8.1级震后青藏块体东北部水平形变态势与地震有序活动研究

青藏块体东北部2003年最新GPS复测揭示：昆仑山口西8．1级地震后本区水平运动变形较前变异显,以甘青块体西部出现的与NE向挤压背景相反的张性运动变形为主要标志,且区域总体应变幅度增大。结合地震有序活动分析认为：本区目前的水平运动变形态势,与8．1级大震及随后青藏块体中西部发育的NE向中强以上地震条带在较短时间内释放了大量的压应变,使得青藏块体北部区域NE向推挤的应力场失衡(西侧的区域应力场强度衰减、东侧的应力场增强)密切相关;因而青藏块体北部大区域应力场趋于平衡过程将有利于块体东北边缘应力应变加速积累和破裂错动。     

青藏块体东北缘近期水平运动与变形

利用青藏块体东北缘地区13、1年GPS观测资料，给出了本区地壳水平运动速度场及视应变场分布图，提出了由位移观测值直接求解块体旋转和变形参数的方法，初步研究了本区构造块体运动与变形特征.结果表明：①本区存在整体性向东-东南方的运动(速率约mm/a)；②南部的甘肃-青海块体的运动较快，而北部的阿拉善块体的运动较慢，二者运动速率相差近6mm/a，祁连-海原断裂带左旋走滑运动显著.③自西向东存在北北东-北东东向压性运动；④阿拉善块体、甘肃-青海块体内部存在北西西向张性变形，阿拉善块体的整体张性变形更显著，鄂尔多斯块体西侧的块体交接地带为压性运动.     

青藏块体东北缘弹性块体边界负位错反演与强震地点预测

利用青藏块体东北缘1993——1999年、1999——2001年和2001——2003年3个时段的GPS水平运动速度场成果,通过研究建立的弹性块体边界负位错模型反演,给出该区构造块体及其边界断裂运动与变形差异、构造应变场时空分布、高应变能积累部位以及强度的定性分析和定量描述. 在充分考虑区域构造及块体应变的前提下,研究与该区6级左右及6级以上地震地点预测相关的背景性前兆的共性特征.      

利用GPS和震源机制解研究青藏块体东北部构造应力场方向变化特征

利用1970年以来至今青藏块体东北部大量的震源机制解，分时间统计其主压应力方位并求其归一化分布。根据P轴的优势分布方位，推测其主压应力方向。同时，借助有限元方法，利用GPS大地水平形变观测资料，把1999年以来青藏块体东北部大量的GPS资料经过解算，计算其最大主应变率场及最大剪切应变率场。将震源机制解P轴的主压应力方向和GPS计算的最大主应力方向进行对比，分析青藏块体东北部构造应力场随时空的变化特点及时空差异性，探讨震源机制解P轴的优势分布方位、GPS资料的最大主应力方向与地震孕育之间的关系。     

GPS初步结果揭示的中国大陆水平应变场与构造变形

根据中国大陆不同来源的多个GPS区域监测网1991～1999年间的观测资料和“中国地壳运动观测网络”基本网1998～2000年的观测资料，联合处理得到中国大陆地壳水平运动速度场结果，通过最小二乘配置法建立中国大陆水平运动速度场模型，获得了基于连续介质假设的中国大陆水平应变场（或称为视应变场）初步结果. 分析了水平运动、应变场空间分布特征及其与强震的关系，并简要分析了2001年11月14日昆仑山口西8.1级大地震的区域构造变形背景. 结果表明：中国大陆中西部构造变形强烈，应变速率值高，又以青藏块体及其边缘和新疆西部最为显著. 除川滇、新疆西部外，大部分地区的近东西向断裂存在左旋剪切变形，近南北向的断裂存在右旋剪切变形. 而东部地区构造变形相对较弱. 强震通常发生在剪切应变率的高值区及其边缘，尤其是与构造变形背景相一致的剪应变率高值区. 昆仑山口西8.1级地震发生在最显著的东西向左旋剪切应变率高值区，从该区域的应变状态分析，具备近东西向断裂产生巨型走滑破裂错动的构造变形背景.     

