Der Kohlendioxid-Gehalt und die Kalzitsättigung der Ilm, einschließlich einiger Vergleichsuntersuchungen im Thüringer Raum

The CO₂ content, air saturation and calcite equilibrium of the River Ilm and some of its tributaries were analysed. CO₂ content was measured by degasing the CO₂ from water. The CO₂ level is a very sensitive indicator for a low pollution in oxygen saturated waters. Clean running waters have a CO₂ content close to the air saturation of 0.1–0.3 mg C l⁻¹. Ground water and springs are rich in CO₂. Polluted waters are characterised by higher CO₂ contents, also organic pollution can result in high values of CO₂. Carbon dioxide concentration of streams and brooks is limited by re-aeration.

The headwater region (softwater) of the River Ilm is unsaturated, the hard water in the middle- and underflow is oversaturated. In summer and autumn high saturation could be found, but without autochthonous calcite precipitation like in hard water lakes.     

山西地震带北段与张家口——渤海地震带不同深度CO_2和Rn气体通量的差异性

2014年在山西地震带北段和张家口—渤海地震带布设35个测量剖面,测量土壤气CO_2、Rn浓度及深度20 cm、1 m的CO_2和Rn通量。测量结果表明:(1) CO_2、Rn浓度与深度20 cm、1 m的CO_2、Rn通量的平均值和最大值变化趋势大致相同,均呈自西向东的增大趋势;(2)深度20 cm、1 m的CO_2和Rn通量相关性均不明显,但1 m深的CO_2、Rn通量明显较高;(3) CO_2和Rn浓度、通量变化主要与区域复杂的地震活动性和断层活动性有关,主要受到地表化学成分和区域岩石地球化学影响。     

The effect of oxygen fugacity on the solubility of carbon-oxygen fluids in basaltic melt

The solubility of CO₂CO fluids in a mid-ocean ridge basalt (morb) has been measured at 1200°C, 500–1500 bar, and oxygen fugacities between NNO and NNO-4. High oxygen fugacities, and thus CO₂-rich fluids, were produced by using a starting material equilibrated at NNO, and Ag₂C₂O₄ as the fluid source. Low oxygen fugacities were achieved by using graphite capsules, and MgCO₃ as the fluid source. These graphite-saturated fluids have the lowest possibleC/O₂CO ratio for a given pressure and temperature.

Experiments were run in a rapid-quench internally heated pressure vessel. Fluid compositions were measured using a simple vacuum technique and by Raman spectroscopy of fluid inclusions. The two techniques yielded comparable results. Fourier transform micro-infrared spectroscopy was used to identify and measure concentrations of dissolved volatiles in double-polished wafers of the quenched glasses. Carbonate was the only carbon-bearing species identified. Raman spectroscopic analysis of inclusion-free areas of glass confirmed the absence of dissolved molecular CO₂, CO and carbon. The measured concentrations of dissolved CO₂ in the glasses were proportional to the fugacity of CO₂ during the experiments, calculated from the measured fluid compositions. The data were fit to the equationX_CO2^melt(ppm)= 0.492 fCO₂ (bar).

The insolubility of CO, compared to CO₂, may be related to the fact that dissolution of CO requires reduction of another species in the melt, whereas dissolution of CO₂ does not. Due to the fact that CO will be an important component of natural CO fluids at low pressures and low oxygen fugacities, equilibrium dissolved CO₂ contents will be less than calculated assuming pure CO₂ fluids, but as theC/O₂CO ratio in a pure CO fluid at fixed pressure and temperature is a direct function of oxygen fugacity, measurement of the oxygen fugacity of quenched glasses or trapped fluids in natural samples should allow saturation concentrations to be calculated. Dissolved CO₂ contents of somemorb are less than expected if they were in equilibrium with pure CO₂. These samples must, therefore, have been more reduced than average if they were fluid-saturated. Together with results from other studies of CO₂ and H₂O solubilities in basalt, the results of this study provide a comprehensive framework for modelling CO₂ solution inmorb.     

