由中国CDSN台网检测到的汶川地震所激发的地球球型自由振荡

2008年5月12日汶川发生M8.0特大地震, 这次特大地震使得地球自身产生了整体的连续振动。 本文采用地震发生之后中国数字地震台网(CDSN)所记录到的5天地震波形, 对VHZ频段进行了功率谱密度分析。 由于CDSN台网的地震仪对低频信号具有压制特点, 所以没有对资料进行固体潮处理, 从而获得了大地震激发的73个(₀S₄～₀S₇₆)基频球型自由振荡和6个谐频球型自由振荡(₁S₂, ₃S₂, ₁S₄, ₁S₀, ₁S₇, ₄S₂), 并与PREM模型的理论自由振荡周期进行了对比, 结果表明观测振荡周期与PREM预测的振荡周期吻合很好。 所得结果可以进一步用来研究地震震源机制和地球内部结构, 并对大地震的震源破裂分布给出一定的约束。     

北京边界层大气污染物的垂直廓线监测与分析

基于扫描差分光学吸收光谱（DOAS）系统,于2007年8月27日~9月4日期间对北京市朝阳区大气污染物SO₂,HCHO,O₃和NO₂的垂直分布进行了连续监测,并对污染物垂直廓线进行了分析,详细探讨了SO₂垂直分布特征以及夜间NO对O₃的滴定作用.结果表明,SO₂浓度通常没有明显垂直分层分布特征,但在清晨风速较低时呈现负梯度变化.研究发现夜间O₃、NO和NO₂之间存在稳态作用,表明城市区域O₃的滴定主要来自于地面NO的直接排放,显示出NO的滴定作用对夜间O₃、NO和NO₂的垂直变化起到重要作用.     

JCZ-1型地震仪观测的地球环型自由振荡

本文首次采用JCZ-1型地震仪观测资料研究地球环型自由振荡, 并在2011年日本9.0级地震、 2010年智利8.8级地震和2005年印尼8.6级地震后武汉地震台JCZ-1型地震仪观测到了其激发的环型自由振荡, 从中检测了基振型₀T₂~₀T₆₇和一次振型 ₁T₂~₁T₅₀等振型的本征周期, 与PREM的理论值比较, 误差比小于0.5%, 补充了PREM中未提到的几次振型的本征周期: ₀T₁₁、 ₀T₁₅、 ₀T₁₉、 ₁T₄、 ₁T₅、 ₁T₁₄, 并观测到了日本地震 ₀T₂、 ₀T₆、 ₀T₇和 ₀T₈振型的多峰值现象。 研究结果表明, JCZ-1型地震仪具有良好的观测超低频长周期地球自由振荡的能力。     

云南地区Lg波衰减成像研究

收集了云南省及周边121个固定台站于2014年5月—2019年5月记录到的470次M≥4.0宽频带地震记录,利用反双台法处理了6 976条垂直向波形数据,通过LSQR方法反演得到了云南地区的空间分辨率小于100 km的1 Hz下Lg波衰减成像。反演结果表明,云南地区地壳Lg波的Q₀值介于60—300,整体为低Q₀背景,横向不均匀性变化显著。云南地区低Q₀值的分布特点,反映了Lg波在云南地区衰减强烈。红河断裂西侧Q₀值较低,在50—160之间,东侧Q₀值较高,在120—200之间,分布特征与沉积层厚度分布一致,松散的沉积层可能是造成东侧地区Lg波高衰减的主要原因。云南地区地壳Lg波Q₀值呈现出了与地表热流值分布相似的差异化分布特征,这可能与频繁的地震、长期强烈的构造运动以及深部物质随火山活动上涌有关。      

