双平方根方程三维叠前深度偏移

从双平方根（DSR）形式的波动方程出发，基于沉降观测概念和地震波扰动理论，介绍了深度域的DSR全偏移算子及共成像道集的生成方法. 根据三维地震数据的方位角特征，通过对全偏移算子的稳相近似，依次导出了适应于零方位角道集、Cross line共偏移距道集以及共偏移距矢量道集的偏移算子. 理论分析与合成数据的数值试验表明，DSR全偏移算子、共方位角偏移算子对介质速度变化的适应性很强，而其余两种偏移算子仅适用于缓变速情况.     

基于小波熵的地下管线探地雷达频率波数偏移成像研究

地下管线实际形状与准确位置的确定是探地雷达图谱解释的主要内容之一.制约管线探地雷达反射归位精度最主要的因素是电磁波在地层中的传播速度,如何准确确定电磁波传播速度是探地雷达偏移处理能否成功的关键.为便于对探地雷达图谱特征进行定量解释,开展了不同大小、埋深与重叠等情况管线的正演模拟与模型实验.结合小波熵理论与频率波数偏移成像方法,提出了一种基于小波熵的探地雷达频率波数偏移成像方法,将其应用于地下管线正演模拟与模型实验探地雷达信号偏移处理.研究结果表明:探地雷达图像经基于小波熵的频率波数偏移处理后,电磁波速度的估计值与真实值误差可控制在2％以内;随着管线管径大小与埋置深度的增加,绕射双曲线的开口弧度不断增大,管与管之间绕射波交叉干扰越严重;探地雷达信号经基于小波熵的频率波数偏移处理后可大大提高图像的分辨率,压制了多次波的干扰,使绕射双曲线更收敛,能量更聚焦,从而有利于地下管线实际形状与具体位置的准确提取.研究结果对城市地下管线探地雷达图谱解译工作提供技术支持.     

三维地震资料叠前时间偏移应用研究

本文通过选取合适的叠前时间偏移软件，对两块三维地震资料进行偏移成像试验，验证叠前时间偏移中影响偏移成像效果的几个主要因素.该软件偏移算法的核心技术是弯曲射线偏移处理，这不同于工业界常用的直射线假设.偏移速度是偏移成像好坏的主要因素，通过迭代进行偏移、速度分析，使共成像点道集拉平，从而实现构造的准确成像；偏移孔径也是影响偏移成像的一个关键参数，其选取与成像目标层的倾斜角、深度、速度等有关；反假频参数对偏移成像效果有一定影响，是偏移中需要考虑的因素之一.     

波动方程三维吸收边界分解与拟合深度偏移方法

在偏移问题中引入吸收边界条件，既可以消除由人工边界激发的虚假反射，从而提高剖面质量。又可以减少计算工作量．本文讨论了三维吸收边界条件方程，提出了求解具有吸收边界条件的三维波动方程偏移定解问题的分解与拟合方法。理论分析与合成记录及野外实际地震资料处理结果表明，本文方法为一有效的三维吸收边界深度偏移方法。     

三维叠前偏移新技术

首次采用空间（ｘ，ｙ）坐标旋转的方法推导出了适应于任何炮检方向并与炮检方向相关的三维波动方程，理论上定量地说明了炮检方向及炮检距与偏移响应的关系，进而证明３Ｄ－ＤＭＯ（叠前部分偏移）只需在炮检方向上进行二维ＤＭＯ即可得以实现。理论模型试算结果表明，该方法正确描述了波的实际传播过程，实现了三维叠前全偏移及３Ｄ－ＤＭＯ处理。     

双复杂条件下非倾斜叠加精确束偏移方法及应用Ⅰ——声波方程

近年来,油气勘探的重心正转向具有复杂地表和复杂地质体的双复杂区域.本文发展了一种精确的双复杂条件下基于地表倾角信息的非倾斜叠加束偏移方法,相对于传统束成像方法无需进行三方面处理:(1)高程静校正;(2)相位校正;(3)束中心与接收点之间关于速度和束出射角的近似替换,因而具有更高的成像精度.通过加拿大逆掩断层模型、中原油田断层模型及实际资料的偏移试算,并与传统束偏移及波动方程偏移成像结果对比可知:本文非近似束偏移方法在近地表、高陡倾等构造处的成像精度、反射界面成像振幅等方面优于传统的偏移方法,以此验证了本文非倾斜叠加精确束偏移方法的正确性、优越性及适应性.     

双复杂条件下非倾斜叠加精确束偏移方法及应用I——声波方程

近年来,油气勘探的重心正转向具有复杂地表和复杂地质体的双复杂区域.本文发展了一种精确的双复杂条件下基于地表倾角信息的非倾斜叠加束偏移方法,相对于传统束成像方法无需进行三方面处理:(1)高程静校正;(2)相位校正;(3)束中心与接收点之间关于速度和束出射角的近似替换,因而具有更高的成像精度.通过加拿大逆掩断层模型、中原油田断层模型及实际资料的偏移试算,并与传统束偏移及波动方程偏移成像结果对比可知:本文非近似束偏移方法在近地表、高陡倾等构造处的成像精度、反射界面成像振幅等方面优于传统的偏移方法,以此验证了本文非倾斜叠加精确束偏移方法的正确性、优越性及适应性.     