大气CO2浓度非均匀动态分布条件下的气候模拟

利用现有大气本底站的大气CO₂浓度观测信息,综合考虑不同经济区划与土地覆盖类型对应的CO₂浓度差异及其季节变化规律,构建模式区域内以月为单位的网格化大气CO₂浓度非均匀动态分布数据模型.由此数据模型驱动RegCM4-CLM3.5区域气候模式运行,对东亚区2000年3月—2009年2月之间的气候变化特征进行了模拟,进而对大气CO₂浓度非均匀动态分布可能引起的区域气候效应进行了初步研究.结果表明:目前气候模式中CO₂浓度的常态均匀分布假设可能将温室效应夸大了10%左右.对大气CO₂浓度非均匀动态分布影响气温变化的可能机制进行研究表明:CO₂的自身效应(改变大气透射率)并不是导致Exp2试验温度降低的主要原因.大气CO₂浓度的变化影响了大气与植物胞间CO₂分压差,陆地植被通过改变气孔阻力适应这种变化,气孔阻力的变化直接影响到植物与大气间水分的交换,这种作用一方面通过蒸发冷却改变环境温度,另一方面,蒸发水分改变了近地面层湿度,进而水汽扩散到空中影响低云的分布.冬季,植物处于非生长季,对大气CO₂浓度变化响应微弱,湿度和低云变化不明显;夏季,植物生长旺盛,由CO₂生理学强迫激发的云反馈效应强烈,其效果是使中低云趋于增加,进而减弱了到达对流层低层的太阳短波辐射,造成温室效应减弱.     

唐山断裂带南西段和北东段土壤气Rn和CO2浓度特征

本文通过测量唐山断裂带南西段王兰庄和北东段巍峰山的土壤气Rn和CO₂浓度, 探讨了Rn和CO₂浓度的空间分布特征及其与断裂活动的关系。 测量结果显示, 王兰庄剖面和巍峰山剖面土壤气Rn浓度范围分别为691~57 671 Bq/m³和471~32 739 Bq/m³, CO₂浓度范围分别为0.17%~7.21%和0.08%~1.71%。 两个剖面Rn和CO₂浓度均高于区域背景值, 这与唐山断裂带断层的开放状态有关。 Rn和CO₂释放强度(K_Q)在王兰庄剖面分别为2.90和4.04, 在巍峰山剖面释放强度分别为0.90和0.99。 王兰庄剖面测线中部土壤气浓度明显高于两端, 而巍峰山剖面测线中部与两端浓度平均值相近, 这种浓度空间分布特征的差异主要是断层破碎程度不同所致。 巍峰山剖面土壤气Rn浓度水平较高, 地球物理学研究发现此区域应力值高, 断层活动性较强, 表明土壤气Rn浓度与断层活动性有着密切的关系。     

华北地区冬小麦田水热、二氧化碳和甲烷湍流输送特征的实验研究

本文利用2012年4月30日至5月10日华北地区大气湍流实验资料,分析了冬小麦田下垫面温度、湿度、二氧化碳(CO2)和甲烷(CH4)的湍流统计和输送特征,利用涡旋相关法计算的CH4通量值确定了松弛涡旋累积(REA)法计算CH4通量的经验系数.结果表明,不稳定层结下,温度、湿度、CO2和CH4的归一化标准差随稳定度参数z/L的关系满足-1/3幂次关系.热量、水汽和CO2水平方向的湍流输送和垂直方向的比值与稳定度参数z/L存在一定的相关关系,但CH4没有类似特征.实验期间,感热通量数值较低,潜热通量较高;CO2在夜间表现出微弱的向上输送,其余时段为向下输送,可以认为实验站所在地区是碳汇;CH4的湍流输送整体为向下输送,无明显的日变化规律,可以认为是CH4汇.利用松弛涡旋累积法获取CO2和CH4通量的参数取值分别为0.61和0.30.     