新保安—沙城断裂带土壤气地球化学特征分析

测量断裂带土壤气浓度变化, 是监测断裂活动性和地震危险性的重要途径之一。 2014年5月, 我们在怀来地区新保安-沙城断裂测量了断层土壤气H₂、 He、 CO₂、 Rn、 Hg浓度以及CO₂、 Rn、 Hg的通量。 测量结果显示: H₂、 He、 CO₂、 Rn、 Hg浓度变化范围分别为, H₂: (0.4～34.2)×10^-6、 He: (2.8～7)×10^-6、 CO₂: (0.051～1.19)%、 Rn: (0.31～18.22) kBq/m³、 Hg: (2～54) ng/m³。 土壤气H₂和Rn是揭示断层位置的有效参数之一, 在断层附近以及有陡坎的地区有明显高值异常。 通过对怀来地区新保安-沙城断裂土壤气浓度及通量地球化学研究初步确定断裂带有较高的脱气强度, 与此区域地震活动性有一定的关系。     

郯庐断裂带赤山段全新世新活动的特征

文中在野外开挖探槽及年龄样品测试的基础上,对郯庐断裂带赤山段全新世的新活动特征进行了详细讨论。在泗县赤山镇徐井村附近开挖了2个地质探槽(XJ1、 XJ2),其中XJ1探槽揭露了10个地层单元,从老到新依次为U₁—U₁₀;发现3条断层,由东向西依次为F₁、 F₂和F₃;识别出3次古地震事件,由老到新依次为E₁、 E₂和E₃。事件E₁和E₂分别为F₁和F₂的逆冲活动,事件E₃为F₂逆走滑和F₃正走滑共同活动的结果。前2次古地震事件E₁、 E₂发生于中更新世—晚更新世晚期之间,后一次事件E₃代表最新一次古地震活动,发生于地层U₉沉积以后,在该层上部采集的泥炭样品的测定年代为11.1...     

汤东活动断裂带土壤H2、Rn地球化学特征

为研究汤东断裂带土壤气体地球化学特征及其所反映的构造地球化学背景, 采用野外监测的方法分析了张河村与邢李庄村两条测线的土壤H₂、 Rn分布特征。 结果表明, 张河村H₂浓度、 Rn活度浓度的分布范围分别为0.24×10^-6～174.7×10^-6、 13.3～69.8 kBq·m^-3, 背景值分别为14.26×10^-6, 24.8 kBq·m^-3。 邢李庄测线H₂浓度、 Rn活度浓度的分布范围11.8×10^-6～67.06×10^-6、 43.6～72.6 kBq·m^-3, 背景值分别为37.13×10^-6、 72.6 kBq·m^-3。 张河村测线在90～105 m处, H₂、 Rn出现强烈高值异常, 而120～150 m处出现高值异常。 异常值位于断裂带附近, H₂、 Rn气体测值对断裂位置具有良好的指示作用。 气体异常主要受汤东活动断裂构造控制, 汤东断裂下方的深大断裂和汤阴地堑中下地壳的低速体对深部气体释放有重要作用。     

用位错模型研究震级与烈度的关系

作者根据位错模型导出了震级不仅与震中烈度和震源深度有关,而且与极震区面积有关。震中烈度通过应力降和震级联系起来,而极震区面积则通过位错面的面积或震源体积和震级联系起来,使震级与烈度的物理联系更加明确。 用我国的61个浅源地震资料,用逐步回归方法计算出震级M与震中烈度I₀、极震区面积（面积单位为平方公里）A₀的关系为: M=3.53+0.039I₀²+0.0178（Ig A₀）³,还分别计算出震级与6-8度区面积A₆、A₇、A₈的关系为: M=3.63+0.72 Ig A₆, M=5.34+0.718（Ig A₇）·（IgIg A₇）, M=5.92+0.104（Ig A₈）²。并外推出震级与5度区面积A₅的关系为: M=3.03+0.72 Ig A₅。 利用这些关系式来确定历史地震震级比仅考虑震中烈度来确定有较好的效果。     