τ-P域地震资料三维叠前深度偏移及其实用算法

本文提出了在τ-P域实现三维叠前深度偏移的计算方法，该方法把地震道集由时-空域变换到τ-P域，然后对共P数据体进行相移或相移加插值偏移，将偏移后的各共P数据体叠加得到叠前深度偏移结果．该算法能够实现陡倾地层的正确归位，降低偏移处理维数，减少计算机内存需求，易于并行处理，但是计算量和所花费的计算机时间仍然很大．为此我们又提出了针对目的层的分时（层）偏移方法，由于只考虑目的层，可节省大量的计算时间．文中以二维实际地震资料及三维数值模型资料的处理说明了上述方法的可行性与有效性．     

复杂观测系统下的三维波动方程叠前深度偏移

波动方程三维叠前深度偏移是近年应复杂地质构造与地震岩性成像需求而发展的一项关键技术。此项技术与集群式并行机的结合，更是将其价格性能比较低至工业生产规模应用水平，然而，波动方程三维叠前深度偏移的实用化还需要诸如地震资料网络化、并行计算负载平衡等一系列配套技术。本文针对油田实际资料，试验了其应用波动方程三维叠前深度偏移的规则化技术，并结合地震炮集数据的特点，在自组装的集群式并行机上，解决了其节点间的负载平衡问题。本项工作有助于推近复杂观测系统下的地震数据实现三维波动方程叠前深度偏移。     

大地电磁偏移成像技术的研究进展及其解释复杂地质问题的能力

总结和分析了大地电磁场成像技术的研究现状，在Zhdanov等对偏移电磁场的研究和成像技术基础上，提出了改进的有限差分法大地电磁场偏移成像技术，使差分方程精度和成像分辨率有了明显的提高，将前人大地电磁场偏移的模型试验研究推进到适用于复杂地电阻模型和实际资料处理解释的阶段，并通过松辽盆地大地电磁测深资料的偏移成像处理和解释展示了该方法的有效性和实用性。     

Extension of tube wave detection for quality evaluation of pile foundation

Based on the theory of tube wave propagation in a fluid-filled borehole, this paper proposes a new method for detecting the integrity of pile foundation and overcomes some limitations of the existing pile integrity tests. The basic principle of detecting the pile integrity by the tube wave, testing equipment and concrete quality evaluation of piles are introduced. The feasibility of the tube wave detection for geological exploration of a bridge pile in a karst development area is verified by field tests. Through some test cases of prestressed high strength concrete pipe piles, cast-in-place piles and rock-socketed piles with defects, the accuracy of the tube wave detection and other methods is compared. Then, some issues of the application of the tube wave for detecting pile defects are discussed. Finally, the content of this paper is summarized, and some suggestions on further research are put forward.     

A simulation study to examine the sensitivity of the Pettitt test to detect abrupt changes in mean

Abstract

The Pettitt test is a non-parametric test that has been used in a number of hydroclimatological studies to detect abrupt changes in the mean of the distribution of the variable of interest. This test is based on the Mann-Whitney two-sample test (rank-based test), and allows the detection of a single shift at an unknown point in time. This test is often used to detect shifts in extremes because of the lack of distributional assumptions. However, the downside of not specifying a distribution is that the Pettitt test may be inefficient in detecting breaks when dealing with extremes. Here we adopt a Monte Carlo approach to examine the sensitivity of the Pettitt test in detecting shifts in the mean under different conditions (location of the break within the series, magnitude of the shift, record length, level of variability in the data, extreme vs non-extreme records, and pre-assigned significance level). These simulation results show that the sensitivity of this test in detecting abrupt changes increases with the increase in the magnitude of the shift and record length. The number of detections is higher when the time series represents the central part of the distribution (e.g. changes in the time series of medians), while the skill decreases as we move toward either low or high extremes (e.g. changes in the time series of maxima). Furthermore, the number of detections decreases as the variability in the data increases. Finally, abrupt changes are more easily detected when they occur toward the center of the time series.

