分级加载时超固结粘土的一维非线性固结分析

采用土层孔隙比与固结压力和渗透系数之间的非线性经验模型,考虑天然饱和粘土的应力历史影响以及施工荷载分级加载的情况,建立了超固结饱和粘土的一维非线性固结控制方程,采用有限差分法离散求解了该方程,并编制了相应的计算程序;最后对考虑与不考虑超固结特性的饱和粘土一维非线性固结和线性固结的结果进行了比较分析。     

频率对K_0固结饱和粘土动力特性影响的试验分析

通过循环三轴试验,研究了k0固结饱和粘土在0.5 Hz、0.1 Hz与0.01 Hz循环应力作用下,循环强度与土样破坏时最终累积孔压的变化。结果表明,当循环频率从0.1 Hz减少至0.01 Hz时,若循环应力作用下三轴土样发生应力反向,k0固结饱和粘土循环强度大约降低3%左右;若没有应力反向,且当循环破坏次数从10变化至1 000时,循环强度的降低不超过1%,若循环破坏次数大于1 000时,循环频率的改变对循环强度基本没有影响。对于有应力反向情况,循环频率减小将导致最终累积孔压比增加;对于无应力反向情况,循环频率改变对最终累积孔压比的影响并不显著。循环频率对最终累积孔压比的影响与其对循环强度的影响一致。     

K_0固结饱和粘土三轴压缩与拉伸循环强度之间的关系

针对有应力反向与无应力反向两种循环应力条件,进行了k0固结饱和粘土不排水循环三轴压缩与拉伸强度试验。为了分析三轴压缩与三轴拉伸循环强度之间关系,依据3个围压下三轴压缩循环强度试验结果,确定了与不同循环破坏次数对应的Mohr-Coulomb循环强度指标。据此预测k0固结土样三轴拉伸循环强度,预测结果小于实测结果,当循环破坏次数为2 000时,两者之间相对偏差为13%左右。因此,可以依据Mohr-Coulomb强度理论建立k0固结饱和粘土不排水三轴压缩与拉伸循环强度之间的关系。     

地震荷载下饱和砂土孔压增长时程计算方法

本文采用逐波累计方法,依据适于不同固结条件的孔压增量模型,计算每一应力循环的孔压变化,可给出非均等固结复杂情况下孔压实时增长过程。采用不同固结比两种砂进行若干典型地震荷载动三轴液化试验,试验结果与所提方法的计算结果有良好对应关系,表明本文方法可有效地描述地震荷载作用下非均等固结饱和砂土孔压增长过程。     

液化土层上建筑物不均匀震陷的数值研究

饱和砂土地基在地震作用下液化引起的建筑物的不均匀沉降是地震破坏的典型特征之一,会导致建筑物倾斜和失效。建立模拟液化引起不均匀震陷的数值方法对结构抗震设计和工程减灾尤为重要。基于对不均匀震陷机制的认识,对可液化地基上某建筑物模型在输入地震波作用下的震陷情况进行了数值模拟试验,分析了不均匀震陷发展过程中地震动输入、基底动应力、孔隙水压力、地基压缩模量和结构沉降之间的关系,并提出一套数值计算液化引起地基不均匀震陷的方法。结果显示:(1)使用的孔压模型能够模拟孔压在不规则荷载作用下的上升,且能够反应固结比对孔压的影响,以及记录结构地基土体真实的孔压发展过程;(2)计算方法使用的压缩模量模型能够反应由孔压变化引起的时程变化;(3)计算方法能够跟踪记录土层变形随孔压上升的时程变化。     

基于颗粒流数值模拟的饱和砂土流动性分析

给出了基于颗粒离散元模拟饱和砂土不排水循环三轴试验的模型和方法。基于计算结果,分析了模拟试样在循环荷载下的流动性及主要特征。结果表明,数值模拟得到的循环荷载下饱和砂土宏观动力响应与室内动三轴试验结果基本一致,控制应变幅值和有效固结压力对试样宏观动力响应的影响规律符合已有的认识;控制应变幅值对模拟试样的平均流动系数-孔压比关系曲线基本无影响,模拟试样的流动性演变与孔压状态相关;有效固结压力限制试样流动性的增长。验证了基于颗粒流细观模拟方法分析饱和砂土流动性的可行性。     