我国对流层二氧化碳非均匀动态分布特征及其成因

人类活动导致大气中温室气体浓度上升,是全球气候变暖的主要原因之一.本文针对已经连续运行13年的AIRS（Atmospheric Infrared Sounder）卫星反演的对流层中层CO₂浓度资料,利用地基观测结果对其进行验证,同时结合多种相关资料对我国区域CO₂浓度的时空分布及季节变化进行研究.结果显示：北半球30°N—60°N是CO₂浓度高值带,低值中心主要出现在15°S—15°N,140°W向东至100°E的低纬地区.地基观测与AIRS卫星反演结果基本一致,年增长率约为1.926 ppmv·a^-1.我国区域CO₂浓度空间分布上呈现北高南低的非均匀分布特征,4个高值中心分别位于东北地区西南部、内蒙古西部、新疆地区东部和西部,低值中心在云南和西藏地区.我国区域CO₂浓度有明显的季节变化特征,最高值出现在春季,冬夏季次之,秋季最低,其季节演变特点与风场的输送、降水量的清除和植被的吸收等密切相关.     

汤东活动断裂带气体地球化学特征

本文采用野外多期跨断层流动观测测定了汤东活动断裂带H₂,Rn和CO₂的分布特征,以此分析了该断裂带的气体地球化学特征及其活动背景,从而揭示了气体地球化学特征与构造之间的联系。分析结果显示:不同测量期次的H₂,Rn和CO₂浓度存在显著差异,其中张河村测线的各期次测量结果中6月份各组分气体浓度均显著高于其它期次,而邢李庄测线的测量结果中1月份各组分气体浓度均显著高于其它期次;各测量期次的各气体组分分布曲线特征相似,高值异常点的重现性较好。张河村测线多期测量的H₂和Rn浓度背景值分别为（8.93±3.92）×10?6和（17.38±4.28） kBq/m3,在测线西部距汤东主断裂135 m和230 m处H₂与Rn同步出现高值异常;邢李庄测线H₂和Rn的背景值分别为（41.20±16.64）×10?6和（29.00±8.28） kBq/m3,H₂与Rn在测线西部距汤东主断裂60 m处同步出现异常。两测线的气体浓度高值异常部位与地球物理、跨断层联合钻孔详勘结果之间存在较好的对应关系,由此可推断观测气体浓度能够敏感地指示断裂带位置,而且H₂和Rn浓度是汤东断裂带气体地球化学观测的关键指标。      

Quantifying CO2 fluxes from soil surfaces to the atmosphere

Measurements of CO₂ fluxes from ground surface of the atmosphere (soil respiration) are needed to quantify biotic and abiotic reaction rates in unsaturated zones and to gain insight into the importance of these processes on global warming. The use of three techniques (dynamic closed chambers, static chambers, and gradient calculations) to determine soil respiration was assessed by measuring fluxes of microbially produced CO₂ from an unsaturated mesocosm (2.4 m dia.×3.2 m thick) and two unsaturated minicosms (0.58 m dia.×1.2 m thick), one maintained at 18–23 °C (HT) and the other at 5 °C (LT). By injecting known and constant CO₂ fluxes into the bottom of the HT minicosm and measuring the resulting fluxes, it was shown that the dynamic closed chamber (DCCS) technique yielded accurate measurements of fluxes over the range observed from natural unsaturated media. Over this same range, results showed that the concentration gradient method yielded reasonable estimates of fluxes but its accuracy was limited by uncertainties in both the concentration gradient and the gaseous diffusion coefficient in the soil atmosphere. The static chamber method underestimated the actual flux at higher CO₂ fluxes and when adsorption times of >24 h were used.     

岩溶湿地表层水体CO2分压时空分布特征及其扩散通量

为揭示岩溶湿地表层水体二氧化碳分压(pCO₂)的时空分布规律及其扩散通量,以我国最大的岩溶湿地贵州威宁草海为研究对象,分别于2019年7月(丰水期)和12月(枯水期)通过网格布点法,系统采集草海表层湿地水体,测定水样理化指标和离子组成,利用PHREEQCI软件计算水体pCO₂,并基于Cole提出的气体扩散模型估算水-气界面二氧化碳(CO₂)的扩散通量.结果表明:草海湿地表层水体丰水期pCO₂的变化范围为0.44~645.65μatm,平均值为(55.94±124.73)μatm;枯水期变化范围为35.48~707.95μatm,平均值为(310.46±173.54)μatm;丰水期水体整体pCO₂低于枯水期,空间上两期水体均呈现东部区域及河流入湖口处pCO₂较高,而中西部区域pCO₂欠饱和的特征.水-气界面CO₂的扩散通量在丰水期变化范围为-43.27~27.16 mmol/(m²·d),平均值(-34.49±12.93)mmol/(m²·d),枯水期变化范围为-33.36~28.15 mmol/(m²·d),平均值(-8.02±15.85)mmol/(m²·d),与其他岩溶湖库相比,水生植物丰富的草海在两个极端水文期CO₂扩散通量相对较低,总体表现为大气CO₂的汇.     

