EnKF同化雷达资料对一次极端局地强降水事件预报影响及其可预报性分析

局地强降水可以引发山洪、泥石流等次生灾害,目前准确预报局地强降水依然是天气预报业务的难点.本文针对一次发生在西北太平洋副热带高压边缘、导致12人死亡的极端局地强降水事件,利用集合卡尔曼滤波(En KF)开展多普勒雷达径向风观测资料同化试验,并对En KF同化过程不确定性进行分析.结果表明:不同化观测资料,采用单一初值的确定性预报或增加初值扰动、采用多物理过程的集合预报均不能正确预报强降水发生位置,而利用En KF同化雷达径向速度观测资料能有效改进确定性和集合预报效果,特别是强降水位置预报.通过En KF同化雷达资料,建立深厚的中尺度对流系统是改进降水预报效果的直接原因.在具备了对流发生条件的大尺度环境背景场中,上游地区、对流层中下层经向风和水汽场的合理扰动是影响同化过程和降水预报的关键因素.该个例预报过程受实际可预报性影响,具有不确定性,大尺度初始条件的差异或初始扰动场振幅偏小导致的En KF分析场差异都会对模拟结果造成较大影响,而采用En KF循环同化有助于提高该个例的预报准确性.敏感性试验还表明未来通过改进数值模式或改善观测系统,提供更准确观测信息,可以对此类短时强降水事件做出更准确预报.     

基于区域ATOVS数据同化的2008中国南方低温雨雪冰冻灾害的暴雪监测研究

2008年1月中国南方地区遭受了严重的低温雨雪冰冻灾害, 地面常规观测、地面雷达观测等气象监测手段因受冰雪灾害的影响, 未能提供全面及时的雪情信息. 为了补充雪情数据, 国家卫星气象中心采用区域ATOVS卫星遥感数据和NCEP预报数据, 利用与美国NCAR合作开发的WRF三维变分预报/同化系统(其中陆面子过程选用NOAH方案), 建立了基于区域ATOVS数据同化的2008中国南方低温雨雪冰冻灾害的暴雪监测系统, 提供了暴雪灾害时段内每6 h一次的雪水当量演化分布数据. 本文系统阐述了基于区域ATOVS数据同化的2008中国南方特大暴雪灾害监测方案, 并对比分析了同化前、后模拟结果与观测资料的吻合度. 研究表明: 同化后的分析场能更好地反映此次强降雪过程的天气特征, 雪深的计算精度较同化前有明显改进, 从而验证了基于区域ATOVS数据同化的雪情监测方案的可行性. 该研究不仅为暴雪天气灾害应急服务提供了及时准确的雪情空间分布和演变信息, 也为区域ATOVS数据的应用开辟了新途径.     

辽宁开原龙卷强对流过程的扰动天气环境

2019年7月3日下午辽宁部分地区出现短时强降水和冰雹等强对流天气,其中开原市金钩子镇遭遇了龙卷风,造成当地严重的生命财产损失.本文重点分析有利于这次龙卷和冰雹等强对流过程发生的大气变量扰动环境,包括数值模式预报产品中的扰动天气环境以及雷达回波和卫星云图演变对应的大气扰动风场变化特征.结果发现:开原单个龙卷与苏北多次单个龙卷发生的大气温压场扰动环境相似,发生地位于对流层上部下伸到地面的位势高度扰动槽线和近地面水平方向上冷暖温度扰动气团交界线附近,其冷暖扰动气团之间的强度对比较美国多龙卷爆发时的弱小.利用来自欧洲中期天气预报中心(ECMWF)模式产品和美国国家环境预报中心全球预报系统(NCEP/GFS)的实时分析资料进行扰动环流形势分析并与当地实况卫星云图和雷达回波相结合,可以从潜在趋势上定性地推断有利于强对流天气发展的位置.     