地铁列车循环荷载试验论证研究

地铁循环荷载作用下饱和软黏土的动力特性研究对于揭示软黏土在地铁荷载下的孔压、强度以及变形模式具有重要意义,可以为控制地铁长期沉降、降低运营风险提供理论依据。试验加载形式的不同会带来不同的动力特性表征,需选取最能反映地铁列车真实性质的荷载形式。本文在列车荷载作用下研究土动力特性,采用室内动三轴试验的方法,对比分析不同形式下动力荷载作用效果。试验研究表明:偏压正弦波可以作为简化波形研究列车荷载,它不仅可以确保加载过程中地基土只有压应力,而且能较好地模拟列车循环荷载。     

渗透固结方法分类的探讨

在分析饱和软土地基不同排水固结处理方法的基础上,将饱和软土渗透固结按其作用机理的不同区分为压缩型固结和渗透力型固结;渗透力型固结又分为减压型和加压型两种形式,将真空预压归类于减压型渗透力固结。提出了超稳定渗流孔隙水压力的概念,得出了渗透力型固结的过程就是超稳定渗流孔隙水压力逐渐转化为有效应力的过程的结论;建立了渗透力型固结沉降计算的简化方法。并对渗透固结处理软土地基的若干问题进行了分析和讨论。     

饱和黄土液化标准的试验研究

根据饱和黄土在动荷载振动作用下的试验结果提出了以黄土的3%应变为主要考虑因素的液化破坏标准。试验表明:在固结不排水的动三轴试验中,黄土结构连接强度随循环次数的增加而逐渐丧失,体积收缩,在不排水条件下转化为孔隙水压力的上升和有效应力的下降,最终可能出现初始液化和循环活动性现象。3%轴应变一定出现在初始液化前;3%轴应变后应变大幅增加,孔压有可能达到初始有效固结围压,也有可能在初始液化前破坏。3%轴变形是黄土稳定变形和大幅变形的临界点。     

黄河三角洲粉土液化的试验研究

在野外自然地理和地质调查的基础上，以黄河地区可液化场地粉土为研究对象，利用室内动三轴和振动柱试验进行测定，分析了动荷载作用下粉土的动应力应变关系并模拟了地震荷载作用下粉土的孔压响应及抗液化强度，得出了液化破坏标准，提出了原状粉土的振动孔压上升模型。对试验结果进行分析发现，随着粘粒含量的增加，粉砂、粉土、粉质粘土、粘土达到相同剪应变所需的动剪应力也依次增加；粉土孔压比0．68、粉砂土孔压比0．87作为液化破坏开始的标志；粉土发生液化所需的循环应力比大于砂土。这些研究为以后建立适合本地区的饱和地基土地震破坏判别方法提供了参数和依据。     

Undrained cyclic triaxial behavior of saturated clays under variable confining pressure

A laboratory study on the undrained dynamic behavior of saturated clays in cyclic triaxial tests with a variable confining pressure (VCP tests) is presented. Tests were performed on remolded clayey samples using a dynamic triaxial device where the deviatoric stress and confining pressure can be varied simultaneously. Various cyclic stress paths have been applied on the specimens through varying the ratios or phase differences between the cyclic deviatoric stress and cyclic confining pressure. Specifically, the stress paths used in the present study were designed to simulate the coupling effects of simultaneously varying shear and normal stresses in clays due to earthquakes and other vibration sources. Test results obtained from this study show that the undrained response of saturated clays is strongly influenced by the variation of confining pressure, in terms of pore water pressure, development speed of cyclic strain and magnitude of cyclic strength. It is found that when strong P-waves are propagating in soil layers, VCP tests are more appropriate for the simulation of in situ stress fields than the conventional cyclic triaxial tests with a constant confining pressure (CCP tests).     