Monitoring Dissolved Oxygen in Ground Water: Some Basic Considerations

Dissolved oxygen (D.O.) concentration has a significant effect upon ground water quality by regulating the valence state of trace metals and by constraining the bacterial metabolism of dissolved organic species. For these reasons, the measurement of dissolved oxygen concentration should be considered essential in most water quality investigations. D.O. measurements have been frequently neglected in ground water monitoring. This is because O₂ has often been assumed absent below the water table; measurement of O₂, concentrations is not mandated by drinking water standards; and the redox potential has previously been considered an adequate and encompassing electrochemical measurement. Redox potentials, however, cannot adequately predict dissolved oxygen concentrations nor can D.O. concentrations be used to calculate redox potentials.
D.O. concentrations can be measured precisely in the field by titration or electrode methods. The best methods of sample recovery are those that use positive pressure displacement devices. A fully adequate sampling procedure will isolate ground water from the atmosphere and will collect samples at restricted depth intervals at ambient temperature and pressure.     

口泉断裂断层气地球化学变化特征及断层活动性

2015年对口泉断裂进行了3期断层气地球化学重复观测, 分析了中段石井村剖面和北段上皇庄剖面CO₂、 Rn、 Hg浓度及通量时空变化特征, 发现这两条剖面内CO₂、 Rn浓度及通量时空变化特征基本一致。 石井村剖面CO₂通量、 Rn浓度及通量高于上皇庄剖面。 上皇庄剖面Hg浓度及通量3期随时间持续上升。 认为口泉断裂断层活动活跃, 第四纪活动性中段高于北段, 且北段断层活动呈增强趋势。     

郯庐断裂带新沂——泗洪段土壤气Rn体积活度和CO_2浓度特征研究

郯庐断裂带江苏段地区4个剖面进行了土壤气Rn体积活度和CO_2浓度测量结果显示,自北向南土壤气Rn体积活度均值分别为22.9kBq/m^3、35.5kBq/m^3、40.2kBq/m^3、26.6kBq/m^3;自北向南土壤气CO_2浓度均值分别为0.669%、0.400%、0.503%、1.109%。土壤气Rn体积活度和CO_2的浓度在空间分布上具有较好的一致性,这可能与CO_2是Rn的载气有关。综合分析土壤气Rn和CO_2测量结果以及水准资料可得,2017年土壤气Rn高值出现在晓店段可能与区域应力应变调整有关。本研究不仅为研究区以后的土壤气研究提供了参考,同时也可为研究区的构造活动研究提供地球化学资料参考。     

致密油藏不同开发方式原油动用规律实验研究

致密油是重要的非常规石油资源,但由于其一次采收率低,需要开展提高采收率研究。由于致密油储层孔隙结构复杂,不同孔隙对产量的贡献差异很大,需要深入研究不同孔隙中原油的动用情况进而优化开发方式。本文采用核磁共振测试与驱替实验相结合的方法开展研究,直观反映不同注入条件下注入介质与原油的驱替过程,明确了注水和注CO₂两种开发方式不同孔隙中原油的动用规律。结果表明:水驱和CO₂驱不同孔隙区间原油动用程度随着驱替压差逐渐增大而增大;水驱和CO₂驱大孔隙中的原油绝大部分被动用,随着孔隙半径逐渐减小,原油动用的比例逐渐降低;小于0.01μm微小孔隙中CO₂驱动用效果明显好于水驱,致密油藏中CO₂更易进入小孔隙提高致密油采收率。      

