不忘历史教训 搞好防震减灾

1303年洪洞8级大震和1695年临汾7 级地震给山西尤其是临汾地区的人民带来了深重的灾难和难以磨灭的记忆,特别是洪洞地震,造成的灾害之大,民众伤亡之重,受灾地域之广,世界上和中国历史上均属罕见。1995年我在甘肃张掖参观当地的名胜——大佛寺时,据讲解员讲解,大佛寺历史上只遭受过2次大的破坏,其中一次就是1303年山西的洪洞地震。地震后进行了重修,并把重修大佛寺的经过用一块铜牌记载后放在大佛的肚子里面,“文革”中红卫兵把这块铜牌从大佛肚子里挖出后而得以问世,现在这块铜牌仍保存在大佛寺内。张掖离洪洞1500km,足见洪洞地震的影…     

中国地震学会地震地质委员会2003年学术活动

由山西省地震局、临汾市政府、中国地震学会地震地质专业委员会和历史地震专业委员会联合筹备的“1 30 3年山西洪洞 8级地震 70 0周年纪念暨陆内盆地与强震活动研讨会” ,于 2 0 0 3年 9月 1 7日～ 1 8日在山西省省会太原市召开 ,9月 1 9日～ 2 1日进行了野外地震地质和 1 30 3年地震遗址考察 ,中国地震局副局长赵和平 ,山西省副省长梁滨 ,临汾市副市长高清亮 ,中国科学院院士丁国瑜和中国工程院院士李坪以及来自全国的近 1 0 0位科学家参加了研讨会。在 1 30 3年洪洞 8级地震纪念会上 ,邓起东、高孟潭和苏宗正等 3位研究员就1 30 3年洪洞地…     

1303年山西洪洞8级大地震的时间有序性特征

1303年山西洪洞地震是我国历史记录中被确认的第一个8级大地震。引入有序系列和有序组合的含义,对1303年山西洪洞地震和1556年陕西华县地震分别形成的2个有序系列进行了研究,认为2个8级地震的发震时间有一个时间差(τ)。2个τ值之差用△τ来表示。若2个τ值相差不大,则4个地震(有时可以是3个地震)组成一个有序组合。2个有序系列可有7个有序组合。7个有序组合的τ值在100a～450a范围变化,但它们的△τ值仅在10d～2400d范围内变化,表示了2个有序序列之间的密切联系。震例表明,1303年洪洞大地震与其他8级地震之间的间隔的形成机制可能与沙罗周期有关。     

基于深度学习神经网络方法的中国大陆地震伤亡预测模型

对地震伤亡人口的预测需要同时考虑地震破裂特征本身、灾区人口及其生活环境等特征,其是一个典型的复杂预测系统。本文基于深度学习神经网络方法和1976—2020年间78次地震伤亡事件,构建了中国大陆地震伤亡预测模型,综合使用发震年代、发震时刻、发震季节、Ⅵ度及以上区域受灾面积、Ⅵ度及以上区域受灾人口数、震源深度、极震区烈度和震源机制类型等8个参数,对包括2008年汶川8.0级和2010年玉树7.1级地震在内的9次地震事件进行了预测检验。结果显示,该预测模型能够较好地反映出中小地震的伤亡人口特征,除汶川地震和玉树地震外的7次地震伤亡事件预测值与实际值误差均在一个数量级上,对于2008年汶川8.0级和2010年玉树7.1级地震,预测值明显小于实际伤亡人口;其中玉树地震发震断层位于玉树州府结古镇之下,造成了相对较多的人口伤亡数量;汶川地震的伤亡人口数量不仅由地震直接导致,还包括了地震滑坡等次生灾害引起的伤亡数量。     

2017年精河6.6级、库车5.7级地震前“库米什地震窗”异常特征分析

2017年8月9日新疆精河6.6级、9月16日库车5.7级地震前“库米什地震窗”均出现异常。为了对该异常指标作出评价,对新疆库米什地震台2008年1月～2017年9月微震观测记录进行普查,分析在S-P≤10s范围内M_L≥1.0小震的月频次,定义小震月频次≥54次为“库米什地震窗”的异常标准,统计“库米什地震窗”异常与附近中强地震间的对应关系,并对其进行预测效能评价。结果显示：①“库米什地震窗”分别在精河6.6级、库车5.7级地震前3.3个月、0.5个月出现异常;②“库米什地震窗”2008年以来出现7组异常,分别对应了天山中部地区6次5.5级以上地震,优势发震时间为6个月;③“库米什地震窗”的异常形态表现为高值—低值—发震或高值—发震,异常的对应率为6/7,R值评分为0.45,预测效能评价较好。     

