热红外震兆成因的模拟实验研究

对完整岩石破裂前和既存断层粘滑失稳前的红外辐射温度场进行了遥感观测研究,发现岩石破裂前出未来断层处出现条带状的红外热像,粘滑失稳前断层闭锁点出现升温现象,声发射测量表明,岩石破裂前已有大量微破裂产生,地壳中的既存断层和大震前的微小破裂均可能为震前地壳中的热能转移提供通道,从而导致地面热外震兆的出现。     

汶川8.0级和芦山7.0级地震前卫星热红外异常现象对比

汶川地震和芦山地震都发生在龙门山断裂带,且只相隔5年。本文利用距平方法研究发现两次强震前卫星热红外均存在升温异常,为了找出两次地震前异常的异同及强震前的热红外异常规律,本文对两次地震前的热红外异常现象进行了比较。结果表明:两次地震前都存在中、长期异常,芦山地震前存在短期异常,而汶川地震前短期异常不突出,甚至震前半年很平静;震前异常升温面积都很大,达到几十万km2;异常优势分布区域并不在震中区域或发震断裂。     

叠前地震反演技术的进展及其在岩性油气藏勘探中的应用

与叠后地震反演相比，叠前地震反演可得到更丰富的储层信息，可提高储层的描述精度.目前，叠前地震反演主要包括弹性阻抗反演、叠前P波阻抗和S波阻抗联合反演、叠前地震波形反演.文中概述了叠前地震反演各项技术的主要进展及其典型应用实例，提出了叠前地震反演技术在岩性油气藏勘探开发中的应用策略.叠前地震反演技术在未来的油气勘探开发中将有广阔的应用前景.     

大震前井水位长周期波生成机理的实验证据

根据一些学者的岩石力学实验结果证实岩石在大破裂前能够产生一种长周期、小振幅的低频事件,并依此来解释大震前井水位长周期事件的物理机制.研究结果表明,大震前井水位长周期事件反映了震源的内部信息,是大震前断裂失稳扩展前预扩展所产生的一种波,是震源成核过程的反映.     

广西苍梧M_S5.4地震前华南地区连续重力异常分析

正实践表明,大震前的异常扰动现象已被高精度重力仪和宽频带地震仪监测到。如Lacaste ET重力仪和宽频带地震仪监测和证实了汶川地震前1—2天内存在周期为4—8 s的重力扰动,Gphone重力仪监测到日本M_S9.0大震前的连续观测重力异常和高频扰动,以及宽频带地震仪监测到的汤加M_W7.6地震和海地M_W7.0地震前的"震前扰动"现象。到目前为止,有关重力仪记录到的震前"重力扰动"及宽频带地震仪等仪器记录到的"震前扰动"的报道大都来自7.0     

武都形变对岷县Ms5.2级地震的前兆异常反映

2003年11月13日岷县Ms5 2级地震前,武都应变、倾斜资料均出现了明显的前兆短临异常变化。应变在震前2个多月出现了加速变化,震前20多天受力状态发生变化;倾斜资料在震前3个多月出现NW方向的加速倾斜变化,震前数天模拟曲线、数字化资料都出现了明显的固体潮汐畸变。     

2020年1月19日新疆伽师MS6.4地震前地震活动特征分析

简要介绍2020年伽师M S6.4地震周围地质构造背景,研究分析了M S6.4地震前新疆地区和柯坪块体地震活动状态、区域地震活动图像特征。结果表明:①本次地震前1~2年和震前半年,新疆境内中强和中小地震呈现“平静—成组活跃”或显著增强特征;②本次地震发生在柯坪块体M S≥6.0地震平静近15年的背景下,震前区域地震活动存在时间渐进的中短期异常特征,即震前2年,5级以上地震活动呈现NE向有序条带分布;震前1年南天山西段小震群累积月频度呈现“加速”活动特征;震前半年震区附近4级地震条带形成共扼分布特征;震前3个月震区附近出现地震窗超限异常;震前2个月震区附近地区视应力呈现显著高值异常;③震前地震活动具有较好的“长、中、短”期异常配套出现的特征。     

昆仑山口西地震和汶川地震前中源地震活动特征研究

研究2001年昆仑山口西地震和2008年汶川地震前的中源地震活动特征,与唐山地震前的特征进行比较,发现:3次大地震前曾发生6或7次h≥60 km的中源地震,且"大震前中源地震活跃的时间跨度T"约5年或5年多。这是大震前中源地震活动最主要的两个特征,包含了孕育大地震的一些重要信息。其他特征还有:中源地震的活动—平静交替、临近大地震前的地震平静、呈条带分布和(或)地震空区等特征,这与大震前壳内地震活动性的一些特征类似。     

