井间电磁探测接收的理论考察和实验研究

井间电磁测井技术测量井间地层电磁波传播特性,通过正反演获得井间电阻率分布信息,由此揭示地层油气水的分布信息.井间电磁接收是井间电磁测井技术中一项重要内容,是开展井间电磁成像测井系统研制中必须攻克的难题之一.本文通过对比磁反馈与无磁反馈两种天线接收幅度与相位特性,发现磁反馈接收天线频带平稳无相位跳变点,相比无反馈天线具有明显优势.在磁反馈天线的基础上,本文分析不同天线磁芯、不同天线缠绕方式对天线幅频特性的响应,发现这些参数均对天线幅频特性有不同影响,为天线设计与研制提供参考设计参数.在接收天线研究的基础上,采用噪声匹配放大、1/f滤波、工频压制、数字锁相放大、相敏检波等软硬件处理技术,进一步降低噪声,提高接收精度和灵敏度.为有效开展井间同步发射与接收采集,采用高精度时间同步技术,提高同步与电磁波相位提取的精度.针对接收线路与系统中存在的误差,采用两距离井间电磁刻度方法进行压制.井间电磁接收样机研制完成后,分别在现场进行井下噪声测试、非金属套管井间、金属套管井间等系列井间电磁接收测量实验,研究与实验结果表明:本文所研究的井间电磁接收技术可实现500 m以上大井距和双层金属套管井间测量．     

井间地震技术在松南油气开发中的初步应用研究

为了研究松南地区陆相砂泥岩薄互层储层岩石物性横向变化、微构造等对油气聚集的影响和探索利用高分辨率井间地震技术直接指示油气分布的可能性,开展了井间地震及地面小三维地震、VSP、测井等立体地震观测．使用了自行研制的井中炸药震源和常规地震记录仪器．采用层析成像方法、反射资料叠前偏移成像方法等对采集到的资料进行研究,得到了不同分辨率的地下构造和岩石物性信息,展示出不同方法技术在分辨薄储层能力上的差异．高分辨率的井间地震成果较好地实现了井间地层对比,查清了两井间储层横向变化和油气分布情况．层析速度与构造信息等的综合应用解释了两井油气产能差异的原因,建立了油气地质模型．所得成果显示出井间地震技术在油气开发中的潜力．     

气烟囱的地球物理响应特征及油气勘探

本文借助于地震数据及其与之相关的属性体,研究气烟囱在地震体上烃类泄露路径、浅层气、海底麻点等异常特征与油气的密切关系.针对气烟囱对不同叠置组合地层本身的改造及由于流体迁移导致地层含气引起的地震响应异常现象进行分类:与多边形断层相关的管状,与底辟活动相关的穹窿状以及与烃源岩及下伏含气储层超压有关的网状及线状三种类型,其中第三种类型对油气聚集最为有利.针对以上三种类型开展了烃类泄露相关描述、识别及其解释等工作,并分析了气烟囱根部烃类运移供给能量及上覆地层的渗透能力决定了气烟囱规模及样式不同.在以上研究的基础上,总结了气烟囱相对应的三种成藏模式,有助于分析油气运聚成藏路径,为寻找油气藏,减小钻遇风险,成功勘探和开发提供思路.     

基于加权一致性的蚁群算法在断层检测中的应用

突出地震数据振幅空间不连续性的断层增强属性体是断层自动解释的基础,而如何压制噪声、地层残余响应、角度不整合接触等伪断层的影响是断层自动检测的关键问题之一.在指纹图像边缘检测处理中,一致性是对指示局部方向场信息各向异性强度的一个度量,本文将其作为一种新的断层增强属性引入到地震数据处理中.为了更有效地压制噪声,本文通过对一致性进行加权处理,再结合蚁群算法,提出了新的断层自动检测方法——基于加权一致性的蚁群算法.理论地震模型和实际地震数据的处理结果表明,对于相同的断层检测过程,对比常规的基于方差属性的蚁群算法和基于C3相干属性的蚁群算法,本文所提方法不仅更有效地压制了噪声和地层残余响应产生的伪断层信息,而且更完整地展现了断层的延伸长度,同时具有更高的稳定性和计算效率.     