2003年5月22日阿尔及利亚6.9级地震概述

2003年5月22日阿尔及利亚发生6．9级地震，造成生命和财产的严重损失。这是阿尔及利亚近20年来遭遇最强烈的一次地震袭击。文章对该震的基本参数、震源机制、破坏伤亡、救援和发震背景等作了概述。     

陆内盆地与强震活动ht

1303年9月27日的山西洪洞8级地震发生于山西断陷盆地带中的临汾盆地，这是我国自有地震历史记载以来的第一次8级地震，也是一个在活动陆内盆地中发生的大地震. 2003年9月17~18日在山西太原市召开了1303年山西洪洞8级地震700周年暨陆内盆地与强震活动研讨会. 会上交流的论文讨论了我国不同地区发育的不同性质的陆内活动盆地，包括拉张构造区的地堑、半地堑张性盆地，挤压构造区的压陷盆地和前陆盆地及走滑构造带内的拉分盆地与强震活动的关系. 本文对这些问题作了简要的总结，本期刊登的论文是由部分会议论文组成的专辑.      

2002年3月31日台湾M 7.5地震概述

2002年3月31日在台湾以东沿海附近发生里氏7.5级地震，造成生命和财产的较严重损失。文章概述了这次地震的情况，包括震源参数、震源机制解、破坏、伤亡和发震背景。     

1303年山西洪洞8级地震700周年暨陆内盆地与强震活动研讨会在太原召开

2003年9月17～21日,中国地震学会地震地质专业委员会、历史地震专业委员会以及山西省地震局在山西省太原市联合举办了“1303年山西洪洞8级地震700周年暨陆内盆地与强震活动研讨会”,来自全国各地的约100名专家、学者参加了会议。     

1999年1月25日哥伦比亚6.0级地震概况

１９９９年１月２５日哥伦比亚西部发生６．０级地震,造成生命和财产的严重损失。文章概述了这次地震的情况,内容包括;震源参数,破坏和伤亡,救援情况,发震背景及地震造成的社会和经济影响。     

强震观测网、高灵敏度地震观测网、地中强震观测网、宽频带地震观测网

阪神·淡路大震灾后 ,日本着手对原有的地震观测体制作彻底改革 ,多项全国性配置地震计的计划同时开始启动。地震引起的地面晃动的程度不尽相同 ,无感微小地震引发的晃动仅有 0 .0 0 1 μm,频率为1 0 Hz;巨大地震引起的地面晃动的幅度高达 2～ 3 m,周期也有几十秒。虽说都称之为地震计 ,但由于地震动的振幅和频率涉及的范围太大 ,所以应针对观测对象选用不同类型的地震计。下面介绍不同类型的观测网。1　强震观测网 ( K- NET)无论大地有多大的晃动都能将其准确记录下来的地震计称之为强震计。它构造坚实 ,信号明确 ,通常设置在地表 ,对了…     

Age, geology, geophysics, and geochemistry of Mahukona Volcano, Hawai`i

The size, shape, and magmatic history of the most recently discovered shield volcano in the Hawaiian Islands, Mahukona, have been controversial. Mahukona corresponds to what was thought to be a gap in the paired sequence (Loa and Kea trends) of younger Hawaiian volcanoes (<4?Ma). Here, we present the results of marine expeditions to Mahukona where new bathymetry, sidescan sonar, gravity data, and lava samples were collected to address these controversies. Modeling of bathymetric and gravity data indicate that Mahukona is one of the smallest Hawaiian volcanoes (～6,000?km³) and that its magmatic system was not focused in a long-lived central reservoir like most other Hawaiian volcanoes. This lack of a long-lived magmatic reservoir is reflected by the absence of a central residual gravity high and the random distribution of cones on Mahukona Volcano. Our reconstructed subsidence history for Mahukona suggests it grew to at least ～270?m below sea level but probably did not form an island. New ⁴⁰Ar–³⁹Ar plateau ages range from 350 to 654?ka providing temporal constraints for Mahukona’s post-shield and shield stages of volcanism, which ended prematurely. Mahukona post-shield lavas have high ³He/⁴He ratios (16–21?Ra), which have not been observed in post-shield lavas from other Hawaiian volcanoes. Lava compositions range widely at Mahukona, including Pb isotopic values that straddle the boundary between Kea and Loa sequences of volcanoes. The compositional diversity of Mahukona lavas may be related to its relatively small size (less extensive melting) and the absence of a central magma reservoir where magmas would have been homogenized.     

