滇西地区地壳上地幔电性结构与地壳构造活动的关系

本文根据滇西地区18个大地电磁测深点资料的数据处理和分析结果,对测区深部导电率在纵、横向上的变化特征进行了研究。结果表明:滇西地区深部电性为多层结构,大致可分四至五个电性结构层;深部电性结构横向变化大,明显受区域构造控制;该区上部地壳内普遍存在低阻层;上地幔高导层明显存在两个隆起区,一个以剑川—鹤庆为中心呈北北西向展布的隆起区,另一个以腾冲—潞西为轴呈南北向展布的隆起区。 本文还讨论了地壳上地幔电性结构与大地构造的关系,滇西北裂陷区盆地的形成,以及该区地震活动与深部构造的关系     

上地幔高导层与内生金属矿产及油气藏的关系

依据大地电磁测深所发现的上地幔高导层顶面深度可以给出大陆岩石圈-软流圈界面(LAB)的空间发育特征,为认识岩石圈结构及壳幔相互作用等提供重要信息.本文在1996年编制的中国大陆上地幔高导层顶面深度图的基础上,补充了1995—2010年大地电磁测深结果和大地热流数据,以1°×1°网度编制了新的中国大陆上地幔高导层顶面深度图.我国上地幔高导层顶面深度变化很大,具有南北分带,东西分块的特征,呈东浅、西深、北浅、南深的格局,从最浅的50~60km到最深的230km,平均深度为100~120km.据上地幔高导层顶面分布形态,全国共可划分出27个隆起区.通过与中国已知内生金属矿产和油气田的分布对比,发现我国大陆80%以上中生代内生金属矿床分布在上地幔高导层隆起带或其梯度带上方.中国大陆东部含油气盆地主体对应上地幔隆起区,油气田多位于隆起区上方或其边部的过渡带上;西部主体位于幔坳区,主要油气田对应盆地中心的幔坳向周边幔隆过渡的梯度带上;中部表现为仅盆地腹地对应幔坳,盆地周边对应规模较大的上地幔隆起带,主要油气田位于隆起带.总的来看内生金属矿床一般分布在上地幔隆起区靠近造山带一侧,而油气田一般分布在上地幔隆起区靠近盆地一侧.软流圈的不断上隆,造成岩石圈减薄、拉张,张性断裂的出现成为地球深部物质和热量向地壳上部运移的有利通道,为内生金属矿产的形成提供了成矿物质和能量保障,也为含油气盆地带来了生烃催化剂、热能和无机成因的石油与天然气.地球深部超临界流体的存在对上地幔高导层的形成、成矿物质运移可能发挥了重要作用.     

论中国西北某些地区的高导电层及地震区划的深部电性指标.

本文分析研究了中国西北某些地区地壳上地幔內的五类高导电层的分布及横向变化,探讨了其性质、成因及其与地震的关系。以中国南北地震带(北段)为例,探讨了圈划地震带轮廓的深部电性标志;分析了地壳上地幔电导率分布所揭示的地震活动深部物理环境的某些问题,尝试给出了地震带內地震危险区划分的几个深部电性指标,以及利用这些电性指标进行地震危险区划分的实施方法。      

内蒙古东乌珠穆沁旗至辽宁东沟地学断面综合地球物理特征

综合地球物理探测与研究是地学断面的重要内容和基本依据,本断面的综合地球物理研究表明:这里的地壳可分为上、中、下三层,在某些部位中层地壳可进一步分为两层,其上层在断面东南端的辽河断陷东侧及燕山台褶带的义县、朝阳地区呈现为低速层;地壳厚度在断面东南端薄,为31—35km,而在西北端厚,达38—40km;辽河裂谷东侧存在壳内高导层,整个断面上地幔高导层发育,在辽河断陷及朝阳、义县地区反映为上地幔隆起区,在西拉木伦河一带出现落差达50km左右的台阶;确认析木断裂、郯—庐断裂北段、朝阳—北票断裂、赤峰—开原断裂和西拉木伦河等断裂为壳幔深断裂;发现海城地区、朝阳—北票地区及西拉木伦河地区为地壳与上地幔结构异常区,这里也正是地震较活跃的地区。     