基于概率统计的地震事件公报评估算法

给出一种基于概率统计的地震事件公报评估算法．选择事件的发震时间、震中经纬度构造特征函数．当特征函数为正态分布时计算事件匹配概率,选择匹配概率大于90%的事件为匹配事件．将该算法应用于国际数据中心（IDC）自动处理与人工分析公报的比较分析．相对于人工分析结果,IDC数据自动处理的匹配率约为79%,误检率约为52.3%．该算法可应用于地震事件公报的日常对比分析、台网监测能力分析、数据自动处理结果评估等领域．      

地应力测量及其对油气运移和断层封堵性影响的发展现状与趋势

地应力是地下地质结构发生改变的主要影响因素,是断层活动的主要驱动力.它的大小、方向、作用效果等直接决定了断层是否具有封闭性,能否对其周围的油气进行封堵,从 而确定油气开发的有利区带.为了更清楚地认识地应力以及其对油气运移的作用,本文首先对地应力的测量方法进行分类和总结,阐述不同测量方法的工作原理、使用条件以及各自的优缺点;其次通过压实成岩程度、充填胶结作用和泥岩涂抹影响对断层封堵性进行了定性的分析和阐述;从测井资料计算法、地层模型计算法、断面虚拟井法、泥岩涂抹势CSP法与页岩涂抹因子SSF法、SGR法与ESGR法等方法的角度出发对断层封堵性进行了定量分析阐述;然后分析了地应力测量、断层封堵性对油气运移影响的发展现状与趋势;最后结合当今世界发展局势对地应力和油气工程的发展前景进行展望,说明地应力对工程实施,油气开采以及安全生产保障的重要意义.     

精细地震构造解释在油田开发中的应用

在油藏开发的高含水阶段,寻找剩余油分布,调整注采关系等是油藏进一步开发的核心问题.微幅度构造常常是剩余油的富集区域,而小断层的存在往往会影响注采关系.以往的地质分析都是基于已钻井的钻测资料,对于井间的微幅度构造以及小断层的分布情况无法进行预测,本文提出了井震联合精细构迨解释方法,即综合利用已钻井资料和高精度三维地震资料,采用精细层位标定,井震联合小层对比统层,井震联合建立高精度三维速度场,趋势面分析法和“蚂蚁算法”等方法,形成了油藏开发中的舞震联合精细构造解释的方法流程,该方法通过在实例中的应用能有效地寻找剩余油富集区和发现小断层,并且结果都得到了生产中动静态资料的验证,研究表明,井震联合精细构造解释可以有效预测井间的微幅度构造以及小断层的分布情况,对于油藏开发阶段寻找剩余油分布,调整注采关系具有重要的指导意义.     

井间电磁法综述

地面电磁法在实际工作中在很大程度上受到了探测深度和分辨率的限制.为了克服这些缺点,出现了井间电磁法.井间电磁法指的是在两个(或多个)钻孔中分别发射或接收电磁波信号,利用电磁波信号进行成像并探测井间物理性质的地球物理方法.由于发射机和接收机可以分别放置在很深钻孔中,其具有大透距、大探测深度的特点,因而广泛应用于工程环境物探、矿产勘查、石油勘探等中.针对不同的应用,产生了各具特点的一些特殊方法,包括井间无线电波成像、跨孔雷达、井间电磁成像.井间无线电波成像仪目前只测量电场强度数据,工作频率低,一般是单频的电磁波,频率范围通常在1 kHz至10 MHz.由于缺少走时数据修正射线路径,井间无线电波成像主要是进行基于直射线追踪的衰减层析成像.井间无线电波成像既可用于工程与环境地球物理也可用于找矿.跨孔雷达是钻孔雷达的一种探测方式,用高频电磁脉冲探测两个井孔间介电常数和电导率的变化.跨孔雷达层析成像也叫地质雷达CT,既可进行走时成像,还可进行衰减成像.一般来说,地质雷达CT的电磁波工作频率较高,中心频率通常在10 MHz和1 GHz之间,因此在分辨率指标上占有优势,跨孔雷达主要用于工程与环境地球物理.井间电磁成像采用更低的频率,测量复电磁信号,适合油气储集层监测,是一种地球物理前沿技术.经过在多个试验区初步试验表明,井间电磁成像是油藏研究的有效手段,可用于分析剩余油分布,寻找油气富集区,进而达到提高钻探高效井成功率和提高采收率的目的.本文详细介绍对比了这三种方法在理论和实践中的一些特点,并对未来的发展进行了展望.     