Editor D. Koutsoyiannis Associate editor K. Hamed     

Ionospheric conductivities according to Doppler radar observations of stimulated turbulence

Results of Doppler radar observations are discussed of HF scattering from heater induced inhomogeneities in an underdense ionospheric plasma. The quasiperiodic variations shown by the Doppler frequency shift are associated with the E×H plasma drift in the electric field of geomagnetic pulsations. Combined with a theoretical model of hydromagnetic wave propagation, with allowance for an arbitrary dip angle of the geomagnetic field and arbitrary angle of incidence, the Doppler shift measurements at several points along the geofield tube permit estimating height-integrated ionospheric conductivities     

用放射性方法研究隐伏断裂构造

本文介绍应用氡管法、α卡法、α径迹法等放射性方法探测陈埝盐矿区以及光明油田区地下隐伏断裂构造的试验研究结果及方法的有效性．两个地区的研究结果证明了放射性方法不仅能探测埋深为几百米的断裂构造，也可查明深埋于地下１０００多米处的隐伏断裂构造．     

Wave refocusing for linear diffractor using the time-reversal principle

One of the problems encountered in a variety of near-surface investigations is detecting and mapping localized heterogeneities. The heterogeneities may be classified under two kinds of objects: (1) a point diffractor that can be considered as an approximation of a small quasi-isometric, such as small karstic cavities and caves; (2) a linear diffractor roughly approximating an elongated object, such as a tube or fault plane. The point and linear diffractors generate two types of seismic diffraction: tip and edge waves, respectively. During the last few decades, different methods were proposed by many researchers for detecting these heterogeneities utilizing seismic waves diffracted by them. An alternative method for detecting point diffractors using a time-reversal principle combined with focusing analysis is proposed in this study: we present an extension of the time-reversal method for linear diffractors. It consists of a coherent summation of seismic energy along edge-diffraction traveltimes. Real data examples show the feasibility and efficiency of the proposed method.     

The influence of serial correlation on the Mann–Whitney test for detecting a shift in median

The non-parametric Mann–Whitney (MW) statistical test for assessing the significance of a shift in median or mean requires a tested series to be serially independent. However, hydrological time series such as water quality, streamflow, and others may frequently display serial correlation. In such cases, the existence of serial correlation might alter the ability of the test to detect a shift in mean. This study investigates this issue by means of the Monte Carlo simulation. Simulation results indicate that: (i) when there is no shift or a moderate shift in mean, the existence of positive serial correlation will increase the possibility to reject the null hypothesis of no shift while it might be true; and the existence of negative serial correlation will reduce the possibility to detect a shift; (ii) when a bigger shift occurs in a time series, for a series with smaller sample size, the influence of serial correlation on the test is similar to that in (i), but it is much less than that in (i); while for a series with larger sample size, the influence of serial correlation on the test is opposite to (i), i.e., positive serial correlation reduces the power of the test for detecting a shift while negative serial correlation slightly increases the power of the test for identifying a shift; and (iii) removal of serial correlation by pre-whitening can effectively remove the serial correlation and eliminate the influence of the serial correlation on the test.     

ADVANCED METHOD FOR SELF-ADAPTIVE ESTIMATION OF RESIDUAL STATIC CORRECTIONS*

The estimation of residual static corrections is investigated as a linear system. For 1200% coverage shot one way offset weighting functions—or in other words, estimation error operators—are computed. Assuming zero time shift determination errors and zero RNMO it is seen that large residual corrections will distort the effectivity of the estimation. With an iterative procedure which includes the repeated averaging according to depth point, shot point, and geophone point the effectivity of the method becomes more favourable. This can be learnt from the evaluation of estimation error operators computed by recursive formulae. In practice, due to the time shift determination errors, the routine does not give improved results in the desired level. Errors can be reduced with a more reliable time shift determination routine. For detecting and suppressing the unfavourable effect of time shift errors still remaining in the data a self-adaptive method was developed. In this non linear routine the data are evaluated at all three averaging processes according to limit values and weighting factors computed from the data itself. Field examples processed in different ways are presented.     

RZB型深井宽频带地形变综合观测系统的垂向应变测量单元

目前钻孔应变观测一般为水平应变,使用无限岩石平板中的钻孔应力集中模型,可反演出水平应力场分布及变化.如果在此基础上加上垂向应力测量,就可反演出三维应力场分布.本文介绍的RZB型深井宽频带地形变综合观测系统的垂向应变测量单元,外钢筒为波纹管结构,并通过螺旋刻丝、热处理等技术,其垂向等效弹性模量比耦合水泥低一个数量级,同时垂向应变钢筒的水平向等效弹性模量高于垂向弹性模量一个数量级.垂向应变探头的力学结构可以被形象地看成是一个螺旋柱形弹簧,其轴向极易产生弹性形变,而水平向的硬度却得到了极大的加强,因此可在竖井中较为准确地测量轴向应变.     

Exploring the potential of artificial intelligence techniques in prediction of the removal efficiency of vortex tube silt ejector

A vortex tube silt ejector is a curative hydraulic structure used to remove sediment deposits from canals and is recognized as one of the most efficient substitutes for physically removing canal sediment. The spatially varied flow in the channel and the rotational flow behavior in the tube make the silt removal process complex. It is even harder to accurately predict the silt removal efficiency by traditional models accurately. However, artificial intelligence(AI) and machine learning approaches...     

姑咱台地面周日倾斜响应特征分析

本文介绍了利用安装在三个以上方向的连通管倾斜仪进行地面倾斜计算的对比分析方法,并根据姑咱台安装在三个方向的连通管倾斜仪观测资料对地面倾斜的可靠性以及地面倾斜运动响应特征进行了分析。