云南地区上地幔各向异性研究

对云南23个数字地震台11次地震的SKS记录，采用理论切向分量与实测切向分量拟合的方法，确定了快S波的偏振方向和快、慢波之间的时间延迟．结果表明，除鹤庆台外，在各台都观测到了S波分裂现象；云南地区的快方向总体特征是北北东向，时间延迟变化范围为0.5～2.0ｓ．在地质构造复杂地区断层对分析的影响很大．分析表明，作为青藏高原与华南块体之间的过渡带，云南地区的S波快方向反映了印度板块向欧亚板块俯冲是该地区地球动力学的基本背景，而由于青藏高原隆起造成的康滇菱形块体的南东-南南东向运动是造成复杂构造、应力环境的重要因素．快方向与上地幔运动的方向存在差异，说明在云南地区低速层或者软流层的运动与地壳块体的运动之间存在着复杂的耦合作用，构造驱动力如同向北东方向张开的手掌．从时间延迟出发，推断各向异性层的厚度为60～225ｋｍ．其变化范围与低速层埋深的变化范围（104～260ｋｍ）相当，认为各向异性层顶面可能在地壳底部，也可能在低速层，且在不同地点是不相同的，这与云南及周边地区莫霍面变化剧烈有因果关系．进一步推断出上地幔的各向异性主要存在于岩石圈而不是整个上地幔．      

河北廊坊-天津大港剖面地壳上地幔电性结构特征

在河北廊坊-天津大港一线部署了110 km的MT勘探剖面,通过资料远参考与Robust估算处理及反演解释,对剖面的构造维数及构造方向做了分析;揭示了冀中坳陷、沧县隆起、黄骅坳陷三个不同构造单元及边界接触关系;对地壳、上地幔电性构造层进行了划分和分析。MT成果显示岩石圈体现为纵向分层、横向分块的特征;沧东及大城断裂是区内重要的深大断裂,控制了隆起两侧坳陷的沉积和形成;断裂深部对应上地幔高导层的局部隆起,两侧存在中下地壳高导层的错动。     

中国南北地震带北段地壳和上地幔的电性特征

本文介绍了在我国南北地震带北段地区进行大地电磁测深所得到的一些非常初步的结果,主要是这一地区内的地壳和上地幔的电性特征以及震区和非震区的电性差异。     

京津唐渤和周围地区地壳上地幔电性结构及其与地震活动性的关系

京津唐渤及其周围地区是我国的强烈地震活动区之一。自1976年以来,我们在该区开展大地电磁测深工作,完成了近30个测点。所得结果表明,本区壳内存在高导层,与地震方法确定的壳内低速层一致。平原内上地幔高导层埋深50-80公里,山区大于100公里,与地震方法确定的上地幔低速层基本一致,同时与大地热流测量、居里等温面计算和对新生代玄武岩地球化学研究结果基本吻合。本区绝大多数地震位于壳内高导层之上,强烈地震主要发生在上地幔高导层隆起的边缘。最后讨论了本区强震活动与壳内和上地幔高导层的关系。     

广东大亚湾周围地区地壳和上地幔结构的初步研究

在广东大亚湾周围地区,采用地震转换波法取得了该区地壳和上地幔结构的初步研究结果。在大亚湾地区的地壳中只能分出一个中间界面(界面C)和莫霍界面(M)。本区为两层地壳,地壳厚度为28—30公里。地壳和上地幔界面埋深变化不大,深断裂不发育,本区深部构造特征与地震活动性较高的华北地区相比有较大差别。     

朝阳-义县地震区的深浅部构造、组成及其与地震的关系a

本文综合论述了朝阳-义县地区及其附近的地震活动,深、浅部结构,以及岩石动力学特征.认为本区存在中地壳低速层,且三层地壳速度均较两侧的低,存在上地幔隆起和软流层-低阻层隆起.探讨了三层地壳、低速层和上地幔软流层的物质组成.最后讨论了本区深、浅部结构、组成与地震活动.断裂新活动的成生联系.      