怀安盆地北缘断裂东段土壤气体地球化学特征

活动断裂带的土壤气体地球化学测量在活动断裂危险性评价方面起着重要作用。 本文讨论了怀安盆地北缘断裂东段的土壤气体地球化学特征及其构造意义。 我们于2012年7月和2013年6月在怀安盆地北缘断裂东段的羊窖沟以及张家窑两地现场测量了土壤气体组分的浓度和通量。 测量结果表明: ① 断裂带土壤气H₂、 Rn、 CO₂和Hg浓度空间分布曲线呈现双峰模式, 且断裂下盘土壤气的Rn、 CO₂和Hg浓度较上盘的高; H₂、 Rn、 CO₂和Hg浓度平均值分别是4.61 ppm、 4.81 k Bqm^-3、 0.38%和9 ngm^-3; 土壤气Rn和CO₂的通量平均值分别是6718 Bqm^-2d^-1和49.83 gm^-2d^-1; ② 土壤气Rn和CO₂在两个测区脱气强烈, 羊窖沟地区土壤气CO₂、 Rn和Hg浓度平均值以及土壤气Rn和CO₂通量值较张家窑地区高。 这些结果可能是两个测区断裂活动性差异引起的。     

北京城区二氧化碳浓度和通量的梯度变化特征——I浓度与虚温

根据北京塔7层涡动系统2012年5月至2013年12月的湍流观测数据,分析了北京城区二氧化碳浓度在不同高度层次的日变化和月变化特征,并初步给出不同季节和日变化时间段内二氧化碳的浓度垂直廓线.结果表明:二氧化碳浓度整体随高度而下降;各观测层均有浓度的明显日变化,夏季最为明显,冬季相对平缓;近地层浓度直接受城市供暖、地表植被、交通运输等碳源影响,更高观测层浓度则受对流输送和天气过程影响较大;垂直方向上,冬季浓度变化范围最大,夏季层间浓度变化最明显;在一天中的任何时刻,近地面层二氧化碳浓度的日变化最低值一般出现在夏季,50m以上则出现在春季,浓度最高值总是出现在冬季;根据对二氧化碳浓度四季垂直廓线变化的分析可以看出,边界层二氧化碳浓度强烈受到碳源、下垫面植被、大气稳定度、环境温度和天气过程等因素的影响.     

Glacier hydrochemistry, solute provenance, and chemical denudation at a surge-type glacier in Kuannersuit Kuussuat, Disko Island, West Greenland

In 1995–1998, Han 11 km terrestrial surge of Kuannersuit Glacier, an outlet glacier of the largest ice cap on Disko Island, West Greenland, affected the catchment dramatically. In order to estimate solute fluxes and provenances, bulk meltwaters were sampled at the main subglacial outlet during the initial part of the quiescent phase. The hydrochemistry is significantly influenced by a subglacial basaltic weathering regime with absence of carbonate minerals. The results show that marine and aerosol derived solutes have minimal contribution to the total ion content, whereas sequestration of atmospheric CO₂ associated with carbonation of Ca-rich feldspar and reactive volcanic glass is more dominant than previously reported from glacierized catchments. Application of a sampling strategy dividing water samples into four groups to determine the content of dissolved HCO₃⁻ and CO₃²⁻ shows that the cationic equivalent weathering rate range is 683–860 Σmeq⁺ m⁻² a⁻¹ and solute flux ranges between 76 and 98 t km⁻² a⁻¹. The crustal denudation rate is estimated to 26 t km⁻² a⁻¹, and the transient CO₂ drawdown amounts to 8500–13700 kg C km⁻² a⁻¹.     

Bomb C time history recorded in two modern stalagmites — importance for soil organic matter dynamics and bomb C distribution over continents

