新增五个国家城市湿地公园

<正>住建部近日发布《关于公布国家城市湿地公园的通知》,批准了包括广东惠州市大亚湾红树林城市湿地公园在内的五个公园为国家城市湿地公园,分别是:江苏省盐城市大洋湾城市湿地公园、安徽省铜陵市西湖城市湿地公园、广东省惠州市大亚湾红树林城市湿地公园、四川省成都市白鹭湾城市湿地公园、贵州省安顺市黄果树城市湿地公园。     

关于印度洋地震海啸紧急救援的两个问题

海退是海浪剧变的重要信号,发生海退现象之后,应当立即撤离沿海,跑到高地上去,才能避免人员的重大伤亡。红树林在印度洋地震海啸中起到减缓作用。红树林生态系统是生产率最高的海洋四大自然生态系统之一,是国际上生物多样性保护和湿地保护对象,被誉为“地球的肾”。在全球红树林锐减的情况下,广西防城港红树林项目的启动是被全球环境基金会称为典范。     

洞庭湖湖洲资源演变与综合开发探讨

本文论述了洞庭湖区湖洲湿地生态系统的演变过程、综合开发途径及其措施。研究表明,洞庭湖湖洲湿地生态系统在各种外界因子特别是泥沙在湖盆的强烈沉积作用下,其洲滩面积、洲土质量、生物资源以及人类活动都呈现明显的演变过程。对已经形成的湖洲,要在不影响洞庭湖泄洪、航运和控制血吸虫病的前提下,以湖洲高程为主要参照物依次实施湖草安全开发、获苇深度开发、荻林生态开发和产品加工开发,同时辅之以必要的综合开发配套措施。     

鄱阳湖湿地生态功能重要性分区

在分析鄱阳湖湿地自然环境特征和湿地生态系统服务功能特征基础上,利用GIs技术,对鄱阳湖湿地范围进行界定,湿地面积为3886km2.基于湿地生态环境保护和社会经济发展总体要求,按照生态功能区划原理,对湿地进行生态功能重要性分区研究.根据湿地生态功能重要性评价结果将湿地分为极重要区、高度重要区、重要区、一般重要区四个区域,...     

全球陆表湿地潜在分布区制图及遥感验证

由于城市化和农业垦殖等人类活动不断增强,很多湿地生态系统受到侵占或干扰.保护湿地资源需要准确的湿地分布.然而由于湿地类型复杂多样,地面调查困难,大范围湿地分布制图很难完成.目前还没有专门用于湿地保护和规划且有较高分辨率的全球湿地分布数据.采用水文、气候数据结合1 km分辨率的混合地形指数(CTI)数据,利用陆表湿地和地下水位的关系,模拟出不考虑人类活动影响状况下30 s分辨率的全球陆表湿地潜在分布区.这是最高分辨率的全球陆表湿地的潜在分布数据.模拟结果显示全球陆表湿地潜在分布区面积达到3.316×107 km2.用遥感获得的实际湿地数据对陆表湿地模拟结果进行精度验证,总体精度达到83.7%.本次模拟结果可以作为构建全球湿地实际分布数据库的基础.由于模拟过程未考虑农业灌溉、建坝等人类活动对湿地的干扰破坏,因此本文对陆表湿地潜在分布区的模拟结果大于当前几种全球土地覆盖制图产品中湿地的面积.本文采用方法所需数据相对较少,精度高于其他产品.     

海岸带蓝碳的科学概念、研究方法以及在生态恢复中的应用

海岸带蓝碳广义上指盐沼湿地、红树林和海草床等海岸带高等植物以及浮游植物、藻类和贝类生物等,在自身生长和微生物的共同作用下,将大气中的CO_2吸收、转化并长期保存到海岸带底泥中的这部分碳,以及其中一部分从海岸带向近海及大洋输出的有机碳.海岸带蓝碳单位面积的固碳能力远大于陆地碳库.盐沼湿地、红树林、海草床、渔业碳汇和微型生物碳泵等5类海岸带碳汇需要进一步研究其固碳机理和调控因子.海岸带蓝碳的定量研究方法包括碳收支的监测、模拟实验和模型研究.我们可以通过恢复、保护和增加这些碳汇来获取新增碳汇,从而得到碳积分,进而通过市场机制推动生态保护和恢复.针对全球应对气候变化的迫切需求以及中国固碳减排的承诺,我们应加强海岸带蓝碳的科学和政策研究.利用蓝碳原理,保护和恢复盐沼湿地、红树林、海草床,增进微型生物碳泵的储碳功能,并建设可持续性海洋牧场等重要海岸带生态系统.     