The Yecheng,Xinjiang, China,earthquake of February 14, 1980

In this study, we have checked the location and focal depth of the Yecheng earthquake (m _b = 6.0, maximum intensity VII) of February 14, 1980. The result shows that this is an intermediate event with a focal depth of 90 km. The microepicenter is located at 36. 4°N, 76, 9°E, while the macroepicenter is at 37.3°N, 76.9°E, 90 km to the north of the microepicenter. This is the first destructive intermediate event in China which led to a damage as severe as of intensity VII. The focal mechanism of the event is determined to be of thrust type. Combined with the analysis of seismological and geological data in surrounding area, the possible relation between the event and plate movement has been discussed. The result in this paper indicates that in some particular place, the destructive effect of intermediate event should be considered in seismic hazard assessment.     

Sun, climate, hunger, and mass migration

Paleoclimatic studies indicate four epochs of global cooling during the last 4 000 years, i. e. during the few centuries before and after 2000 BC, 800 BC, 400 AD, and 1 600 AD; the quasiperiodicity corresponds to cyclic variation of solar activity. Global temperature changes influenced regional precipitation patterns: Northern Europe was wetter while the middle- and low-latitude lands were more arid during colder epochs. Both sets of cold climatical conditions were unfavorable for agricultural production. Historical records show that large demographic movements in history took place because of crop failures and mass starvation, rather than escaping from war zones. The “wandering” of the Germanic tribes during the first two or three centuries of the Christian Era is one example. Whereas the accelerated release of carbon dioxide from the burning of fossil fuels is ultimately to cause global warming, historical evidence indicates, however, that global warming has been on the whole a blessing to mankind. Global cooling, on the other hand, has curtailed agricultural production and has led to famines and mass migrations of people. Perhaps the most important task at the present is not so much computer-modelling of greenhouse effect on global climate, but water-management and agricultural researches to insure food-supply for an everincreasing world population.     

Physical properties,vitrinite reflectance,and microstructure of coal,Taiyuan Formation,Qinshui Basin,China

In this study, we experimentally established the relationship between physical properties, vitrinite reflectance, and microstructure of coal, Taiyuan Formation, Qinshui Basin, China using representative coal samples collected from three different mines via the rock mechanics testing system (MTS). We analyzed the organic macerals, vitrinite reflectance, and microstructure of 11 coal samples using petrography and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The experimental results suggest that (1) the elastic parameters can be described by linear equations, (2) both P-and S-wave velocities display anisotropy, (3) the anisotropy negatively correlates with vitrinite reflectance, and (4) the acoustic velocities and Young’s modulus are negatively correlated with the volume of micropores. The derived empirical equations can be used in the forward modeling and seismic inversion of physical properties of coal for improving the coal-bed methane (CBM) reservoir characterization.     

Spatial distribution,source apportionment,and associated risks of trace metals (As,Pb, Cr,Cd, and Hg) from a subtropical river,Gomti, Bangladesh

Sediment samples from the Gomti River basin were investigated to determine and evaluate trace metal concentrations,their biological effect,and potential ecological and human health risks for adults and children.The mean concentrations of trace metals were organized in the descending order of mercury(Hg)(0.08 mg/kg)>chromium(Cr)(0.06 mg/kg)>lead(Pb)(0.05 mg/kg)>arsenic(As)(0.02 mg/kg)>cadmium(Cd)(0.01 mg/kg).The current study illustrated that metals were attributed to the area from natural sources and different anthropogenic sources especially from industries.However,the concentration levels were lower than the sediment quality guidelines(SQGs)based on the effect-range classifications of threshold effect concentration(TEC)and probable effect concentration(PEC).Therefore,the concentration of the elements showed no adverse biological effects on aquatic organisms.The evaluated potential ecological risk index also revealed the low toxicity to the aquatic environment.Moreover,the applied sediment quality indices,geo-accumulation index(Igeo),contamination factor(CF),and contamination severity index(CSI)suggested that the contamination levels of the elements were in the acceptable range,and the contamination had not notably impacted on the sediment quality.The risk index(HI)concerning age groups was significantly less than the threshold limit of 1 indicating that the contamination had no non-carcinogenic risk effect.The total carcinogenic risk(TCR)was less than a risk value of 1×10⁴.Hence,the current study suggests that immediate remediation is not required due to an absence of alarming conditions in the study area.Proper monitoring of the attribution of the metal elements should be done for the betterment of human and environmental health。