢复的启示

孢粉多样性可为植物多样性和植被变化历史的研究提供诸多线索.目前青藏高原地区尚未有现代孢粉多样性和过去植物多样性变化的研究.基于青藏高原中部纳木错流域的37个表土和63个湖泊表层沉积物孢粉组合,利用Shannon-Wiener指数(H)和孢粉丰富度指数(E(T_(600)))定量构建了该地区现代孢粉多样性的空间分布格局.结果显示,不同植被类型孢粉多样性指数的差异反映了流域内植物多样性的空间变化.东南部高寒草原区域的孢粉多样性较高,在高寒草甸和沼泽草甸植被区域则较低.湖泊表层沉积物孢粉组合主要来自于流域内高寒草原植被和山地垂直植被带.因而纳木错沉积物记录的孢粉多样性可以有效的反映过去植物多样性的变化.通过纳木错NMLC-1孔化石孢粉组合,重建出过去8400年以来当地植物多样性经历了逐渐上升的长期变化,并发生过多期快速变化事件.这主要受控于气候持续变冷驱动下山地垂直植被带的向下迁移.青藏高原中部与纳木错流域面临着气候变暖与植被退化等环境问题的挑战,该地区高寒植被恢复工作应重视山地垂直植被带和地带性高寒草原植被,并从植物多样性的长期变化历史中寻找参照.     

花粉植被化模拟的中国中全新世植被分布

花粉植被化模拟通过现代花粉与植被的类比 ,进行古植被模拟和制图 ,是国际全球变化中古植被和古气候研究的重要途径 .对表土花粉的初步测试表明它能够模拟出中国现代主要植被类型 .对 6ka花粉资料运行的结果显示了中国东部的森林植被向北推移约 30 0～ 5 0 0km .西北部荒漠植被和草原植被面积大大缩小 ,青藏高原苔原植被显著地退缩 .该研究对全球 6ka植被制图有重要输入 .     

南海北部280 ka以来深海花粉记录

ODP1144孔顶部225m柱状样的孢粉资料揭示近280ka(即氧同位素8期(MIS8))以来,南海北部大陆架的演化历史.间冰期孢粉组合以松属为主,与该区现在情况相似.而冰期孢粉组合中则出现大量草本植物,如蒿属(Artemisia)、禾本科(Gramineae)、莎草科(Cyperaceae).这说明冰期时由于海退引起海平面下降使大陆架出水成陆.出露的大陆架上覆盖着以草原为主的植被.从草本植物花粉与松属花粉两者含量之比可以推断在MIS5期以前大陆架出露的面积小,而MIS4期以来冰期时大陆架大面积出露,末次冰盛期达到高峰.MIS5期前后南海北部大陆架的这种变化,可以从我国大陆新构造运动加以解释.冰期时大陆架上生长的草原植被的组成也有显著变化,MIS8期以禾本科为主,而后,蒿属比例不断增加,末次冰盛期时在草原植被中占了优势,植被的这种变化是对不断变干冷气候的响应.     

Contribution to the knowledge of the magmatic evolution by the study of the variation of the coefficient of viscosity

The determination of the coefficient of viscosity of eruptive products gives useful elements to the knowledge of possible variations of composition and physical conditions of the magmas.     

Pictorial Series of the Manifestations of the Dynamics of the Earth

Studia Geophysica et Geodaetica -     

Evolution of the Source of the Active Region of the Sun

Geomagnetism and Aeronomy - The magnetic evolution of the active region of the Sun at the level of the photosphere has been studied. Magnetic synoptic maps of the 2007 Kitt Peak Observatory were...     

Magnetic stratigraphy of the Ordovician in the lower reach of the Kotuy River: the age of the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum and the rate of geomagnetic reversals on the eve of the superchron