数据同化组成部分对初始条件和误差增长的影响

若不考虑特定的数据同化方法,数据同化通常可被分解为先验信息、观测算子、观测误差协方差和背景误差协方差等组成部分.本文基于经典的Lorenz模式,研究了数据同化各组成部分对初始条件误差和预报误差的影响,以期为设计不同尺度天气系统的数据同化方法提供理论基础.研究结果表明,预报误差经历三个典型阶段:0～5天为预报误差的缓慢增长期; 5～15天为预报误差的快速增长期,其中确定性预报和集合预报的误差增长速率具有显著差异; 15天后为预报误差的饱和期.数据同化可通过提供更加准确的初始条件,进而提升可预报性.相比于静态背景误差协方差(B),流依赖的背景误差协方差(P^f)可提供更精确的初始条件,因此当瞬时观测或频繁的时间平均观测被同化时,循环同化效果优于离线同化;但当时间平均观测频率低时则结果相反,这是因为循环同化在模式缺乏预报技巧时无法构造具有信息的先验估计,且流依赖的P^f相比于静态的B不能有效地从含信息量低的观测中提取出观测信息.瞬时观测相比于时间平均观测包含更多的信息,因此在时间频率低的观测系统中,瞬时观测应优先被考虑.此外,集合预报优于确定性预报,且...     

基于WRF数值模拟的夏季强对流测定方法研究

在固定时间内使WRF数值模式的预报和观测间距实现最小化,是实时准确测定夏季强对流的重要依据,因此研究一种基于WRF数值模拟的夏季强对流测定方法.通过分析河南省2018年7月2日至7月23日闪电定位资料和降水资料,统计夏季强对流天气中降水强度与闪电频数关系,将二者进行线性拟合,根据拟合结果将夏季强对流天气中闪电频数反演至降水强度,并将反演后的降水强度通过四维变分同化资料方法,同化至WRF数值模拟中,获取最终WRF极小化代价函数,实现夏季强对流天气实时准确测定.通过该方法对河南省某机场进行WRF数值模拟研究发现,模拟结果的水平风速、垂直速度、位温与扰动气压变化明显,可准确测定该机场的夏季强对流天气,具有可靠性.     

基于Gauss-Markov卡尔曼滤波的电离层数值同化现报预报系统的构建-以中国及周边地区为例的观测系统模拟试验

本文给出了一个基于Gauss-Markov卡尔曼滤波的电离层数据同化系统的初步构建和试验结果.我们选择中国及周边地区部分涉及电离层观测的台站(包括子午工程台站、中国地壳形变网和部分IGS台站)作为观测系统进行模拟试验,背景场利用IRI模式,观测值则由NeQuick模式计算得到.我们的同化结果表明,采用Kalman滤波算法,把部分斜TEC同化到背景模式当中,能够获得较好的同化结果,说明我们设计的算法可行、所选择的各种参数比较合理,采用Gauss-Markov假设进行短期预报也取得了较合理的结果.本项研究经过进一步的改进和完善,可以用来对中国地区的电离层进行现报和短期预报,一方面满足相关空间工程应用,另一方面可以提升现有观测系统的科学意义.     

闽北“4.16”强对流天气过程初步分析

正1引言受低层切变及高空低槽东移影响,4月16日08时到17日08时闽北(即福建省南平市,下同)出现了强雷电、冰雹及短时强降水(暴雨)等强对流天气。16日午后闽北的光泽县北部的司前乡台山村、王方村及寨里镇桥湾村等地先后出现降雹(降雹时间分别为12:30～13:00及14:00左右),降雹持续时间3～5分钟,冰雹最大直径约3cm。16日夜     