固体潮观测资料的平滑处理

国际固体潮中心（I.C.E.T.）设计了一套处理潮汐资料的计算程序。其中有一数据的准备部分,用Lecolazet（以下简称莱氏）提出的组合z_1/2⁵z₆（y₃-（y₀/2））和z_1/2⁵对观测资料进行平滑处理。这种方法简便易算。本文给出的数字滤波器,平滑处理效果比前者更好。     

2017年琉球群岛6级地震前佘山地震台应变观测异常

2017年5月9日琉球群岛6级地震发生前,佘山地震基准台YRY-4型钻孔应变仪的2个观测分量S₂、S₄,在M₂波潮汐因子分析中表现出明显的趋势异常。通过实地调查排除环境、气象干扰,对应变与气压观测曲线的M₂波潮汐因子γ值进行对比及量化分析,认为应变分量观测异常非环境干扰造成,应与琉球群岛6级地震发生有关。     

Evaluation of selected cobalt-60 complexes as tracers of groundwater

A series of Co-60 compounds, considered as potentially useful tracers of groundwater movement, were prepared and evaluated in soil column and batch studies. The compounds were: potassium hexacyanocobaltate (III), K₃Co(CN)₆; potassium ethylenediamminetetraacetato-cobaltate (III), KCo(EDTA); ammonium 12-tungstodicobaltoate (III), (NH₄)₈[Co(II)Co(II)W₁₂O₄₂] · 20 H₂O; chloraquotetrammine cobalt (III) chloride, [Co(NH₃)₄(H₂O)Cl]Cl₂; and sodium hexanitrocobaltate (III), Na₃Co(NO₂)₆. The performance of K₃ ⁶⁰Co(CN)₆ and K ⁶⁰Co EDTA were dependent on their environment and more especially on the type and amount of clay present. The EDTA cobalt complex cannot be used in soils that are basic or where a large fraction of the clay is saturated with Na⁺ and/or Ca⁺⁺. Of the other radioactive tracers tested, none were suitable for groundwater tracing because of instability in aqueous solution (Na₃Co(NO₂)₆), variable anionic structure under acid conditions ((NH₃)₈[Co(II)Co(II)W₁₂O₄₂] · 20 H₂O), or preferential uptake by the clay fraction ([Co(NH₃)₄(H₂O)Cl]Cl₂).     

Focused ion beam technique and transmission electron microscope studies of microdiamonds from the Saxonian Erzgebirge, Germany

A focused ion beam of Ga ions is a relatively new technique that has been developed for microelectronic industries. Now researchers of the Earth sciences find it to be a promising tool for studying various geological materials. Using the FIB technique and an FEI Strata DB 235 dual beam system, we have successfully prepared several electron-transparent foils, which crossed μm-sized diamonds included in host minerals such as zircon and garnet from quartzofeldspathic rocks of the Saxonian Erzgebirge, Germany. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy applied to these foils revealed that the diamonds contain crystalline nanometric inclusions. These inclusions consist of minerals of known stoichiometries such as SiO₂ and Al₂SiO₅, whereas others are characterized by different combinations of Si, K, P, Ti, and Fe in the presence of oxygen (stoichiometries are not clear at this stage of research). One suite of inclusions is assumed to be represented by archerite, KH₂PO₄, which is known to be stable at pressures of 4–22 GPa, and one nanocrystal containing Pb, oxygen and carbon is interpreted to be Pb_xO_y or PbCO₃. Along with solid crystalline inclusions, the diamonds contain cavities filled by liquid/gas that escaped during sample preparation. These are associated with dislocations of diamond growth. Our data are consistent with the concept of diamond crystallization from a COH-rich multicomponent supercritical fluid and suggest that the composition of such a fluid is more consistent with a local crustal source rather than that of a mantle origin.     