昆仑Ms 8.1地震前青藏块体北、东缘水平运动变形的关联特征

青藏块体东北缘和川滇GPS监测区1991(1993)、1999和2001年高精度GPS观测资料揭示：2001年11月14日昆仑Ms8．1地震前，青藏块体北、东缘构造区域水平运动变形场动态演变具有一定的关联性特征。即：在继承性运动总体背景下，临近大震发生时两区域运动强度同步减弱且变形状态发生变化。结合地质构造分析研究认为，昆仑Ms8．1地震前，青藏块体边界运动变形的关联性变化与大震孕育后期大范围应力应变快速积累所形成的扰动应力场有关；随着块体内部大震的发生、应变能的大量释放和构造应力场的调整，可能会促使块体边界地带具有较高应变积累的相关构造部位(尤其是未被历史强震破裂贯通的地带)的应力应变的进一步积累或破裂释放。     

2014年2月12日于田7.3级地震对青藏东北缘地震活动的影响分析

首先, 利用“中国地壳运动观测网络”和“中国构造环境观测网络”截至2013年的GPS区域站观测资料, 结合地质构造, 简要分析了2014年2月12日新疆于田7.3级地震前大区域地壳水平运动变形背景; 接着, 对青藏块体东北缘地区GPS和精密水准两种不同类型资料反映的地壳运动变形与应变积累状态进行了对比分析研究; 最后, 结合地震活动动力环境, 研究和探讨了于田7.3级地震的发生对青藏块体东北缘地震活动的可能影响。 我们认为, 此次于田7.3级地震发生在近年来中国西部边邻强构造活动环境和内陆地壳强烈差异运动显著的背景下, 同时也是青藏块体及其边缘构造应力场较强的时段; 于田7.3级地震左旋走滑错动和应力传递, 可能会加速青藏块体东北缘具有高应变积累的构造断裂部位(尤其是祁连山构造带、 西秦岭以南的甘青川交界)破裂释放。     

昆仑山口西Ms8.1地震前区域构造变形背景

利用青藏块体及其周边地区1991～2000年间的GPS观测获得的地壳水平运动速度场资料,1998,2000年重力复测资料,初步研究了昆仑山口西M_s 8.1级地震前的区域构造变形背景。分析表明,这一大地震的孕育、发生与大区域的水平运动和变形背景有关,可能是较大尺度的地块活动行为,青藏块体内部左旋剪切变形区的范围很大,这次大地震正好发生在与断裂走向一致的左旋剪切应变率量值最高的区域和面膨胀应变的张性区,重力变化的负值异常区的边缘,区域构造变形背景有利于大型左旋走滑破裂的发育。     

华北地区近期地壳水平运动与应力应变场特征

利用华北GPS监测网 1 992年、1 995年、1 996年的观测资料 ,应用最小二乘配置给出了华北地区相对水平位移场、应变场的分布图像 .经初步研究表明 :华北地区 1 992-1 995年间的水平位移和应变场表现为整体性不均匀的压性运动 ,1 995- 1 996年测区东部仍以水平压性运动为主 ,但测区西部则主要表现为张性运动 .水平运动 （方向、大小 ）发生显著变化和应变高值区的地带主要位于块体边界带和主要断裂带附近 .燕山断块南边界的北东向断裂存在着较显著的左旋运动 .区内最大剪应变、面膨胀的高值区在天津、北京、唐山一带 .结合非连续变形数值分析方法 （DDA）初步分析认为 ,1 992- 1 995年GPS观测结果显示的华北地区存在东、西部构造应力作用的明显差别 ,华北东部以东西向压应力作用为主 ,而西部的南北向构造应力作用又明显大于东部 .     

安徽淮河构造变形带及邻近块体现代构造应力场特征

针对安徽省较特殊的构造环境及历史地震分布特点，利用直达波最大振幅比和系统聚类分析方法，在对安徽淮河中游区1974年以来近百个中小地震震源机制反演、聚类及空间合成的基础上，分析了华北断块南缘的安徽淮河构造变形带及邻近块体震源断层滑动方式、构造应力场分布及块体运动方式、应力场随时间变化等。结果显示：淮河构造变形带及其邻近块体上震源断层总体上以近走滑型或斜滑型破裂为主，但倾滑型破裂也占一定比例；该地区构造应力以水平作用为主，但也存在一定的垂向作用。其中淮北和皖中块体仍可能分别向SWW和NEE方向运动，并在淮河构造变形带上产生左旋剪切作用，呈现一定的继承性活动特征；各块(带)上主压应力P轴走向随时间的变化在总体上较为一致，而各时段之间P轴方位存在一定差异，显示安徽淮河中游区受华北和华南应力场的共同作用，但其地震活动可能主要受控于华北应力场。     

ESTIMATING THE LOWER CRUSTAL VISCOSITY OF THE WESTERN QINLING-SONGPAN TECTONIC NODE AND ITS ADJACENT AREAS BY USING LANDFORM MORPHOLOGY