不同应力分量耦合模式下天津滨海饱和黏性土变形特性研究

地基土单元体在地震荷载作用下将产生主应力轴连续旋转,不同的应力耦合模式对土的强度、孔压以及变形等特性影响显著。利用GCTS空心圆柱扭剪仪,对天津滨海软土场地饱和黏性土进行K0固结下的不同应力耦合模式的循环剪切试验。着重对比相同应力路径下竖向和扭剪双向耦合加载模式,内外围压和扭剪的三向耦合加载模式以内外围压、竖向和扭剪的四向耦合加载模式条件下饱和黏性土的变形特性、循环软化特性。试验结果表明:在相同的动强度下,四向耦合应力模式更容易破坏且变形特性以及软化特性较双向、三向耦合下发展更加迅速;剪应力分量对试样软化变形特性的影响更加显著。     

Influence of fines content on the undrained cyclic shear strength of sand–clay mixtures

A series of undrained cyclic triaxial tests were performed on sand–clay mixtures with various sand–clay mixing ratios. Prior to the primary tests, the threshold fines content was examined by consistency tests, which was found to be approximately 20%. For sand–clay mixtures with a sand-matrix (fines content less than the threshold fines content), the cyclic shear strength of low-density mixtures increases and that of high-density mixtures decreases with increasing fines content. However, for sand–clay mixtures with a fines-matrix (fines content greater than the threshold fines content), there exists a unique correlation between the cyclic shear strength and global void ratio for different fines content. The equivalent granular void ratio is introduced in this paper to account for the contribution ratio of the fines to soil skeleton. As a result, a unique relationship between cyclic shear strength and equivalent granular void ratio was observed for pure sand and sand–clay mixtures with a sand-matrix.     

Energy approach to unsaturated cyclic strength of sand

The mechanical response to cyclic loading of saturated cohesionless soils is usually investigated by means of effective stress method considering pore water pressure changes that lead to reduced strength and stiffness. On the other hand, the behavior of partially saturated sands is different from the behavior of saturated sand deposits. The development of negative pore water pressures in particular makes it difficult to estimate the behavior of partially saturated sands. The response of partially saturated sands, however, can be examined in a physically understandable manner by investigating their energy characteristics independently of pore pressure behavior. To establish a general framework for understanding the behavior of partially saturated sand, a total of 52 resonant column and dynamic torsional shear tests were conducted under undrained conditions. The effects of factors such as the amplitude of shear strain, relative density, saturation ratio and confining pressure on the dynamic characteristics of the sand and on energy dissipation were studied. The use of the energy concept in the evaluation of partially saturated soils is shown to be a promising method for the evaluation of the cyclic behavior of partially saturated sands.     

Cyclic and post-cyclic shear behavior of low-plasticity silt with varying clay content

This paper investigates the cyclic and post-cyclic shear behavior of low-plasticity silt and the impact of additional clay content. Bentonite clay was added to the low-plasticity Mississippi River Valley (MRV) silt (PI=6) to increase the clay content of the soil. A series of triaxial tests were conducted in the laboratory to examine the shear and pore pressure behavior during and after cyclic loading. As the bentonite content in the reconstituted specimens increased, the excess pore pressure developed at a slower rate and the total excess pore pressure decreased at the end of cyclic loading. In contrast to the MRV silt, the specimens modified with bentonite experienced cyclic softening rather than initial flow liquefaction. The cyclic shear strength increased with an increase in bentonite content. The post-cyclic reconsolidation behavior was a similar to a virgin compression process, and not recompression. Adding bentonite to the MRV silt results in changes in permeability, compressibility, undrained shear strength, and initial stiffness. Additionally, the cyclic loading had a marked effect on the shear behavior of low-plasticity soil with a PI<6, but not noticeable with a PI>6. This study suggests that the behavior of the Mississippi River Valley silt changes from contractive sand-like material to clay-like behavior at a PI≈6 due to the addition of clay.     