基于改进A*算法的水下重力匹配导航路径规划

水下重力匹配导航作为辅助手段,能够有效克服惯性导航系统在水下长时间航行产生的误差积累.重力场的不规则性,使得不同海域重力场适配性存在差异,重力特征变化显著的海域匹配精度较高,反之精度较低.在适配性评价基础上,对导航路径进行规划有助于提高作业任务可行性,合理规避不利因素.本文采用重力异常标准差、粗糙度等特征参数对海域重力场适配性进行评价,形成重力场适配格网参考图,引入A^*算法规划起始点和目标点间路径,达到了有效规避非适配区、提高航路设计合理性的目的.传统A^*算法存在的问题是,规划路径折线较多、线路总弯曲度大,本文设计了一种改进方法,通过前后向对比分析,对单个路径节点逐个进行筛选过滤,有效减少了冗余航向调整,实现了路径的平滑优化.     

卡拉套走滑断层的识别标志及解释技术

卡拉套(Karatau)走滑断层是中亚地区南图尔盖盆地的控盆断层,对盆地油气的运移、聚集和圈闭形成有重要的控制作用.走滑断层的结构识别和准确解释是研究断层相关圈闭的基础.本文利用三维地震资料,通过对走滑断层剖面地质特征的分析,识别了包括花状构造、海豚效应、丝带效应、断层两盘差异化的地层产状等走滑断层典型标志.针对走滑断裂带资料成像差的特点,采用构造导向滤波技术有效的提高了断面之间的地层连续性,突出了主干断层和羽状断层的清晰度.以构造导向滤波数据体为基础的相干体断层属性清楚的表征了走滑断裂带的平面发育特征;相干体属性和构造导向滤波数据体的融合体切片将断面属性和地层属性融合,有利于分析断块结构.卡拉套走滑断裂纵向上为双层花状构造,平面上主干断层多段式分布、分支羽状断层呈雁形排列.     

塔里木陆块在Rodinia超大陆中位置的新认识——来自地层对比和古地磁的制约

塔里木周缘的新元古代地层中均记录了涉及Rodinia聚合和裂解的构造热事件,但塔里木在Rodinia超大陆中位置尚存争议.本文综合地层对比以及古地磁的研究方法,将塔里木陆块在Rodinia超大陆中置于澳洲板块的西北缘,并且塔里木的西南缘(现今位置)和澳洲的西北缘(现今位置)相连.基于塔里木周缘的构造热事件和塔里木、澳洲运动学特征分析,认为塔里木陆块周缘在约800~700 Ma中发生了强烈的裂谷事件,导致塔里木从Rodinia超大陆中裂解,但塔里木并没有完全从澳洲裂离,而是随澳洲一起,加入冈瓦纳大陆.在约450 Ma左右,塔里木与澳洲发生分离,其原因为古特提斯洋的扩张.     

Estimating stratal completeness of carbonate deposition via process-based stratigraphic forward modeling

Hiatuses are ubiquitous in stratigraphic records at various temporal scales,but they cannot be easily identified and quantified owing to the lack of adequate methods in determining the duration of hiatuses or stratal completeness.Here a processbased stratigraphic forward modeling(SFM)approach was used to effectively estimate the completeness of carbonate strata in three dimensions and at basin-scale.By using information derived from both spatial and temporal domains in the SFM outputs for five grid locations(pseudo wells)under different depositional settings,we were able to delineate basin-wide hiatuses of various temporal scales and determine their durations and stratal completeness quantitatively.The stratal completeness appears to be controlled by sea level changes,depositional environments,carbonate growth rates and tectonic subsidence patterns in various ways.     