Seismic tomography beneath the orogenic belts and adjacent basins of northwestern China

Three-dimensional velocity images of the crust and upper mantle beneath orogenic belts and adjacent basins of the northwestern continent of China are reconstructed by seismic tomography, based on arrival data of P wave recorded in seismic networks in Xinjiang, Qinghai, Gansu of China and Kyrgyzstan. The velocity images of upper crust demonstrate the tectonic framework on the ground surface. High velocities are observed beneath orogenic belts, and low velocities are observed in the basins and depressions that are obviously related to unconsolidated sediments. The velocity image in mid-crust maintains the above features, and in addition low velocities appear in some earthquake regions and a low velocity boundary separates the western Tianshan Mts. from eastern Tianshan Mts. The orogenic belts and the northern Tibetan plateau have a Moho depth over 50 km, whereas the depths of the Moho in basins and depressions are smaller than 50 km. The velocity images of upper mantle clearly reveal the colliding relationship and location of deep boundaries of the continental blocks in northwestern China, indicating a weakness of the upper mantle structure of orogenic belts. The top depth of upper mantle asthenosphere varies from place to place. It seems shallower under the northern Tibetan plateau, Altay and Qilian Mts., and deeper under the Tarim and Tianshan regions. Hot mantle probably rose to the bottom of some orogenic belts along tectonic boundaries when continental blocks collided to each other. Therefore their dynamic features are closely correlated to the formation and evolution of orogenic belts in northwestern China.     

An explosive seismic sounding profile across the transition zone between west Kunlun Mts. and Tarim Basin

The explosive seismic sounding profile across the transition zone from the west Kunlun Mts. to the Tarim Basin revealed the complex deep structure formed by continent-continent collision on the northern margin of the Tibetan Plateau. The profile shows that the attitude of the Moho is in agreement with that of the crystalline basement in the Tarim Basin and the whole crust dips as a thick slate southwards with an angle from 5° to 7°. Meanwhile, the Moho depth increases from 40 km to 57 km within a distance of 150 km in the southern Tarim region, depicting the subduction of the crust of this region towards the west Kunlun Mts. The crust of the northern slope of the west Kunlun Mts. shows an evident compressed and shortened feature, that is, the basement is uplifted, the interface dips northwards and the Moho rises abruptly to become flat, so that the lower crust is as thick as 20 km.     

Detailed crustal structure in the area of the southern Apennines–Calabrian Arc border from local earthquake tomography

We present a new seismic velocity model for the southern Apennines–Calabrian Arc border region with the aim to better define the crustal structures at the northern edge of the Ionian subduction zone. This sector also includes the Pollino Mts. area, where a seismic sequence of thousands of small to moderate earthquakes has been recorded between spring 2010 and 2013. In this sector a seismic gap was previously hypothesized by paleoseismological evidences associated with the lack of major earthquakes in historical catalogs.To perform the tomographic inversion we selected ca. 3600 earthquakes that have occurred in the last thirty years and recorded by permanent and temporary networks managed by INGV and Calabria University. Using for the first time the Local Tomography Software for passive tomography inversion (LOTOS hereinafter) to crustal analysis in southern Italy, we have computed the distribution of Vp, Vs, and the Vp/Vs ratio. The obtained velocity model, jointly evaluated with results of synthetic modeling, as well as with the hypocenter distribution and geological information, gives us new constraints on the geodynamical and structural knowledge of the study area.The comparison between the shallow tomography sections and surface geology shows good correlation between velocity patterns and the main geological features of the study area. In the upper crust a low-velocity anomaly of P- and S-waves is detectable beneath the Pollino Mts. area and seems to separate the Calabrian and southern Apennines domains, characterized by higher velocities. The distributions of high Vp/Vs ratio, representing strongly fractured rocks with likely high fluid content, clearly correlate with areas of significant seismicity.In the lower crust we detect a clear transition from high to low seismic velocities in correspondence with the Tyrrhenian coast of the study area, which may represent the transition from the thinner Tyrrhenian crust to the thicker one beneath Calabria. In this area, also characterized by a progressive detachment of a retreating lithospheric slab, the generation of a Subduction-Transform Edge Propagator (STEP) fault zone, that laterally decouples subducting lithosphere from non-subducting lithosphere in a scissor type of fashion, may have taken place. These conditions imply the existence of a kinematic decoupling which allows for differential movement between the Calabrian Arc and the southern Apennine chain. The low velocity anomaly separating the southern Apennines and the Calabrian Arc domain may be related to fluid upwelling occurring in correspondence with the northern edge of the Calabrian subducting slab.     