复杂应力条件下松砂振动孔隙水压力与体变特性的试验研究

利用新研制的土工静力-动力液压三轴-扭转多功能剪切仪,在5种初始主应力方向角与5种中主应力系数相组合的初始固结条件下,对饱和松砂进行了不排水循环扭剪试验。讨论了初始固结条件对不排水条件下饱和松砂孔隙水压力变化规律及对剪胀、剪缩、卸荷体缩等体积变化过程的影响。试验研究表明：（1）分别以稳定残余孔隙水压力和破坏时循环次数归一化后的残余孔隙水压力比和循环次数比之间的关系可以用双曲线模式表达。其参数主要依赖于初始主应力方向,中主应力系数对参数的影响并不显著。归一化后的孔隙水压力比与广义剪应变之间的关系也可以用双曲线模式表达,其中的2个待定参数依赖于初始主应力方向,与中主应力系数无关;（2）在三向非均等固结条件下的不排水循环扭剪试验中,饱和松砂表现出卸荷体缩特性,不同初始主应力方向时,饱和松砂剪缩、剪胀、卸荷体缩呈现出不同的交替变化模式。     

含砾黏土压实及强度特性的实验研究

采用室内重型击实实验对含砾黏土的压实特性进行分析,结合CT断层扫描研究材料整体干密度、最优含水率及黏土的压实程度与掺砾量、含水率等因素之间的关系。根据无侧限抗压强度实验结果,比较不同掺砾量和不同含水率下的无侧限抗压强度大小。结果表明:掺砾量较低时砾粒与黏土之间就已出现粒间空隙;含水率较高时,这些空隙及黏土孔隙中的水在击实过程中难以排出,同时水还阻碍了封闭气泡的逸出,造成黏土的压实效果明显降低;随着含砾量的增加砾粒逐渐起到骨架作用,减小了作用在黏土上的击实能量,也造成黏土的压实程度差于纯黏土。含砾黏土的无侧限抗压强度主要由黏土成分的密实程度控制,因而受到砾粒含量和含水率的影响,整体上随着含砾量的增加而降低,含水率较高时的下降幅度更明显。     

饱和黏土振动弱化性态的边界面模型分析

基于增量弹塑性边界面理论,构建一种可以描述振动应力作用下饱和黏土弱化的边界面应力应变关系。该关系利用具有严谨理论基础的旋转硬化法则描述振动应力作用过程中边界面大小与位置的变化,并将塑性累积偏应变长度作为反映振动应力历史对饱和黏土应力应变响应影响的状态参数,通过建立包含状态参数的塑性模量插值关系描述饱和黏土振动弱化应力应变响应,进一步按照正交流动法则形成增量应力应变关系。该关系包含9个参数,其中5个是剑桥模型参数,其余4个参数有相对明确的物理意义。利用所构建的边界面应力应变关系,对两种黏土的等压固结不排水静三轴试验和动三轴试验进行预测,并与试验结果进行比较,结果表明这一关系能够较好描述振动应力作用下饱和黏土刚度与强度弱化特性。     

Effects of load irregularity on the cyclic behaviour of sand

In an effort to investigate the effects of irregular nature of load application on the behaviour of soils during earthquakes, a series of uni-directional irregular loading tests were performed on saturated Fuji river snad under undrained condition using a simple shear test apparatus. The samples prepared to three different densities in this test device were subjected to twelve irregular time histories of shear stress alteration. For comparison purposes, the conventional type of constant amplitude cyclic simple shear tests were also conducted on samples prepared under identical conditions. On the basis of the test results, values of coefficients allowing for the effect of load irregularity were elucidated for the samples with three different densities. It was then suggested that the values of coefficient thus determined be used to facilitate the evaluation of the soil strength under actual seismic loading conditions, on the basis of the cyclic shear strength obtained from the conventional type of constant-amplitude triaxial tests.