近60年来白洋淀流域河川径流演变及湿地生态响应

白洋淀是雄安新区的核心生态功能区,近几十年来面临水源不足、湿地萎缩等生态环境问题.选取白洋淀流域上游王快、西大洋及拒马河3个子流域开展河川径流演变研究,结合1969年以来18期白洋淀湿地遥感影像,揭示白洋淀流域河川径流驱动湿地演变的过程机制.结果表明：近60年来白洋淀流域山区径流量呈持续衰减趋势,从P1阶段（1961—1979年）至P3阶段（1997—2019年）,典型子流域年径流系数均值由0.29降至0.12,山区年径流总量由30.84×10⁸ m³/a降至11.37×10⁸ m³/a,降幅达63.1%,梯田修建、地下水开采等人类活动是导致径流衰减的主要原因;不同子流域产流和基流减少对径流衰减的贡献率存在差异,以变质岩为主的王快子流域径流衰减的主要原因是地表产流减少,碳酸盐岩分布较广的拒马河子流域径流衰减的主要原因是基流减少;白洋淀湿地面积变化受控于地表水位波动,近60年来白洋淀湿地退化的直接原因是入淀流量减少,根本原因是人类活动影响导致的山区径流衰减.     

1960s以来白洋淀水文、环境、生态演变趋势

白洋淀是我国华北平原最大的浅水湖泊湿地,享有"华北之肾"、"华北明珠"等美誉,对维持京津冀大城市群的区域生态系统平衡和保持生物多样性发挥着生态安全屏障作用.长期以来,高强度人类活动导致入淀水量锐减、水体污染严重、生物多样性减少、生态系统功能衰退,"明珠"失去了应有的光泽.结合历史文献资料和课题组长期在白洋淀的监测结果,本文系统地梳理了自1960s以来,白洋淀的水文、水环境和水生态演变历程,并分析了导致一系列演变发生的可能原因.随着区域经济的发展,人类活动增强,白洋淀区域水量、水环境以及生态质量自1960s以来逐渐退化.近20年来,随着一系列环境治理政策和生态补水工程的实施,白洋淀水质恶化趋势得到了一定的遏制.2017年,中共中央、国务院宣布设立雄安新区,其"以水定城"的理念突显白洋淀作为新区中心的重要性,白洋淀环境与生态治理工作任重而道远.本文的工作以期能为新时期白洋淀的环境生态治理提供依据和支持.     

湖泊湿地水文过程研究进展

湖泊湿地是世界上最重要的生态系统之一,在调蓄洪水、净化环境、保护生物多样性以及为人类提供淡水和食物等方面发挥着不可替代的作用.然而,受气候变化和人类活动叠加影响,湖泊湿地水文过程发生了剧烈变化,湖泊湿地面临着面积萎缩、质量下降和服务功能退化等风险.本文总结了原位观测、数值模拟和遥感技术在获取湖泊湿地关键水文要素方面的优...     

近30年长江下游升金湖湿地不同季节景观生态风险时空分析

以安徽省升金湖湿地为研究对象,使用1989年、1996年、2003年、2010年和2017年四季Landsat系列遥感数据,构建景观生态风险评价模型,计算不同季节景观生态风险指数,分析风险空间分布及其变化特征,并使用Pearson相关系数分析季节间、季节与年度间景观生态风险相关性.结果显示:(1)不同季节景观生态风险指数有显著差异,生态风险从高到低依次为夏季、冬季、秋季和春季,夏、冬季风险指数平均高出春、秋季37.03%.(2) 1989—2017年升金湖湿地景观生态风险指数明显增加,湖区内泥滩、草滩等重要景观类型极易受人类活动影响,逐渐由中风险、较高风险区转变成较高风险、高风险区,且人造表面与草滩面积与较高风险和高风险区面积呈现出一定的协同变化特征.总体上,升金湖湿地以较低景观生态风险和中景观生态风险为主,较高景观生态风险与高景观生态风险主要位于上、下湖区.(3)季节间景观生态风险相关性最高的为秋季与冬季;年度生态风险与冬季生态风险高度相关.因此,近30年升金湖不同季节湿地景观生态风险时空演变趋势体现了该湿地景观格局变化对景观生态系统干扰的压力响应,且秋季与冬季湖区湿地需引起高度重视.     