太行山东缘石家庄南部地壳结构及断裂活动性探测

采用深、浅地震反射和钻孔地质剖面相结合的方法,对太行山东缘石家庄南部的地壳结构和隐伏断裂的活动性进行了研究.深地震反射探测结果表明,该区地壳厚度33~38km,莫霍面从华北平原向太行山下倾伏.石家庄—晋县凹陷是受拆离断层控制的盆岭构造,太行山山前断裂为凹陷的西边界断裂,表现为上陡下缓的铲形断裂.石家庄—晋县凹陷中还发育北席断裂和栾城断裂,它们与太行山山前断裂一样受拆离断层的控制,未错断早更新世晚期以来沉积的地层不属于活动断裂.深地震反射剖面的中部还揭示了一个近垂直的穹窿状反射异常体,它可能起源于莫霍面,向上,穿过上、下地壳分界面,并延伸至上地壳.穹窿状反射异常体内部反射波视频率随深度增加而降低,在莫霍面附近的壳幔过渡带也出现明显的频率降低、界面扭曲和变形现象,推断它可能是上地幔岩浆上涌到地壳内部的侵入体.结合电磁测深结果可以发现,上地幔热物质的上涌和东、西向拉张可能是形成石家庄—晋县凹陷的动力学机制.探测结果为深入理解石家庄地区的深部地球动力学过程、华北克拉通破坏机制、深浅构造关系和地震构造提供了依据.     

喀喇昆仑断层与塔什库尔干地震形变带

喀喇昆仑断层位于我国新疆、西藏和阿富汗、克什米尔之间,是亚洲大陆中部一条巨型的右旋走滑断裂带,长约1000km,呈北西向展布,十分醒目。喀喇昆仑断层和阿尔金断层形成一个巨大的挤出构造,使青藏高原向东运动,对东亚的新构造和地震活动具有重要的控制作用。木吉-塔什库尔干盆地是公格尔山和慕士塔格山西侧一条串珠状断陷盆地带,东西两侧发育系列山前活动断裂,主要表现为正断层。这里曾发生多次强震活动,3条地震形变带(地震断层)已被发现。塔什库尔干断裂带呈北北西走向,是喀喇昆仑断层北部的一条分支     

Geophysical evidence of the Eastern Marginal Fault of the Cheb Basin (Czech Republic)

The western part of the Bohemian Massif hosts an intersection of two regional fault zones, the SW-NE trending Oh?e/Eger Graben and the NNW-SSE trending Mariánské Lázně Fault, which has been reactivated several times in the geological history and controlled the formation of the Tertiary Cheb Basin. The broader area of the Cheb Basin is also related to permanent seismic activity of M_L 3+ earthquake swarms. The Eastern Marginal Fault of the Cheb Basin (northern segment of the Mariánské Lázně Fault) separates the basin sediments and underlying granites in the SW from the Kru?né Hory/Erzgebirge Mts. crystalline unit in the NE. We describe a detailed geophysical survey targeted to locating the Eastern Marginal Fault and determining its geometry in the depth. The survey was conducted at the Kopanina site near the Nový Kostel focal zone, which shows the strongest seismic activity of the whole Western Bohemia earthquake swarm region. Complex geophysical survey included gravimetry, electrical resistivity tomography, audiomagnetotellurics and seismic refraction. We found that the rocks within the Eastern Marginal Fault show low resistivity, low seismic velocity and density, which indicates their deep fracturing, weathering and higher water content. The dip of the fault in shallow depths is about 60° towards SW. At greater depths, the slope turns to subvertical with dip angle of about 80°. Results of geoelectrical methods show blocky fabric of the Cheb Basin and deep weathering of the granite bedrock, which is consistent with geologic models based on borehole surveys.     