Early-stage rifting of the Southern Tyrrhenian region: The Calabria–Sardinia breakup

The Southern Tyrrhenian Sea is an extensional basins linked to the Neogene evolution of the Calabria subduction zone located in the western Mediterranean realm where controversial kinematic and geodynamical models have been proposed. Our study provides a key to unravel timing and mode of extension of the upper plate and the breakup of Calabria from Sardinia. By combining original stratigraphic analysis of wells and seismic profiles off Calabria with a stratigraphic correlation to onshore outcrops, we re-assess the tectonic evolution that controlled the sedimentation and basement deformation of the Southern Tyrrhenian basin during Serravallian–Tortonian times. We document the tectono-stratigraphic evolution of adjacent extensional basins characterized by 3rd order depositional sequences (Ser1, Tor1 and Tor2) and different modes of extension, subsidence and opposite dipping faults. Episodic basin development is recorded by a coarsening-up and fining-up trend of the sedimentary succession and by tectonically enhanced unconformities that reflect three episodes of fault activity. We reconstruct Serravallian–Tortonian paleogeographic maps and propose a block faulting model for the evolution of the Sardinia–Calabria area. Sardinia was disconnected from Calabria through N–S normal faults forming Tyrrhenian extensional basins that formed contemporaneously to the E–W opening of the Algerian basin. Unlike published Serravallian–Tortonian reconstructions of the western Mediterranean realm, our results support a geodynamic model characterized by rapid trench retreat, trench-normal extension in the entire overriding plate and very weak coupling between plates.     

A Study on the Quaternary Activity of the Tianjin Fault

The Tianjin fault includes South Tianjin fault and North Tianjin fault. Based on the results of artificial seismic exploration,four borehole profiles were laid out respectively west of Jinghai county town,Chaomidian village of Xiqing district,Xiaonanhe village of Xiqing district and Zhutoudian village of Ninghe county,to implement the exploration of these faults. Through identification of microfossils,the locations of marine beds in boreholes were obtained in this work,and through stratigraphic dating,the ages of the first,second and third marine beds were determined. Through strata correlation with the marine beds as key marker beds and integrating with the test results of paleo geomagnetism of boreholes BZ2 and TN3,the activity in the North and South Tianjin faults was analyzed and studied. The results indicate that there is no evidence of movement of the South Tianjin fault since the Late Pleistocene,but may have had weak activity before the Middle Pleistocene. No evidence of activity in the North Tianjin fault was found since the Late Pleistocene either,but might have been active in the early stage of the Early Pleistocene. These show that the activity of the South Tianjin fault is stronger than that of the North Tianjin fault. At the same time,we find that the second,third and fourth marine beds are lacking to some extent in different areas. So,before they are used in strata correlation, the age of marine beds must be determined,otherwise the results of strata correlation may lead to errors. For the second marine bed,where there has been dispute about its age,we consider the age to be about 70ka.     

海原断裂带内第三纪老龙湾拉分盆地的地质特征

在海原断裂带内部发现一个第三纪拉分盆地 ,命名为老龙湾拉分盆地。根据卫片解译结果和野外地质调查 ,对该盆地内的地层沉积序列、地层分布、相关断裂等特征进行了研究。结果表明 ,老龙湾拉分盆地发育于海原断裂内的最大斜列部位 ,盆地沉积受边界断裂控制 ;盆地内部沉积了巨砾岩、杂砾岩及紫红色 -灰绿色泥岩、桔红色角砾岩等地层 ,最大沉积厚度约 4 6 0 0m。老龙湾盆地内部地层不整合于不同的外围地层之上 ,根据对盆地内部沉积序列及外围第三系的区域对比 ,认为盆地沉积开始于中新世中期。由以上特征确定老龙湾盆地为海原断裂带内的第三纪拉分盆地。它为青藏高原东北缘第三纪的走滑断层活动的研究提供了地质证据     