In Situ Electromigration as a Method for Removing Sulfate, Metals, and Other Contaminants from Ground Water

Electromigration is proposed as an in situ method for preconcentrating contaminants in ground water prior to pumping and treating. In earlier investigations by the senior author and co-workers, it was found that Cu in synthetic ground water migrated strongly to a Pt cathode and plated out as metallic copper. In the present study, carbon electrodes were inserted into a laboratory column of fine quartz sand that was saturated with a lower concentration of CuSO₄ solution. A fixed potential of 2.5 V was applied, causing dissolved Cu and SO₄ to accumulate strongly at the cathode and anode, respectively. Only minor plating-out of Cu took place on the carbon electrodes. In addition to the use of carbon electrodes, the present research also investigated the effects of a lower concentration of metal, accumulation of SO₄ adjacent to the anodes, adsorption of Cu on the sand, and competition by moving ground water.
At an imposed voltage of 2.5 V and in the presence of 65 mg/L of dissolved Cu and 96 mg/L of SO₄ (0.001 M CuSO₄ solution), electrolysis of water caused large changes in the pH and speciation of the aqueous components, as well as precipitation of solid Cu-hydroxides. Significant retardation of Cu occurred in the presence of ground water flowing at an average intergranular velocity of 0.2 m/day, but only minor retardation at water velocities of 1.9 and 2.9 m/day.
Sulfate tends to migrate strongly to the anodes, suggesting that in situ electromigration may offer a useful new method for preconcentrating such highly soluble ions as SO₄, NO₃, and CI that are difficult to remove by conventional pump-and-treat methods. A number of potential problems exist that should be addressed in a field test.     

An evaluation of the global variations in the major element chemistry of arc basalts

Arc volcanoes occur at convergent margins with a wide range in subduction parameters, and variations in these parameters might be expected to lead to variations in the chemistry of magmas parental to arcs. Major element analyses from approximately 100 volcanic centers within 30 arcs, normalized to 6% MgO to minimize the effects of crystal fractionation, display wide variations. Na₂O and CaO at 6% MgO (Na_6.0 and Ca_6.0) correlate remarkably well with the thickness of the overlying crust. These systematics are consistent with two possible models. In the first model, the crust behaves as a chemical filter; where the crust is thick, magmas crystallize at higher pressure and interact more extensively with the arc crust. Modeling of high-pressure crystallization and assimilation, however, does not reproduce the associated variations in Na_6.0 and Ca_6.0 without calling upon complicated combinations of fractionating phases and assimilants. In the second model, crustal thickness determines the height of the mantle column available for melting beneath arc volcanoes. If melting begins beneath arcs at similar depths, then the column of mantle that undergoes decompression melting is much shorter beneath the thickest arc crust. The shorter mantle column for arcs built on thick crust will lead to smaller extents of melting in the mantle, and hence higher Na_6.0 and lower Ca_6.0 in the parental magmas. Modeling shows that variations in the extent of melting in the mantle can easily account for the associated variations in Ca_6.0 and Na_6.0. The abundances of the other major elements at 6% MgO do not correlate well with crustal thickness, or any other subduction parameter. Co-variation of some of these other major elements (e.g., Si_6.0 and Fe_6.0) within individual arcs suggests that they are strongly influenced by local crustal level processes that obscure partial melting systematics. Correction for the crustal processes improves the relationship between Na_6.0 and Ca_6.0 that is so readily explained by partial melting. The extents of melting in the mantle beneath arc volcanoes estimated from the ranges in Na_6.0 and Ca_6.0 are remarkably similar to those estimated beneath mid-ocean ridges. This observation provides further evidence that the mantle wedge, and not the slab, melts beneath arc volcanic fronts.     

Self-reversal of isothermal remanent magnetization in a pyrrhotite (Fe7S8) crystal

The remanent magnetization induced at room temperature (IRM) was measured for powder and massive specimens separated from a Fe₇S₈ crystal. To characterize the crystal, several methods were used including Mössbauer spectroscopy, thermomagnetic analysis, low-field susceptibility anisotropy and magnetic colloid method. Self-reversals of IRM were revealed in the massive crystal fragment after its magnetization in magnetic fields of the order of 10–10² mT. Both normal and reverse IRM vectors lay in the maximum susceptibility plane perpendicular to the crystallographic c′-axis of the crystal. A twinning also perpendicular to the crystal's c′-axis and a very low coercivity in each twin (monocrystallic layer) probably support the origin of the reverse IRM in the crystal.     