水文学与水力学相结合的南四湖洪水预报模型

作为“滇池沿岸带生态修复技术研究及工程示范”系列研究论文之一,主要分析研究了滇池东北部沿岸带原有生 态状况、现有环境基础、实施局部岸段生态修复的有限目标、实现这一目标的主要限制性环境因子及其可控性．结果显 示,滇池东北部沿岸带入湖河流密集,发育良好的湖滩湿地原本是拦截净化入湖河水的生态屏障;湖滩湿地被围垦之后, 人工岸堤前风浪侵蚀强烈,水生植物和水生动物消失,但沙质沉积物淤积形成了次生浅滩;在次生沙滩上创建挺水植被, 仍然可以发挥沉积掩埋污染物、捕获分解漂浮性蓝藻的污染控制功效;实施生态修复所面临的限制性环境因子主要为风 浪的强烈冲刷和水质严重污染,这些因素都可以通过相应的环境改造与控制措施加以解决,因而实现生态修复目标是可 能的．     

Dramatic variations in emergent wetland area in China's largest freshwater lake,Poyang Lake

Freshwater wetlands are important ecosystems experiencing rapid degradation around the world. As much as 64% of world's wetland area has been lost since 1900; the situation is even more serious in Asia, where land reclamation and anthropogenic modifications of rivers are increasing the rate of wetland disappearance. In this study, we provide a first complete estimation of daily Emergent Wetland Area (EWA) in Poyang Lake, China's largest freshwater lake, from 1955 to 2012. A wavelet analysis indicates a strong periodicity in the monthly EWA time series with two oscillations having a period of 12 and 60–72 months, respectively. A dramatic increase in mean annual EWA is detected since 2003, when the Three Gorges Dam (TGD) was completed, mainly due to the seasonal drying of 1078 km² of wetlands in October. It is found that the timing of wetland emergence during the dry season has been anticipated of one month, from November to October, since the establishment of TGD. It is argued that a significant increase in wetland exposure and an observable shift in the seasonal timing of flooding and drying will seriously degrade the wetland system and threaten the endangered migratory birds that inhabit it unless effective countermeasures are implemented.     

Actual state of European wetlands and their possible future in the context of global climate change

The present area of European wetlands is only a fraction of their area before the start of large-scale human colonization of Europe. Many European wetlands have been exploited and managed for various purposes. Large wetland areas have been drained and reclaimed mainly for agriculture and establishment of human settlements. These threats to European wetlands persist. The main responses of European wetlands to ongoing climate change will vary according to wetland type and geographical location. Sea level rise will probably be the decisive factor affecting coastal wetlands, especially along the Atlantic coast. In the boreal part of Europe, increased temperatures will probably lead to increased annual evapotranspiration and lower organic matter accumulation in soil. The role of vast boreal wetlands as carbon sinks may thus be suppressed. In central and western Europe, the risk of floods may support the political will for ecosystem-unfriendly flood defence measures, which may threaten the hydrology of existing wetlands. Southern Europe will probably suffer most from water shortage, which may strengthen the competition for water resources between agriculture, industry and settlements on the one hand and nature conservancy, including wetland conservation, on the other.     

Evaluating the sensitivity of wetlands to climate change with remote sensing techniques

Wetlands are valuable ecosystems that provide many valuable services, yet many of these important ecosystems are at risk because of current trends in climate change. The Prairie Pothole Region (PPR) in the upper‐midwest of the United States and south‐central Canada, characterized by glacially sculpted landscapes and abundant wetlands, is one such vulnerable region. According to regional/global climate model predictions, drought occurrence will increase in the PPR region through the 21st century and thus will probably cause the amount of water in wetlands to decline. Water surface area (WSA) of Kidder County, ND, from 1984–2011 was measured by classifying TM/ETM+(Landsat Thematic Mapper / Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus) images through the modified normalized difference water index. We then developed a linear model based on the WSA of these wetlands and historical climate data and used this to determine the wetland sensitivity to climate change and predict future wetlands WSA in the PPR. Our model based on Palmer drought severity index (PDSI) of the current year (PDSI_{t ? 0}) and of the previous two years (PDSI_{t ? 2}) can explain 79% of the annual wetland WSA variance, suggesting a high sensitivity of wetlands to drought/climate change. We also predicted the PPR wetlands WSA in the 21st century under A1B scenario (a mid‐carbon emission scenario) using simulated PDSI based on Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change AR4 22‐model ensemble climate. According to our prediction, the WSA of the PPR wetlands will decrease to less than half of the baseline WSA (defined as the mean wetlands WSA of the 2000s) by the mid of the 21st century, and to less than one‐third by the 2080s, and will then slightly increase in the 2090s. This considerable future wetland loss caused only by climate change provides important implication to future wetland management and climate adaptation policy. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

洪泽湖健康水生态系统构建方案探讨

洪泽湖生态系统健康状态为中等,并呈逐年退化的趋势,因此开展洪泽湖健康水生态系统构建方案的研究十分必要.本文分析了洪泽湖水生态系统健康状态、水体分区特征以及存在的主要问题,根据水文条件和水生态状况的差异,将洪泽湖划分为3种具有典型特征的湖区:过水通道(从淮河入湖口至入江水道)、湿地保护区和成子湖区.针对不同湖区在水质、水...     