The western Qinling-Songpan tectonic node is located at the intersection of three major tectonic units of Tibetan plateau, the South China Block and the Ordos Block, and is at the forefront of the northeastern margin of Tibetan plateau. It has unique geological and dynamic characteristics from the surface to the deep underground. Based on the model for ductile flow in the lower crust, the geomorphological form is used to estimate the viscosity of the lower crust, and how the rheological process of the deep lithosphere acts on the upper crust deformation and structural geomorphology. And combined with GPS velocity field data, the current crustal deformation is analyzed to further study the regional dispersive deformation process. The results show that the viscosity of the north and northeast of the Zoige-Hongyuan Basin is smaller than that of the east and southeast. Therefore, the lower crust flow has a tendency of flowing to the northeastern low viscosity zone. We believe that when the lower crust flows from the central plain of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau to the rigid Sichuan Basin with a higher viscosity of the lower crust, it cannot flow into the basin, and part of the lower crust flow accumulate here, causing the upper crust to rise, and the uplifting led to the formation of the Longmen Mountains and a series of NNE-striking faults as well. When the lower crust flows to the northeast direction with a low viscosity, the brittle upper crust is driven together. Because of the remote effects from the Ordos Basin and the Longxi Basin, the mountains in this region are built slowly and the stepped arc-shaped topography of the current 3 000-meter contour line and the 2 000-meter contour line are developed. At the same time, a series of NWW-trending left-lateral strike-slip faults are developed. This explains the seismogenic tectonic model of the western Qinling-Songpan tectonic node as from NWW-trending left-lateral strike-slip faulting to the NNE-trending right-lateral strike-slip faulting and both having a thrust component. The current crustal movement direction revealed by the GPS velocity field is consistent with the direction of historical crust evolution of the lower crust revealed by the viscosity, implying that there is a good coupling relationship between the lower crust and upper crust. The results provide a basis for studying the development of fault systems with different strikes and properties, the formation of orogenic belts, the macroscopic geomorphological evolution characteristics, and the rheological and uplift dynamics of the lithosphere in the northeastern margin of the Tibetan plateau. In addition, our research differs from the previous studies in the spatial and temporal scale. Previous studies included either the entire Qinghai-Tibet Plateau or only the eastern margin of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. However, our analysis on the contours and topographical differences in the topography of the western Qinling-Songpan tectonic knot reveals that the study area is controlled by the lower crust flow. Our results are confirmed by various observations such as seismology, magnetotellurics and geophysical exploration. Moreover, the previous studies did not point out enough that the elevation contours are elliptical, and the elliptical geomorphology further illustrates that the formation and evolution of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau has rheological characteristics and also conforms to the continuous deformation mode. Meanwhile, in terms of time scale, the evolution time of the study area is divided into three types of simulation time according to geochronology. And the GPS velocity field is introduced to observe the present-day crustal deformation.     

Discovery of the Longriba fault zone in eastern Bayan Har block,China and its tectonic implication

Re-measured GPS data have recently revealed that a broad NE trending dextral shear zone exists in the eastern Bayan Har block about 200 km northwest of the Longmenshan thrust on the eastern margin of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. The strain rate along this shear zone may reach up to 4-6 mm/a. Our interpretation of satellite images and field observations indicate that this dextral shear zone corresponds to a newly generated NE trending Longriba fault zone that has been ignored before. The northeast segment of the Longriba fault zone consists of two subparallel N54°±5°E trending branch faults about 30 km apart, and late Quaternary offset landforms are well developed along the strands of these two branch faults. The northern branch fault, the Longriqu fault, has relatively large reverse component, while the southern branch fault, the Maoergai fault, is a pure right-lateral strike slip fault. According to vector synthesizing principle, the average right-lateral strike slip rate along the Longriba fault zone in the late Quaternary is calculated to be 5.4±2.0 mm/a, the vertical slip rate to be 0.7 mm/a, and the rate of crustal shortening to be 0.55 mm/a. The discovery of the Longriba fault zone may provide a new insight into the tectonics and dynamics of the eastern margin of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Taken the Longriba fault zone as a boundary, the Bayan Har block is divided into two sub-blocks: the Ahba sub-block in the west and the Longmenshan sub-block in the east. The shortening and uplifting of the Longmenshan sub-block as a whole reflects that both the Longmenshan thrust and Longriba fault zone are subordinated to a back propagated nappe tectonic system that was formed during the southeastward motion of the Bayan Har block owing to intense resistance of the South China block. This nappe tectonic system has become a boundary tectonic type of an active block supporting crustal deformation along the eastern margin of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau from late Cenozoic till now. The Longriba fault zone is just an active fault zone newly-generated in late Quaternary along this tectonic system.     

