江苏高邮地磁台地磁异常与地震关系的研究

应用加卸载响应比法、日变幅逐日比法及空间相关分析法，分析研究了江苏高邮地磁台1992年至1997年地磁垂直分量的观测资料，结果发现，在中强地震前高邮台的地磁场存在明显的磁异常变化。提出了适用于高邮台的地震分析预报参数。     

高邮地震台地磁异常与江苏及邻区地震关系的研究

应用加卸载响应比法、日变幅逐日比法、空间相关分析法,研究分析了高邮地磁台1992～1997年地磁垂直分量观测资料发现,在中强地震前高邮台的地磁场存在明显的磁异常变化,提出了适用于高邮台的地震分析预报参数。     

广平地震台地磁异常与地震关系的研究

利用加卸载响应比、日变幅逐日比、空间相关分析法,研究分析了广平台1982-2006年地磁垂直分量观测资料与河北省及邻近地区Ms≥5.0地震之间的关系,发现它们之间有较好的对应关系;同时给出了适用于广平地磁台的地震分析预报参数,为今后广平台依磁报震提供了依据.     

高邮地磁台加卸载响应比与江苏及邻近地区的地震预测

研究分析了高邮地磁台1980-2001年观测资料的加卸载响应比异常与江苏及邻近地区ML5.0以上地震之间的关系。提出了适用于高邮地磁台的地震分析预报参数。并对其内检预报效能进行了评价。     

喀什台地磁异常与地震

运用地磁垂直分量日变幅逐日比、地磁加卸载响应比、地磁垂直分量归零法,结合回顾震例及前人研究成果,对喀什地磁台2008年至2016年的数字化地磁观测资料进行分析,结果表明,在中强地震前喀什地磁台的地磁场存在明显的磁异常变化,属于中、短期异常。     

地磁垂直分量“低点位移”与青海省中强地震

本文利用青海省西宁地磁台和格尔木地磁台７年间的地磁垂直分量日变极小值出现时间的资料，讨论了“低点位移”异常与青海省ＭＬ≥５．０级地震的对应关系，得出：７２％的地震其发震日为异常以后的第２７天或４１天前后４天；几个台的资料可大致判断未来地震发生的方位；震中距较近或较远的台站，其低点位移异常不明显。该预报方法对青海省的中强地震有一定的短临预报效果。     

地磁垂直分量震磁异常

自1979年以来,江苏地磁垂直分量台网已进行了十年的连续观测和试验。在上述时间内发生的三次M_s>5.0级地震前都观测到地磁垂直分量异常变化。这种异常在平时是不出现的。 作者认为,在中低纬度地区,用较密集的连续观测垂直分量台网能更有效地捕捉到地震磁异常信息,以改善地磁方法预报地震的效果。     

江苏及周边地区中强震电磁异常综合特征分析

在地电阻率各向异性、地磁垂直分量日变化幅度响应比和逐日比、地磁垂直分量北京时21点绝对值空间相关及地磁垂直分量日变化空间相关方法在江苏地区的研究结果基础上,综合分析了这些方法提取的江苏及周边地区中强震异常的综合特征,给出了这些异常在震前出现的先后次序、地震三要素与这些异常的综合关系.     

九寨沟MS7.0地震前地磁异常

分析距离九寨沟M_S7.0地震震中分别为65 km、254 km和238 km的松潘地磁台、成都地磁台和天水地磁台2017年连续观测结果,发现九寨沟地震前,松潘地磁台出现异常变化,主要表现为2017年5月开始,松潘地磁台长时间垂直分量累积变化量达40 nT。短时间内也存在地磁场突变,最高可达10 nT,而成都地磁台和天水地磁台地磁场无明显异常。通过对观测数据的详细检查发现松潘地磁台很多观测日的最后一个观测值与后一观测日的第一个观测值相差超过1 nT,因此认为九寨沟地震前观测数据的异常是由观测系统异常导致。对三个台站地磁场垂直分量日变化的统计分析发现垂直分量在不同时段相关性保持一致,说明地震前短时间内不存在地磁垂直分量的明显异常变化,三个台站地磁场日变化的差异是由地下介质性质不同导致。岩石圈磁场在震中西侧区域出现正负异常交替现象,这可能与九寨沟地震的孕育有关。     