Until recently, the existing data prevented the geophysicists from accurately dating the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum, which outcrops in the middle reach of the Kotuy River, constraining the time of its formation to a wide interval from the end of the Late Cambrian to the beginning of the Silurian. The obtained paleomagnetic data unambiguously correlate the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum to the Nyaian regional stage and constrain its formation, at least a considerable part of it, by the Tremadocian. This result perfectly agrees with the data on the Bysy-Yuryakh conodonts studied in this work and yields a spectacular example of the successful application of paleomagnetic studies in solving important tasks of stratigraphy and, correspondingly, petroleum geology. Within the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum, we revealed a large normal-polarity interval corresponding to the long (>1 Ma) period when the geomagnetic reversals were absent. This result, in combination with the data for the Tremadocian and Middle–Upper Cambrian sequences of the other regions, indicates that (1) the rate of occurrence of the geomagnetic reversals on the eve of the Ordovician Moyero superchron of reversed polarity was at most one reversal per Ma; (2) the superchron does not switch on instantaneously but is preceded by a certain gradual change in the operation conditions of the dynamo mechanism which, inter alia, manifests itself by the reduction of the frequency of geomagnetic reversals with the approach of the superchron. This finding supports the views according to which a process preparing the establishment of the superchrons takes place at the core–mantle boundary.     

On the determination of the non-linearity of the gravimeter scale

Summary The results of two different methods of the determination of the non-linearity of the gravimeter scale are compared; the economy is discussed as well.     

Influence of the topography of the surface of the Earth on vertical sounding of the temperature profile

Atmospheric temperature and humidity fields as well as information on other meteorological parameters are nowadays retrieved from radiance measurements recorded by operational meteorological satellites. Up to now, the inversion procedures used only take into account crude information on the topography of the Earth’s surface. However, the applied radiative transfer codes have to consider the Earth’s surface as the lower boundary of the atmospheric model and, therefore, need a more precise mean elevation and a classification of the roughness of the Earth’s surface. The influence of the topography of the Earth surface on retrieved temperature profiles is studied by using a physico-statistical inversion method. An objective analysis is made of the more precise mean elevation and derivation of roughness parameters using a new high-resolution digital elevation model (DEM) with a resolution of 500 m×500 m. By means of a geomorphological process and a newly developed topography rejection test, areas with a high surface roughness are localized and singled out. The influence of topography on the retrieved temperature profiles is illustrated by case studies. Changes are found predominantly in areas with a high variation of topography. Using the new high-resolution DEM and the topography rejection test, the geographical position of the calculated temperature profiles tends to be shifted towards areas with a small vertical variation of topography. The mean elevation determined by the new elevation model better characterizes the area observed. Hence, the temperature profiles can be calculated down to lower atmospheric levels. Furthermore, a guess profile better describing the atmospheric situation is selected by the more precise elevation. In addition, the temperature profiles obtained near the coast are improved considerably by the more precise determination of the surface property ‘sea’ and ‘land,’ respectively. Integration of an independent physical information such as topography leads, on average, to a slight improvement of the results of the physico-statistical inversion procedure. In some cases, however, significant improvements have been achieved regarding the desired accuracy of temperature profiles of the order of 1 K. In future, the spatial resolution of new high-resolution sounding instrumentation on the next generation of operational meteorological satellites will be increased. To exploit the resolving power of this new instrumentation, the different variation of the topography of the Earth surface, especially in regions with a high variation of topography, can be taken into account more precisely by using a high-resolution DEM.     

The effect of the pollution of the ground layer of the atmosphere on the albedo

Summary A simple model is proposed suitable for studying the effect of the ground layer of the atmosphere, polluted by aerosol, on the albedo. This model is founded on solving the equation of transfer of radiative energy. The numerical results are discussed, particular attention being paid to the analysis of errors due to neglecting the multiple reflection of solar radiation on the aerosol particles. A method which would also include the multiple reflection is proposed, and the conditions under which the presence of the aerosol is responsible for an increase or decrease of the solar radiation balance on the Earth's surface, are analysed.     

On the solution of the reverse problem of geodesics with the help of the chord

Резюме Дается вывод формул для вычислений длины хорды, длины и азимутов нормаляных сечений и длины геодезической линии эллипсоида. Применяются тригонометрические функции данных величин и постоянные принятого ргфгргнц-эллипсоида, что является целесообразным при использовании вычислителQjных машин, особенно автоматов. Рабочие формулы рекомендуются в форме (8–11).

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Dedicated to Professor František Fiala on His 85th Birthday

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Address: Veveři 95, Brno.     

Evolutionary Changes in the Configuration of the Magnetic Field of the Solar Corona in the Epoch of the Minimum

Geomagnetism and Aeronomy - The evolution of the magnetic configuration in the solar corona is studied. The curvature of the K-corona helmets obtained from an analytical approximation of the...