Temperature modelling along the Taratashskiy profile crossing the ural mountains

Summary The temperature-depth distribution was calculated to a depth of 70 km along the 520 km long Taratashskiy refraction profile crossing the Ural Mts., approximately along latitude 56°N. The steady-state model was solved numerically using the finite-difference method, the vertical distribution of heat production was derived from the observed seismic velocities. It was shown that at the Moho boundary, the mantle heat flow varied between 10 and 25 mWm^–2, and the Moho temperature amounted to 300–550°C for the two versions studied.     

Three evolutionary stages of the collision orogenic deformation in the Middle Yangtze Region

A discussion of collision orogenic deformation has been made for the Middle Yangtze Region. Based on its deformation assemblage orders, three developing stages are classified successively as compression thrust uplift, strike-slip escape rheology and tension extension inversion. The collision orogenesis of the studied region has been divided into three developing periods of initial, chief and late orogeny. Based on the data from Wugong Mts., Jiuling Mts. and Xuefeng Mts., for each stage, its variation of stress and strain axes, the conversion of joint fractures and their relative tectonic evolution are described, models are plotted and corresponding explanations are made for the rock chronology dating value in the same tectonic period.     

Seismic microzonation of Dehradun City using geophysical and geotechnical characteristics in the upper 30 m of soil column

The understanding of geotechnical characteristics of near-surface material is of fundamental interest in seismic microzonation. Shear wave velocity (Vs), one of the most important soil properties for soil response modeling, has been evaluated through seismic profiling using the multichannel analysis of surface waves in the city of Dehradun situated along the foothills of northwest Himalaya. Fifty sites in the city have been investigated with survey lines between 72 and 96 m in length. Multiple 1-D and interpolated 2-D profiles have been generated up to a depth of 30–40 m. The Vs were used in the SHAKE2000 software in combination with seismic input motion of the recent Chamoli earthquake to obtain site response and amplification spectra. The estimated Vs are higher in the northern part of the study area (i.e., 200–700 m/s from the surface to a depth of about 30 m) as compared to the south and southwestern parts of the city (i.e., 180–400 m/s for the same depth range). The response spectra suggest that spectral acceleration values for two-story structures are three to eight times higher than peak ground acceleration at bedrock. The analysis also suggests peak amplification at 3–4, 2–2.5, and 1–1.5 Hz in the northern, central, and south-southwestern parts of the city, respectively. The spatial distributions of Vs and spectral accelerations provide valuable information for the seismic microzonation in different parts of the urban area of Dehradun.     

Fault-generated mountain fronts in the central apennines (Central Italy): Geomorphological features and seismotectonic implications

The morphotectonic framework of the Central Apennines is given by faulted blocks bounded by normal faults, mostly trending NW–SE, NNW–SSE and NE–SW, which cut previous compressive structures. Such a structural setting is consistent with the focal mechanisms of the earthquakes which often occur in this area. In this paper, three lithologically different normal fault-generated mountain fronts are analysed in order to assess the relations between their geomorphic features and active tectonics. They border the Norcia depression (Sibillini Mts, Umbria), the Amatrice–Campotosto plateau (Laga Mts, Lazio) and the Fucino basin (Marsica Mts, Abruzzi). The Norcia depression is bounded by a N20°W trending normal fault to the east and by a parallel antithetic fault to the west. The main fault has a 1000 m throw and gives rise to a wide fault escarpment, characterized by: (1) sharp slope breaks due to low angle gravity faults; (2) important paleolandslides; and (3) several fault scarplets on the piedmont belt affecting Quaternary deposits. The Amatrice–Campotosto plateau is delimited by the western slope of Mt Gorzano which runs along a N20°W trending normal fault having a 1500m throw. Minor parallel faults dislocate Quaternary landforms. Large-scale massmovements also occur here. The Fucino basin was struck by the 1915 Avezzano earthquake (I=XI MCS) which produced extensive surface faulting along two parallel NW trending normal fault escarpments on the eastern border of the basin. There is paleoseismic evidence including buried gravity graben in Late Glacial gravels and tectonic dip-slip striations on Holocene calcitic crusts covering bedrock normal fault planes. These data suggest that active extensional tectonics plays a major role in the slope morphogenesis of the Central Apennines and they indicate the importance of geomorphic analysis in seismic zonation of this area.