河北张北 6.2级地震前的电磁辐射异常

震前电磁辐射接收记录表明,河北张北地震前在北京,山西太原,河南安阳、洛阳记录到震前异常,这些异常全部在地震发生前结束,若在地震前能全面掌握这些异常,似能预报出河北张北地震。这些异常进一步表明电磁波接收仪能反映地震前兆。指出,为更好地发挥电磁波接收仪的作用,需要解决用计算机网络传递数据的问题。     

安庆M_S4.8地震前肥东定点短水准异常提取

通过倾斜矢量法和垂直形变剖面图分析法,对安庆Ms4.8地震前肥东短水准数据进行了分析,结果显示肥东台短水准数据在安庆地震前出现异常变化.对比分析了安庆地震与九江地震前肥东短水准异常形态的差异,认为安庆地震和九江地震的震源机制不同,震前应力积累在肥东台附近的不同类型可能是两次地震前肥东短水准异常形态不同的主要原因.     

Applying modern methods of statistical physics to describe fluctuations of soil moisture reserve

The application of methods of modern theory of Brownian motion to the calculation of fluctuations of soil moisture reserve is considered. Analytical dependences of the correlation time of soil moisture reserve fluctuations and its mean on the characteristics of external stochastic and deterministic impacts are obtained for a nonlinear hydrological model of moisture reserve formation based on Langevin equation and generalized Langevin relationships. Variations of the low-frequency part of the spectrum of fast synoptic variables (the difference between precipitation and evaporation) because of interaction with moisture reserve fluctuations is examined. A new effect—an increase in the spectrum in the intermediate domain of time intervals between characteristic times—is explained by the time of variations of synoptic fluctuations and the time of variations of fluctuations of soil moisture reserve. The problem of determining a non-steady response of the mean soil moisture reserve to fluctuation of moistening regime is used to demonstrate the potentialities of a new apparatus of statistical physics-fluctuation theorems.     

Petromagnetic and paleomagnetic study of Jurassic sedimentary rocks of the southeast of Russia

In the present paper the new petro- and paleomagnetic data on the Jurassic terrigenous complexes of the Mesozoic sedimentary basins of the Amur River region, Trans Baikal region, and Yakutia are presented. The magnetic properties of the sedimentary rocks of coastal-marine (paleo-shelf) and lake genesis are investigated in the contemporary intracontinental riftogenic Mesozoic superimposed troughs of the Siberian and Amur plates: the Chulmansk, the Unda-Dainsk, the Sredne-Amur, the Amuro-Zeisk, and the Verkhne-Bureinsk troughs. The statistically significant differences in the magnetic (anisotropic) characteristics of continental and marine deposits were inferred. The correlation of the scalar and tensor characteristics of magnetic susceptibility anisotropy and the parameters of its linearity, which depend indirectly on the intensity of the folding, is established. The preferential directions of regional stress during the fold formation are determined based on the analysis of the distribution of the axes of the tensor ellipsoid of the magnetic susceptibility anisotropy. The Jurassic positions of the paleomagnetic pole, which are close to the Mesozoic section of the trajectory of its apparent motion for the North Chinese plate and which differ from the Jurassic poles of the Siberian plate, are defined more accurately. The intraplate rotations of geoblocks within the limits of the amalgamated to the end of the Jurassic-to the beginning of the Cretaceous terrains as a part of the Amur tectonic plate are inferred. The calculated coordinates of the paleomagnetic pole indicate the larger than the present-day difference of the latitudinal positions of the southern part of the Siberian plate, and also of the Amur and North Chinese plates in the Early-Middle Jurassic time. This can be indicative of the fact that the total width of the shallow residual basins of the Paleo-Asian Ocean, which separated the geoblocks indicated in the Early-Middle Jurassic, attained the first thousands of kilometers, and/or such a difference in the paleolatitudes reflects the total value of the shortening (crowding) of the crust during the accretion and the fold formation. The time of the completion of the accretion of the terrains of the Amur and the North-Chinese plates and their attachment to the Siberian plate is not earlier than the end of the Late Jurassic-the beginning of the Cretaceous.     

3万年前长江大洪水沉积的初步分析

选择长江三峡出口部位的红花套断面,对现代长江主流线相沉积、泛滥沉积与三万年前的洪水沉积物粒度进行比较,据粒径大于1mm的粗颗粒粒度分析,发现三万年前的大洪水水动力强度可能是近现代大洪水水动力强度的1.5倍左右.据粒径大于80mm的巨砾粒度分析,三万年前的长江大洪水底流水动力可能是近现代大洪水底流水动力强度的1.35倍左右.因此推测三万年前的长江大洪水比近现代洪水大得多.     