Carbon 14 activity measurements made by Accelerator Mass Spectrometry on two modern stalagmites from the Han-sur-Lesse cave (Belgium) and from the Postojna Cave (Slovenia) permit the construction of ¹⁴C activity (a¹⁴C) time series over the last 50 years. A high precision chronology is given by annual laminae in the first stalagmite and by a specific mark (explosion in the Postojna Cave in 1944) in the second one. In both stalagmites, ¹⁴C activity increase due to nuclear tests in the atmosphere is remarkable. However, instead of a sharp peak like the one observed in the atmosphere around 1963–1964, the ¹⁴C activities of the stalagmite CaCO₃ show an abrupt increase, with an offset of 1–10 years, followed by a high activity plateau for the Han-sur-Lesse sample and a slight decrease for the Postojna sample. For both stalagmites, the variation of the a¹⁴C amplitude between pre- and post-bomb period is much lower than the atmospheric record, which demonstrates the damping effect of the soil carbon reservoir. We have modeled the CaCO₃ activities using fractionation processes between atmosphere CO₂, soil CO₂ and organic matter (OM), dissolved inorganic carbon and stalagmite CaCO₃. In both cases studied, the model and former soil studies suggest that CO₂ from soil organic matter (SOM) decomposition, which has a slow turnover (i.e. >1 y), is of major importance in winter, when the development of speleothem is the most important. Combined with the fact that 80–90% of the stalagmite carbon comes from soil CO₂, this produces a damping effect on the speleothem a¹⁴C. Consequently, the ‘geochemical time resolution', at least for speleothem carbon, is much lower than the structural resolution given by annual laminae alternations and is mainly controlled by soil carbon dynamics: a¹⁴C and δ¹³C are smoothed over several years. Differences between the ¹⁴C time series of the Han-sur-Lesse and Postojna stalagmites are likely to be due to the double amount of precipitation in Postojna, which produces a faster soil OM turnover and thus a ‘system' which is more sensitive to atmospheric changes.     

Ages and composition of gas trapped in Allan Hills and Byrd core ice

Gas is extracted from large (6–31 kg) Antarctic ice samples to obtain sufficient CO₂ for¹⁴C measurements with small low-level proportional counters. The¹⁴C ages of Byrd core ice are in accord with glaciological estimates ranging from (2.2_−1.1^+1.4)×10³ yr at 271 m depth to more than 8 × 10³ yr at 1071 m depth. The CO₂ abundances in gas extracted from Byrd core ice range from 0.0216 to 0.051%, with below present-day atmosphere CO₂ abundances for ice from 1068 and 1469 m depths. The CO₂ abundance in gas from Allan Hills surface ice samples ranges between four and six times the atmospheric value and the CO₂ had a specific activity three times that of contemporary carbon. A possible explanation for the anomalously high specific activity is surface melting with the incorporation into CO₂ of¹⁴C produced by cosmic ray spallation of oxygen in ice. The CO₂ abundance in gas extracted from subsurface Allan Hills ice ranged from 0.030 to 0.065%, and the specific activities are below contemporary carbon, indicating ages greater than 5×10³ yr. The¹⁸O/¹⁶O ratio of oxygen in the trapped gas is the same as that of atmospheric oxygen and differs markedly from the¹⁸O/¹⁶O ratio in the ice. The O₂, N₂, and Ar abundances and isotopic compositions are similar to those in contemporary air, except for positive¹⁵N/¹⁴N ratios in a few samples.     

Water quality, nutrients and the water framework directive in an agricultural region: The lower Humber Rivers, northern England

The water quality of rivers in the eastern part of the Humber Basin, north-eastern England is described from a baseflow survey (11–13 August 2006) of a wide range of water quality determinants, and long-term nutrient records of the Environment Agency of England and Wales (EA). The baseflow survey shows that the rivers are oversaturated with respect to dissolved CO₂ and calcite. They are sodium, potassium, lithium, boron, chloride, sulphate and fluoride bearing from a combination of atmospheric, within-catchment, agricultural and sewage effluent sources. Nitrate concentrations are uniform for rivers draining permeable bedrock but decrease for clay drainage areas. Soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) concentrations are variable across the catchments reflecting the importance and variability of point sources and within-river processing. The EA data show annual oscillations for both NO₃ and SRP concentrations. Average NO₃ concentrations vary between 3.3 and 18.8 mgN/l and concentrations are low during the summer months. Average SRP concentrations vary between 23 and 1959 μg/l. Highest SRP concentrations generally occur when there is effluent input from sewage treatment works and agricultural point sources (e.g. overflow from slurry tanks, farmyard washings). Despite many of the rivers being nutrient rich, they are generally of good biological quality when point source inputs are not important.