新中国成立70年来的中国大气科学研究:天气篇

天气指某一个地区距离地表较近的大气层在短时间内的具体状态.大气中气象要素的空间分布可表现为各种瞬息万变的天气现象,这些天气的分布和变化是由不同时空尺度的天气系统引起的.天气与民生息息相关,其发展演变一直是大气科学研究和应用的重点领域.天气学的发展与观测系统、动力学理论和数值模式的发展密切相连.中国从20世纪50年代初开始建设观测网,到目前已建成门类齐全、布局合理的地基、空基和天基综合气象观测系统.特别是新一代稠密雷达网以及风云卫星系列的发展以及多次大型野外观测试验的实施使我们对天气的认识从宏观的天气形势深入到中小尺度天气系统精细热动力、云微物理结构和演变特征.观测系统的发展同时也促进了理论、数值模式和模拟的发展,中国已由初期主要以引进国外模式为主发展为目前主要发展具有中国自主知识产权的数值模式系统,基于高分辨数值模拟结果对不同尺度天气的发生发展机理和可预报性有了深入理解.此外,天气学已由初期的独立发展逐渐向多学科交叉方向转变,气候和环境的变化与天气演变之间的相互作用已成为大气科学的热点和前沿问题.文章重点回顾过去70年来中国在对天气演变起重要作用的天气现象及其短期变化过程的物理本质、演变规律和预报方法领域所取得的重大科学和技术成果,主要根据正式发表的文献从大气动力学、天气尺度天气特征、台风及热带天气、强对流天气特征、数值天气预报及资料同化,以及天气与气候、大气物理及大气环境等交叉领域六个方面分别加以综述.     

基于热层电离层耦合数据同化的热层参量估计

本文采用高效集合卡尔曼滤波(EnKF)算法和背景场热层电离层理论模式NCAR-TIEGCM,开发了热层电离层数据同化系统.基于全球空地基GNSS电离层斜TEC观测、CHAMP和TIMED/GUVI热层参量观测构型设计了系列观测系统模拟实验,对热层参量进行估计.实验结果表明,(1)通过集合卡尔曼滤波算法同化电离层TEC观测能够较好地优化热层参量.(2)中性质量密度优化效果在整个同化阶段均有提升,提升百分比能达到40%.(3)积分氧氮比在同化阶段也能得到较好的优化,但在电子密度水平梯度变化剧烈区域效果较差.最后本文对中性质量密度进行了预报评估,结果表明,由于中性成分优化,在地磁平静条件下其预报时间尺度可长达24h.     

两次强雷暴系统中雷电的人工引发及其特征放电参量的测量与估算

中纬度地区的雷电灾害常由过境的强雷暴系统引起, 但是自然雷电放电电流的直接测量十分困难. 2005年夏季在两次强雷暴系统过境期间, 利用火箭拖带金属导线的人工引发雷电技术, 成功引发雷电5次, 并在放电通道底部测量到了完整的1 μs时间分辨率的雷电电流波形以及距雷电通道水平距离为60和550 m处的同步地面电场变化资料. 研究表明, 5次人工引发雷电都包含有1~10次不等的大电流回击放电过程, 电流峰值平均为11.9 kA, 变化范围为6.6~21.0 kA, 与自然雷电继后回击电流峰值基本一致. 回击电流波形的半峰值宽度为39 μs, 较通常结果要大. 回击电流峰值I_P(单位: kA)和中和的电荷量Q(单位: C)之间满足关系式: I_P=18.5 Q^0.65. 在60和550 m处, 回击引起的微秒量级辐射场变化分别为5.9和0.39 kV/m, 随水平距离r(m)的增加回击辐射场以r^−1.119的规律衰减. 根据传输线电流模式, 估算的回击速度为1.4×10⁸ m/s, 变化范围为(1.1~1.6)×10⁸ m/s. 由于人工引发雷电放电过程与自然雷电的相似性, 所得到的结果可应用于自然雷电灾害的防护设计中.     