The degree of astaticism of an astatic magnetometer

Summary The degree of astaticism is the fundamental parameter of an astatic magnetometer, an instrument used in geophysics for magnetic measurements of rock specimens. The degree of astaticism is formulated with a view to the vectorial character of the defining quantities and with a view to the effect of the geomagnetic field. As regards measuring the parameter, the mirror method is given, which makes use of the positive and negative orientation of the astatic system relative to the north or east. The measure of the value of the parameter is the change of the sensitivity of the system and the deflection of its zero position, compensated for by the magnetic field of the calibration coil. The problem of the degree of astaticism is treated complexly, inclusive of the measurement of the parameter, which in practice is of fundamental importance for adjusting the systems for manufacturing astatic magnetometers.     

不同单轴加压方式下岩石声发射的时间过程与频率特征

本文利用两个频率通道同时接收花岗岩标本及石灰岩标本在不同单轴加压方式下的声发射信号,研究了从加压到破坏的整个形变过程中,不同频道接收到的声发射率的变化特征.发现在各种加压方式下,花岗岩和石灰岩在破坏前,由不同频率通道接收到的声发射率均急剧增长;而在破坏的瞬间,高频通道接收的声发射率增长快于较低频率通道的声发射率.这两点可用来预测岩石的破坏.声发射率随轴向应力的变化与加压方式有关.匀速加压,加压过程中保持一段时间恒压或降压均对应一定的声发射率状态.有可能通过追踪声发射情况,推测应力变化趋势.      

山西断陷带北中部介质Q值的研究

根据介质Q值理论,通过小震记录中地震直达波P波测定了山西断陷带北中部的介质Q值。从定襄、代县、灵丘、大同台的小震目录中精选出92个记录波形好的地震样本进行了Q值测定,弄清了山西断陷带北中部的介质Q值分布情况,得出了Q值相对较高的区和点,这为未来山西中强地震的预报提供了一个重要依据。     

1977年5月12日宁河地震烈度明显偏低的探讨

1977年5月12日宁河6.6级地震的震中烈度较之震级相当的其他地震的震中烈度明显地偏低。为了阐明这种现象,由P波初动半周期及振幅求得了该区不同时期内的品质因数（Q值）及小震震源参数,并重新校对了这次地震以及1976年11月15日宁河6.9级地震的宏观及微观参数。分析结果表明:这次地震震中烈度异常低是因为1976年11月15日6.9级地震后,该区介质的品质因数大幅度下降,同时这个地震的震源深度比6.9级地震的震源深度约深5公里。品质因数和震源深度的综合效应可导致震中烈度降低近一度。     

应用重力资源估算东海冲绳海槽地壳厚度

利用东海地区的重力资源，并参考在该地区进行的地震测深结果，应用线性公式估算了研究区的地壳厚度，分析了研究区地壳结构特征，根据与中国东部地球物理场、地壳结构的对比，指出东海大陆架地区应是中国大陆的自然延伸，对冲绳海槽的地壳性质进行了探讨，指出冲绳海槽应该为东海大陆架的自然终结。     

Simulating earthquake ground motion at a site, for given intensity and uncertain source location

Following a companion article, ground motion acceleration time historiesduring earthquakes can be described as realizations of non-stationarystochastic processes with evolutionary frequency content and instantaneousintensity. The parameters characterizing those processes can be handled asuncertain variables with probabilistic distributions that depend on themagnitude of each seismic event and the corresponding source-to-sitedistance. Accordingly, the generation of finite samples of artificial groundmotion acceleration time histories for earthquakes of given intensities isformulated as a two-stage Monte Carlo simulation process. The first stageincludes the simulation of samples of sets of the parameters of thestochastic process models of earthquake ground motion. The second stageincludes the simulation of the time histories themselves, given theparameters of the associated stochastic process model. In order to accountfor the dependence of the probability distribution of the latter parameterson magnitude and source-to-site distance, the joint conditional probabilitydistribution of these variables must be obtained for a given value of theground motion intensity. This is achieved by resorting to Bayes Theoremabout the probabilities of alternate assumptions.Two options for the conditional simulation of ground motion time historiesare presented. The more refined option makes use of all the informationabout the conditional distribution of magnitude and distance for thepurpose of simulating values of the statistical parameters of the groundmotion stochastic process models. The second option considers allprobabilities concentrated at the most likely combination of magnitude anddistance for each of the seismic sources that contribute significantly to theseismic hazard at the site of interest.