青藏高原东北缘主要活动断裂带GPS加密观测及结果分析

为了对青藏高原东北缘海原断裂带和香山-天景山断裂带的现今走滑及逆冲运动状况进行更加精细的观测研究,我们沿甘肃兰州至宁夏中卫一线布设了1条由12个站点构成的跨断裂GPS加密测线网。该测线网的站点在空间分布上与“中国地壳运动观测网络”的已有站点相互补充,共同构成了1条平均点距约22km的密集型GPS跨断裂剖面。在第1期观测中,考虑到测区周围存在2个“中国地壳运动观测网络”的连续观测基准站(西宁XNIN、盐池YANC),我们尝试采用了各观测组未必同步的“自由观测方式”,而在数据处理中采用了GIPSY先进的“精确单点定位”策略。结果表明,由“中国地壳运动观测网络”的连续基准网作为支撑平台,在局部区域的GPS加密监测中采用灵活的“自由观测方式”和简易的“精确单点定位”数据处理策略,能够在满足精度要求的前提下更加有效地实施     

昌马盆地内发现活动正断层

昌马盆地为祁连山西端的山间盆地,前人一直关注其周边断裂(如昌马断裂)的构造变形,盆地内部变形则鲜有研究。基于遥感解译和野外考察、探槽开挖、差分GPS和放射性碳(¹⁴C)测年等方法,发现昌马盆地西北部的一条活动断层。断层长约4 km,总体走向NEE,倾向SE,倾角陡立,断层地貌表现为陡坎、复陡坎、断层沟槽等,陡坎高度0～5.6 m,由WS向NE逐渐增大。断层运动性质以正断为主,最新活动时代为全新世,并识别出2期古地震事件：6 670～6 885 a B.P.和26 330～26 915 a B.P.。研究结果表明,在青藏高原东北缘向NE方向挤压扩展的背景下,祁连山造山带发生NW-SE向伸展,导致其西端受到SE向拉张作用而形成正断层。     

Heterogeneous strain regime in the eastern margin of Tibetan Plateau and its tectonic implications

The eastern margin of Tibetan Plateau is one of the most active zones of tectonic deformation and seismicity in China. To monitor strain buildup and benefit seismic risk assessment, we constructed 14 survey-mode global position system(GPS) stations throughout the northwest of Longmenshan fault. A new GPS field over 1999–2011 is derived from measurements of the newly built and pre-existing stations in this region. Sequentially,two strain rate fields, one preceding and the other following the 2008 MW7.9 Wenchuan earthquake, are obtained using the Gausian weighting approach. Strain field over1999–2007 shows distinct strain partitioning prior to the2008 MW7.9 Wenchuan earthquake, with compression spreading over around Longmenshan area. Strain field derived from the two measurements in 2009 and 2011 shows that the area around Longmenshan continues to be under striking compression, as the pattern preceding the Wenchuan earthquake, implying a causative factor of the sequent of 2013 MW6.7 Lushan earthquake. Our GPSderived dilatation shows that both the Wenchuan and Lushan earthquakes occurred within the domain of pronounced contraction. The GPS velocities demonstrate that the Longriba fault underwent slight motion with the faultnormal and-parallel rates at 1.0 ± 2.5 mm and 0.3 ± 2.2 mm/a; the Longmenshan fault displayed slow activity, with a fault-normal rate at 0.8 ± 2.5 mm/a, and a fault-parallel rate at 1.8 ± 1.7 mm/a. Longriba fault is on a par with Longmenshan fault in strain partitioning to accommodate the southeastward motion of eastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau. Integrated analysis of principal strain tensors, mean principal stress, and fast directions of mantle anisotropy shows that west of Sichuan is characterized as mechanically strong crust-mantle coupling.     

青藏高原及其东南前陆地壳运动的GPS监测

作为世界上最高最大最活动的青藏高原,以其独特的自然地理条件吸引了广大学者和科研人员的关注,在此地区开展的各项研究工作.本文主要介绍了利用GPS监测青藏高原及邻区所得到的速度矢量场.观测结果表明：高原南北向收缩、高原物质东流、高原东部地区地壳物质相对喜马拉雅汇聚区作大规模的顺时针旋转等高原动力学特征.并就其产生原因进行了初步分析.     

青藏块体东北缘及其周围地区现今时空运动变形科特征

依据非连续变形分析(DDA)方法,考虑特定块体边界不同程度的适度侵入,利用3期GPS观测资料(1991、1999、2001年),建立了青藏块体东北缘及其周围地区的一级块体运动模型和划分较细的、反映较小区域运动变形的较理想块体运动模型.模拟得到了研究区内北西西向大断裂间一级块体的运动变化特征、研究区主应变率场的分布特征及青藏块体北边界断裂的分段非均匀时空运动特征.     

Relation between electricity structure of the crust and deformation of crustal blocks on the northeastern margin of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

The Qinghai-Tibet Plateau was formed by coales-cence of microcontinents of different geologic histo-ries, i.e. it consists of a series of blocks, such as Hi-malayas, Lhasa, Qiangtang, Kunlun, Qaidam and Qi- lian blocks from south to north. The blocks moved firstly in the NNE direction, then in the NE direction and at last in the ENE or E-W direction from south to north by a combined action of Indian Plate moving northward and obstruction of Tarim and other blocksnorth of the plateau. T…