On the synchronism in the events within the core and on the surface of the earth: the changes in the organic world and in the polarity of the geomagnetic field in the phanerozoic

The data on geomagnetic reversals are compared with the changes in the organic world and with the lower-mantle plumes. The times of the formation of plumes and the times of their appearance on the Earth’s surface relate to the intervals characterized by the different frequencies of geomagnetic reversals, i.e., there is no interrelation between the formation of plumes and the frequency of the changes in the geomagnetic field polarity. At the same time, a certain synchronism is observed between the frequency of the geomagnetic reversals and the boundaries of the biostratigraphic ages, i.e., the changes in the organic world in the long-period range. A hypothesis is proposed, which explains the change in the sign of the geomagnetic field by the combined effect of the irregular rotation of the internal core relative to the mantle and the changes in the slope angle of the axis of the Earth’s rotation, which, in turn, results in synchronous events on the Earth’s surface: the rates of changes in the organic world.     

On the gravimetric undulations of the geoid and the deflections of the vertical

Summary The author mentions the aims of the World-wide gravity project he established in the Ohio State University in Columbus, in 1950. He outlines the practical procedure of the gravimetric computations of the undulationsN and the vertical deflection components and and emphasizes that only by the global international cooperation and additional gravity observations at sea carried out during the last decade it has been possible to gather to Columbus the needed gravity material. Since there exist still large gravimetrically unsurveyed areas it is of vital significance to study what gravity anomalies are best to be used for these regions. The given figures concerning the accuracy of theN, and , estimated theoretically and obtained in practice, indicate that in the gravimetrically well surveyed parts of the world like in Europe and the United States we can get gravimetrically on basis of existing gravity material theN-values with accuracy of about 5–10 meters, and and with the accuracy of about 1. The geoid undulationsN are already computed in Columbus for more than 6000 points of the northern hemisphere. The sample maps show the interesting geoid of Europe and vicinity between the latitudes 60° and 30° and longitude 5° W and 30° E, drafted on basis of more than 1000N-values computed at the corners of 1°×1° squares. It is interesting to realize that the geoid undulations in all this area are positive, the extreme values being between 40 and 50 meters. The geophysical significance of the geoid maps of this kind is pointed out.     

On the maintenance of the axisymmetric part of the flow in the atmosphere

Summary The maintenance of the axisymmetric component of the flow in the atmosphere is investigated by means of a steady-state, quasi-geostrophic formulation of the meteorological equations. It is shown that the meridional variations in the time-averaged axisymmetric variables can be expressed as the sum of three contributions, one being due to the eddy heat transport, another to the eddy momentum transport, and a third to the convective-radiative equilibrium temperature which enters the problem through the specification of a Newtonian form of diabatic heating. The contributions by the large scale eddies are evaluated through the use of observed values for the eddy heat and momentum transports.The contributions from each of the three forcing mechanisms to the temperature and zonal wind fields are invstigated individually and found to be of about equal importance. The sum of the three contributions are also presented for the temperature, the zonal wind, the stream function associated with the mean meridional circulation and the corresponding vertical motion. Although the results fail to reproduce the main observed features of the lower stratosphere, they are found to be in good agreement with observations in the middle latitude troposphere. At any pressure level, for example, the computed mean zonal wind has a jet-like profile and the axis of the jet is found to slope to the south with height, as observed in the atmosphere.Based in part on a thesis submitted by the first author as partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Ph.D. degree at the University of Michigan. — Publication No. 194 from the Department of Meteorology and Oceanography, The University of Michigan.     

太平洋中部地磁台11年周期变化的研究

综合APIA、HONOLULU、PAMATAI 3个地磁台三分量的11年周期变化的形态后，可定性地提出该变化源于内场。如内源为核幔边界的电涡流，则其中心点应位于3台之间。     

Magnetic stratigraphy of the Ordovician in the lower reach of the Kotuy River: the age of the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum and the rate of geomagnetic reversals on the eve of the superchron