Wetlands of Northeast Asia and High Asia: an overview

This review reports background information on wetlands in the Northeast Asia and High Asia areas, including wetland coverage and type, significance for local populations, and threats to their vitality and protection, with particular focus on the relationship of how global change influenced wetlands. Natural wetlands in these areas have been greatly depleted and degraded, largely due to global climate change, drainage and conversion to agriculture and silviculture, hydrologic alterations, exotics invasions, and misguided management policies. Global warming has caused wetland and ice-sheet loss in High Asia and permafrost thawing in tundra wetlands in Northeast Asia, and hence induced enormous reductions in water-storage sources in High Asia and carbon loss in Northeast Asia. This, in the long term, will exacerbate chronic water shortage and positively feed back global warming. Recently, better understanding of the vital role of healthy wetland ecosystems to Asia’s sustainable economic development has led to major efforts in wetland conservation and restoration. Nonetheless, collaborative efforts to restore and protect the wetlands must involve not only the countries of Northeast and High Asia but also international agencies. Research has been productive but the results should be more effectively integrated with policy-making and wetland restoration practices under future climatic scenarios.     

基于水文变异的东洞庭湖湿地生态水位研究

东洞庭湖湿地具有重要生态意义.基于东洞庭湖湿地退化的现实,认为气候变化、人类活动等因素造成水文序列发生突变,湿地生态系统适应突变前的水文环境.以城陵矶水文站1952-2006年月平均水位序列为分析对象,通过滑动T检验法找到序列的最可能突变点,以该点对序列进行分割,以变异前的月平均水位序列为对象,拟合月平均水位的最适合概率分布函数,认为概率最高处的月平均水位是区域生态水位.研究结果表明,城陵矶水文站的水位时间序列发生显著变化;与其他方法相比,本文确定的东洞庭湖湿地生态水位具有一定的合理性,对东洞庭湖湿地生态系统修复具有一定的指导意义.     

贵州草海湿地不同水位梯度土壤碳、氮、磷含量及其生态化学计量比分布特征

对贵州草海湿地4种水位梯度下(农田区、过渡区、浅水区和深水区)表层土壤(0~10 cm)碳、氮、磷含量及其生态化学计量比进行研究,以期揭示草海湿地不同水位梯度下土壤碳、氮、磷生态化学计量比的分布特征及其影响因素.结果表明:土壤总有机碳(TOC)、总氮(TN)及总磷(TP)含量在不同水位梯度之间均差异显著,由过渡区至深水区,土壤TOC及TN含量均呈递增趋势,而TP含量呈先降低后增加的趋势;农田区土壤TN含量显著高于浅水区,但深水区土壤TP含量显著低于农田区.不同水位梯度土壤碳氮比(C/N)、碳磷比(C/P)和氮磷比(N/P)也存在显著差异,由过渡区至深水区,土壤C/P和N/P均呈递增趋势,而C/N呈先增加后降低的趋势;与过渡区相比,农田区土壤C/N、C/P和N/P总体偏低.相关性分析表明:土壤C/N、C/P和N/P的空间分布与土壤TOC、TN、含水量等理化性质有关.可见,草海湿地水位变化对土壤TOC、TN和TP含量以及C/N、C/P及N/P的空间分布具有显著影响,且水位升高有利于增强土壤碳、氮、磷的固存潜力.     

松原灌区建设对查干湖生态风险分析及对策

松原灌区将对国家自然保护区查干湖周围的盐碱地实施大面积围垦,若大量高浓度碱性尾水直排入湖,将导致查干湖生态系统严重污染.对这一风险合理评估并防范,关系到湖区生态安全与灌区的可行.本文在对湖区生态环境及灌区尾水排放模式与含盐特性系统分析基础上,提出利用退化沼泽湿地(盐沼)构建湿地处理系统(生态缓冲区),而非直接入湖的构想.当灌区运行一定时期,尾水水质得到改善,再入湖发挥补水效应.同时在设计上采取盐碱地分批滚动开发,以控制年排盐总量,降低排盐强度;以及充分利用碱湖泡随机承泄,减轻对查干湖的压力,既可防止湖水污染,又可保证灌区建设可行.