新疆阿克陶M_S6.7地震前喀什地磁资料变化分析与探讨

运用地磁垂直分量日变幅逐日比、地磁加卸载响应比、地磁垂直分量归零法及地磁谐波振幅比,结合回顾震例及前人研究成果,对喀什地磁基准台地磁观测资料进行分析。结果表明,2016年11月25日在新疆阿克陶M_S6.7地震前,该台地磁资料出现明显的异常变化,属于中短期异常。     

SCIENCE CHINA Earth Sciences SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 57(2014)

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Distribution of throughfall and stemflow in multi‐strata agroforestry,perennial monoculture,fallow and primary forest in central Amazonia,Brazil

The partitioning of rain water into throughfall, stemflow and interception loss when passing through plant canopies depends on properties of the respective plant species, such as leaf area and branch angles. In heterogeneous vegetation, such as tropical forest or polycultural systems, the presence of different plant species may consequently result in a mosaic of situations with respect to quantity and quality of water inputs into the soil. As these processes influence not only the water availability for the plants, but also water infiltration and nutrient leaching, the understanding of plant effects on the repartitioning of rain water may help in the optimization of land use systems and management practices. We measured throughfall and stemflow in a perennial polyculture (multi‐strata agroforestry), monocultures of peach palm (Bactris gasipaes) for fruit and for palmito, a monoculture of cupuaçu (Theobroma grandiflorum), spontaneous fallow and primary forest during one year in central Amazonia, Brazil. The effect on rain water partitioning was measured separately for four useful tree species in the polyculture and for two tree species in the primary forest. Throughfall at two stem distances, and stemflow, differed significantly between tree species, resulting in pronounced spatial patterns of water input into the soil in the polyculture system. For two tree species, peach palm for fruit (Bactris gasipaes) and Brazil nut trees (Bertholletia excelsa), the water input into the soil near the stem was significantly higher than the open‐area rainfall. This could lead to increased nutrient leaching when fertilizer is applied close to the stem of these trees. In the primary forest, such spatial patterns could also be detected, with significantly higher water input near a palm (Oenocarpus bacaba) than near a dicotyledonous tree species (Eschweilera sp.). Interception losses were 6·4% in the polyculture, 13·9 and 12·3% in the peach palm monocultures for fruit and for palmito, respectively, 0·5% in the cupuaçu monoculture and 3·1% in the fallow. With more than 20% of the open‐area rainfall, the highest stemflow contributions to the water input into the soil were measured in the palm monocultures and in the fallow. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A Monte Carlo study of rainfall forecasting with a stochastic model

A procedure for short-term rainfall forecasting in real-time is developed and a study of the role of sampling on forecast ability is conducted. Ground level rainfall fields are forecasted using a stochastic space-time rainfall model in state-space form. Updating of the rainfall field in real-time is accomplished using a distributed parameter Kalman filter to optimally combine measurement information and forecast model estimates. The influence of sampling density on forecast accuracy is evaluated using a series of a simulated rainfall events generated with the same stochastic rainfall model. Sampling was conducted at five different network spatial densities. The results quantify the influence of sampling network density on real-time rainfall field forecasting. Statistical analyses of the rainfall field residuals illustrate improvement in one hour lead time forecasts at higher measurement densities.     

Anthropogenic Eutrophication and Red Tide Outbreak in Lacustrine Systems of the Kashmir Himalaya

Red tide, a recurrent phenomenon has become conspicuous in several Kashmir lake ecosystems since 1991. The responsible organism (Euglena pedunculata), a rare flagellate rediscovered in the Kashmir Himalaya (Khan 1993) caused first and unprecedented red tide outbreak, constituting a maximum of 96% of resident numerical phytoplankton density in Dal Lake. At present, conflicting hypotheses exist on the generation of causal assemblage(s) imparting redness to waters: Jeeji Bai (1991) linked its origin to acid precipitation – a fallout of burning oil‐fields during the Gulf War – whilst Khan (1993) holds local factor(s) responsible. Field/experimental studies support the latter contention that the influx of untreated sewage, in unison with warm temperatures, high levels of PhAR, iron and interruption to hydrological flow‐pattern together with absence/or reduction in grazing activity created conducive environmental milieu for red tide outbreak. Dal Lake “red tide” drifted the bloom‐inoculum to other waters, including Lake Wular, where additional ecological niches were carved out, threatening the aesthetic value and biological diversity of Kashmir lakes. Ecological monitoring indicates frequent seasonal red tide occurrence in Dal Lake (including summer‐autumn event of 1998) which testifies its unabated eutrophication status. Further studies are needed on ecological adaptability and biogeographic distribution of this rare and unique red tide‐causing flagellate.