Until recently, the existing data prevented the geophysicists from accurately dating the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum, which outcrops in the middle reach of the Kotuy River, constraining the time of its formation to a wide interval from the end of the Late Cambrian to the beginning of the Silurian. The obtained paleomagnetic data unambiguously correlate the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum to the Nyaian regional stage and constrain its formation, at least a considerable part of it, by the Tremadocian. This result perfectly agrees with the data on the Bysy-Yuryakh conodonts studied in this work and yields a spectacular example of the successful application of paleomagnetic studies in solving important tasks of stratigraphy and, correspondingly, petroleum geology. Within the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum, we revealed a large normal-polarity interval corresponding to the long (>1 Ma) period when the geomagnetic reversals were absent. This result, in combination with the data for the Tremadocian and Middle–Upper Cambrian sequences of the other regions, indicates that (1) the rate of occurrence of the geomagnetic reversals on the eve of the Ordovician Moyero superchron of reversed polarity was at most one reversal per Ma; (2) the superchron does not switch on instantaneously but is preceded by a certain gradual change in the operation conditions of the dynamo mechanism which, inter alia, manifests itself by the reduction of the frequency of geomagnetic reversals with the approach of the superchron. This finding supports the views according to which a process preparing the establishment of the superchrons takes place at the core–mantle boundary.     

Comparison Between the Nutations of the Planet Mars and the Nutations of the Earth

The nutations of the planets Mars andEarth are investigated and compared. Alarge number of interior structureparameters are involved in the nutationcomputations. The comparison between the observations and the computationsprovides several constraints on these parmeters andtherefore allows a better understanding of the physics of the interior of theplanet. For the Earth, the high precision of the observations of the nutationshas led to a very good determination of interior properties of the planet. ForMars, observations of nutations are not yet available, and we review how theamplitude of the Martian nutations depends on the hypotheses consideredfor its interior. Although Mars is very similar to the Earth, its interior is not well known;for example, we don't knowif its core is liquid or solid. Only if the core is liquid,the Free Core Nutation (FCN) normal mode exists and can alter the nutationswhich are close to the resonance. From the observed geoids, it is known thatboth planets are not in hydrostatic equilibrium. The departure is larger forMars than for the Earth, and consequently, the implication of considering a convective mantle instead of a mantle in hydrostatic equilibrium described byClairaut's equation for the initial equilibrium state of the planet is largeron the Martian nutations than on the Earth nutations. The consequences of theuncertainty in the core dimensions are also examined and shown to be of a veryhigh influence for Mars if the core is liquid, due to the potential changes inthe FCN resonance. The influence of the presence of an inner core, which isknown to exist for the Earth, could be more important for Mars than for theEarth if the inner core is large. Due to the presence of Tharsis on Mars, thetriaxiality of this planet has, additionally, larger effects than on Earth.     

On the variation in the geomagnetic dipole over the geological history of the Earth

The global database on the paleointensity, containing determinations of the virtual dipole moment (VDM) for a stable (normal) regime of the geomagnetic field in a time interval of up to 3.5 Ga, is supplemented by new VDM determinations and analyzed. The field generation process started no later than 3–3.5 Ga (earlier data are absent) at the stage of the Earth’s core formation. Since that time, the dipole value has differed from its present value by no more than an order of magnitude, and the deviations that have already been detected tend toward smaller values. The distribution of VDM values in the time interval 0–400 Ma is bimodal, which apparently reflects the presence of two different generation levels of the geomagnetic field distinguished by a relatively large value (close to the present field value) and a relatively small value (approximately half as large as the present value). The total duration of decreased VDM values appreciably exceeds that of increased VDM values (179.1 and 28.6 Myr, respectively). On the whole, data on the paleointensity do not contradict the hypothesis about the dipole nature of the field over the last 400 Myr; however, the number of determinations at high paleolatitudes is too small to draw decisive conclusions on the validity (or invalidity) of the dipole field approximation based solely on paleointensity data.     

Evolutionary Changes in the Configuration of the Magnetic Field of the Solar Corona in the Epoch of the Minimum

Geomagnetism and Aeronomy - The evolution of the magnetic configuration in the solar corona is studied. The curvature of the K-corona helmets obtained from an analytical approximation of the...