Uranium and thorium diffusion in diopside

This paper presents new experimental data on the tracer diffusion rates of U and Th in diopside at 1 atm and 1150–1300°C. Diffusion couples were prepared by depositing a thin layer of U–Th oxide onto the polished surface of a natural diopside single crystal, and diffusion profiles were measured by ion microprobe depth profiling. For diffusion parallel to [001] the following Arrhenius relations were obtained: log₁₀D_U=(−5.75±0.98)−(418±28 kJ/mol)/2.303RT log₁₀D_Th=(−7.77±0.92)−(356±26 kJ/mol)/2.303RT. The diffusion data are used to assess the extent to which equilibrium is obtained during near fractional melting of a high-Ca pyroxene bearing mantle peridotite. We find that the diffusion rates for both elements are slow and that disequilibrium between solid and melt will occur under certain melting conditions. For near-fractional adiabatic decompression melting at ascent rates >3 cm/yr, high-Ca pyroxene will exhibit disequilibrium effects. High-Ca pyroxene will become zoned in U and Th and the melts extracted will be depleted in these incompatible elements relative to melts produced by equilibrium fractional melting. U and Th diffusivities in high-Ca pyroxene are similar, and diffusive fractionation of these elements will be limited. Numerical solutions to a dynamic melting model with diffusion-controlled chemical equilibration indicate that the activity ratio [²³⁰Th/²³⁸U] in a partial melt of spinel peridotite will be slightly less than 1 for a broad range of melting parameters. This result reinforces the already widely accepted conclusion that melting of spinel peridotite cannot account for ²³⁰Th excesses in mid-ocean ridge and ocean island basalts, and that garnet must therefore be present over part of the melting column.     

地震强度指标选择对长周期钢结构余震IDA分析的影响

结构在主震作用下发生损伤,由于刚度和强度退化导致结构周期的延长,再加上高阶周期的影响,在随后的余震对主震损伤结构抗震性能的影响分析中,基于弹性周期的传统谱加速度可能不适用,有必要对地震动强度指标的选择进行进一步研究。本文以9层Benchmark钢框架为研究对象,选取10种地震动强度指标,分别从离散性和相关性两个维度对比分析了其在余震IDA分析中的优劣性。研究结果表明:与最大层间位移角相比,最大残余层间位移角更能够准确地量化主震对结构造成的损伤;对于钢框架结构,基于一段周期的几何平均谱加速度的IM_Boj&Lev指标是最优的地震动强度指标,相对于S_a（T₁）离散性降低了30%左右,相关性提高了6%左右。     

龙门山地区的kappa（κ0）模型及汶川MS8.0地震的强地震动模拟

在地震动模拟中,高频衰减参数（κ₀）是一个重要的参数,它控制了傅里叶谱高频部分的衰减特性.本文利用汶川M_S8.0地震和芦山M_S7.0地震主余震的1671组强震动观测记录,计算了龙门山地区50个断层距小于150 km的强震动台站的κ₀,基于随机有限断层法模拟了汶川地震中这些台站的加速度时程、傅里叶振幅谱和反应谱,并与前人的研究进行比较.结果表明,合理计算的κ₀可以有效地改善加速度时程振幅和高频谱（>1 Hz）的模拟结果.另一方面,本文基于κ₀与地形高程的相关性,建立了龙门山地区的κ₀经验模型.分别采用该经验模型和κ₀= 0.04 s模拟了汶川地震的峰值加速度分布,并与观测记录进行比较.结果表明,采用本文提出的κ₀模型可以更好地重现汶川地震的峰值加速度分布,特别是在断层破裂方向的反方向区域和山区.综上,汶川地震中山区的峰值加速度明显大于盆地地区的现象,不仅与断层破裂产状有关,还与山区和盆地地区的κ₀之间显著的差异有关.     