Variable-grid reverse-time migration of different seismic survey data

With an increasing demand for high-resolution imaging of complex subsurface structures, thin layers and hidden reservoirs, borehole and cross-well seismic migration methods have become important. However, large differences are observed in the frequency bandwidth between the surface, borehole, and cross-well surveys. Thus, variable-gridbased algorithms have been adapted to reverse-time migration. Further, we introduce Lanczos filtering to ensure the stability of wavefield calculations as well as to decrease the artificial reflections that are caused due to the variable grid size. Finally, we observe that the application of this method to surface survey, borehole, and cross-well seismic data suggests improvements in the delineation of minor fractures and steeply dipping faults.     

浅层地震勘探与联合钻孔探测揭示丽江-小金河断裂隐伏段复杂花状构造特征

丽江-小金河断裂是川滇菱形块体内部重要的边界断裂,前人根据其断错地貌特征确定其为左旋走滑断层,并认为其左旋断错了SN向的丽江盆地。本文对丽江-小金河断裂丽江盆地隐伏段开展了浅层地震勘探与钻孔探测,通过地层岩性分析建立跨断层的钻孔联合剖面,揭示丽江-小金河断裂斜穿了丽江盆地,隐伏段整体形式为不对称正花状构造,表现为断展褶皱和逆冲断层,但主断层顶部表现为局部拉张,断错了晚第四纪地层。     

南海南部海域中中新世(T3界面)构造变革界面地震反射特征及构造含义

南海南部海域油气资源丰富,由于盆地沉积厚度大、沉积相横向变化快和构造演化复杂等原因,致使该海域新生代地层的划分方案差异大,地层时代的认识也存在较大分歧,这极大地制约了对盆地油气资源评价的正确认识.本文在总结国内外不同分层方案基础上,通过收集国外在南海南部深水区两口关键钻井的资料,开展曾母和北康两盆地重处理二维地震剖面的构造-地层解译,以及联井剖面的井震对比,重新识别和标定新生代重要构造变革面的地震反射特征.根据海域钻井、地层岩性、沉积环境、构造应力体系和古生物资料的综合对比研究,结合婆罗洲陆地测年结果和区域构造事件,重新厘定中中新世T₃构造变革面的发育时代,年龄为15～17 Ma,分析了该界面的构造含义,认为其是南海海底扩张停止的一个构造响应界面,在南海南部海域对应南沙运动,在北婆罗洲地区表现为沙巴造山运动.     

台湾海峡的活动断裂与地震活动

根据地质、地貌、地球物理资料以及晚第四纪地层的分析对比，探讨了台湾海峡ＮＥ、ＮＷ向断裂的活动性及其与地震的关系。研究表明，以晚更新世晚期以来，上述断裂具有明显的活动性，海峡中５级以上地震大多发生在这些断裂附近或其交汇处。     

A method of reconstructing complex stratigraphic surfaces with multitype fault constraints

The construction of complex stratigraphic surfaces is widely employed in many fields, such as petroleum exploration, geological modeling, and geological structure analysis. It also serves as an important foundation for data visualization and visual analysis in these fields. The existing surface construction methods have several deficiencies and face various difficulties, such as the presence of multitype faults and roughness of resulting surfaces. In this paper, a surface modeling method that uses geometric partial differential equations (PDEs) is introduced for the construction of stratigraphic surfaces. It effectively solves the problem of surface roughness caused by the irregularity of stratigraphic data distribution. To cope with the presence of multitype complex faults, a two-way projection algorithm between threedimensional space and a two-dimensional plane is proposed. Using this algorithm, a unified method based on geometric PDEs is developed for dealing with multitype faults. Moreover, the corresponding geometric PDE is derived, and an algorithm based on an evolutionary solution is developed. The algorithm proposed for constructing spatial surfaces with real data verifies its computational efficiency and its ability to handle irregular data distribution. In particular, it can reconstruct faulty surfaces, especially those with overthrust faults.