VERTICAL SLIP RATE OF MINLE-DAMAYING FAULT INDICATED BY SCARPS ON TERRACES OF DONGDA RIVER

The Qilianshan north-edge thrust (QNT)is located at the boundary between the northern margin of the Qilianshan mountain and Hexi Corridor, with a length over 700km. The Minle-Damaying fault (MDF), trending NWW, is part of the eastern section of the QNT, cutting through the Minle and Wuwei Basins. Hexi Corridor is a region of intense seismic activities, where many large earthquakes have been documented in history, such as the M7.5 Gaotai earthquake in 180, M8.5 Haiyuan earthquake in 1920, M8.0 Gulang earthquake in 1927 and the M7.6 Changma earthquake in 1932. While, there is no seismic record on the MDF. The Dongda River flows across the MDF from south to north. One of the tributary of the Dongda River, Xie River, has very well preserved terraces (T₆-T₁)which were offset by the MDF. On these terraces, there is clear trace of scarps, of which the height increases from terraces T₃ to T₆, indicating an accumulation of offset with time. In order to acquire the cross-section of scarps, unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)scanning was implemented. With a digital camera mounted on, the UAV scanned an area of 0.52km² and digital elevation model (DEM)was generated with an accuracy of 0.2m vertically. The Thompson's method was utilized to conduct linear regressions on both the hanging wall and foot wall of the fault. The difference between the intercepts of the regression lines with the vertical line going through the intersection of the scarp surface on the fault surface is considered as the vertical offset. Terraces from T₆ to T₃ are very well preserved where MFD intercepts the Xie river, while T₂ and T₁ are badly eroded at the same location. Utilizing the cross-sections extracted from high resolution DEM, we estimate that the vertical offsets of T₆-T₃ are 13.26~15.67m, 9.74~10.13m, 5.86~7.35m and 5.03~5.60m, respectively, with 95%confidence interval. From the offsets of terraces, at least 4 paleo-seismic events are indentified. Terraces were dated by the AMS ¹⁴ C dating, yielding ages (cal BP)of T₆-T₂ as (16 405±210)a, (111 975±21)a, (5 697.5±210)a, (4 470.5±54.5)a and (3 137.5±77.5)a. Liner regression was performed for the relation between the ages and the offsets of terraces, resulting in the average vertical slip rate of MDF since the formation of T₆ as 0.91 average v. As the dip of MDF is about 35°, the shortening rate is estimated to be (1.3±0.13)mm/a. This study provides important parameters for the analysis of seismic activity in heavily populated Minle and Yongchang areas.     

On the strength of electric currents and zonal magnetic fields at the top of the Earth''s core: Methodology and preliminary estimates

A new method is described for estimating: (a) the meridional electric current density, j_θ, (b) the vertical growth rate of the zonal magnetic field, ∂B_φ/∂r, or its scale-height, B_φ/∂B_φ/∂r) and (c) the vertical growth rate of the vertical current density, ∂j_r/∂r, at a few isolated points on the top surface of the Earth's core from observations of the internal geomagnetic field at the Earth's surface. The theoretical technique rests on combining unaccelerated, gravitationally-driven Boussinesq fluid dynamics of the core with frozen-flux electromagnetism, the mantle being treated as a spherically symmetric insulator.

Insertion into this theory of main field models for epochs 1965, 1975 leads to preliminary values for these quantities of magnitude: (a) j_θ 1 A/m², (b) ∂B_φ/∂r 10⁻⁶ T/m or B_φ/(∂B_φ/∂r) 10 m, (c) ∂j_r/∂r 10⁻⁶ A/m³. Some geophysical implications of these estimates are discussed.