A study on the characteristics of the information dimension D 1 of the temporal and spatial distributions of earthquakes in an active fault zone

The research of the information dimension (D ₁) in an active fault zone considers the contribution of each seismic event to information and reflects the characteristics of the temporal and spatial distributions of earthquakes from a new point of view, avoiding some short-comings of the research about the capacity dimension (D ₀). The results of calculation show that the information dimension of the temporal distribution in Xianshuihe active fault zone before Luhuo large earthquake isD ₁=0.1051. It is a consult creterion of large earthquakes in future in the fault zone. The information dimensions of the temporal distribution of the earthquakes in Anninghe active fault zone are respectivelyD ₁(t _N)=0.1363 (for the north section) andD ₁(t _S)=0.06710 (for the south section). The information dimensions of the spatial distribution are respectivelyD ₁(K _N)=1.053 (for the north section) andD ₁(K _S)=0.7758 (for the south section). The north section and the south section belong to two self-similar systems with different information dimensions respectively. The extent of the self-organization of seismic activity in the south section is higher than that in the north section. This is helpful for us to judge the major dangerous section in the key region of the seismic monitoring. The research about the information dimension of the temporal and the spatial distributions of earthquakes is significant for the exploration of active fault zones and seismic prediction. The Chinese version of this paper appeared in the Chinese edition ofActa Seismologica Sinica,13, 372–379, 1991. This paper is sponsored by the Chinese Joint Seismological Science Foundation. The English version is improved by Zhenwen An.     

活动断裂带中地震分布时空结构的信息维 D1sub>特征初探

活动断裂带中地震时空分布的信息维 D1避免了容量维 D0的缺陷,考虑了每一地震事件对信息所作的贡献,从新的角度反映了地震分布时空结构特征.计算表明,炉霍大震前鲜水河断裂带地震分布时间结构信息维 D1=0.1051,这是该区大震活动的一个参考性判据.安宁河断裂带十七年现今地震分布时间结构信息维:北段,D1（tN）=0.1363;南段,D1（tS）=0.06710.地震空间分布信息维:北段,D1（KN）=1.053;南段,D1（Ks）=0.7758.南北两段分属信息维维数不同的两个自相似系统.南段地震活动自组织程度较高.这有助于强震重点监测区内主要危险段的判定地震时空分布 D1特征探索对于活断层研究以及地震预报都有一定的意义.      

地震活动性的多重分维特征

本文根据多重分维的定义,研究了华北和西北地区地震的空间和时间分布的多重分维特征。结果表明,地震时空分布的多重分维特征能较好地描述地震时空分布的有序性。一般在地震活动性较强的阶段,多重分维D_q,尤其是高阶的D_q有明显的异常变化,其D_q—q曲线较陡;而D_q—q曲线变化较平缓的阶段,统计区内一般无大震发生。     

南北地震带地震活动特征

采用数理统计方法探讨了780 BC至今、100°—110°E、22°—35°N（中国南北地震带）区域的中国大陆5.0级及以上天然地震的分布规律。通过GMT软件绘制了南北地震带上地震震中和断裂分布图像,分析了南北地震带地震时空分布与地震活动性的规律。研究表明,该地区的大震与强震几乎全部发生在断裂带上,地震频次高、震中密集,呈现集群性等特征,地震活动性较高。该地震带中、南段相似,与北段存在显著差异。在南北地震带上,地震的活跃幕与平静幕持续时间,与活跃幕强度有关。研究结果对于了解地震的时空分布特征,认识中国南北地震带的发震规律,地震的孕震发震和地震活动周期有参考意义。      

台湾地区地震的空间关联维特征与构造环境研究

采用关联维方法对台湾地区地震活动的空间特征进行了研究。先利用 10 0a来台湾的地震目录计算各个地震区、带的关联维数 ,将地震空间分布的分形特征定量表达出来 ,然后综合分析地震空间分布的关联维数和孕震构造环境之间的关系 ,得出了以下结论 :1)台湾东、西部地震区由于地震属于不同的大地构造单元 ,因此关联维数有较大的差异 ;2 )在各地震区内部的各个地震带由于板块构造、地壳结构、活断层分布上的差异 ,而具有与其构造特征相对应的关联维数 ;3)各地震带内部的各个不同的部位又由于不同的构造应力场 ,而导致地震分布上出现不同的丛集性 ,表现为不同的关联维数。这些结论充分说明通过关联维分析所得到的地震活动的空间图像与地震活动所代表的不同地质构造背景有着良好的对应关系     

川滇地区较长时间尺度的地震活动盛衰交替性

通过与更早地震资料的对比, 研究了鲜水河断裂带, 川滇地壳块体东带、 西带, 松潘、 龙门山断裂带以及整个川滇地区较长时间尺度的地震活动盛衰交替性。 结果表明, 川滇东带北段(鲜水河断裂带)、 松潘、 龙门山地震带及川滇西带中段和南段(主要是红河断裂带)的地震活动具有明显的几十到百年尺度的盛衰交替性。 而川滇东带中南段(安宁河-则木河-小江断裂带)与川滇西带北段(金沙江断裂带)在上述地震带的平静期里, 中强以上地震频次明显减少, 但有个别7级以上强震发生。 这样, 整个川滇地区地震活动的盛衰交替性呈现一种比较复杂的阶段性特征: 伴随频繁中强震的强震活跃期与突发强震活动期交替出现。 值得注意的是, 川滇地区从19世纪末开始的伴随频繁中强震的强震活跃期已超过百年, 目前出现长期平静, 应注意进入突发强震活动期的可能性。 根据川滇地区上一个突发强震活动期突发强震的空间分布, 推测未来的突发强震可能发生在南北向断裂带, 或其他方向断裂带与南北向断裂带的交汇部。 文中还对上述统计现象的机理作了简要讨论。     

云南红河断裂带中小地震重定位及其与地质构造的关系

运用双差精确定位方法对1999—2003年间发生在云南红河断裂带上的中小地震进行了重新定位，并分析了精确定位结果与地质构造的关系，结果显示，红河断裂带上重定位前与重定位后的震中分布变化不大，只是重定位后震中分布略向两端集中，北段地震多于南段。说明当前红河断裂带北段比南段、中段地震活动性强，可能受洱源断裂带～程海断裂带的影响。但重定位前、后震源深的分布差异较大，在以洱源为中心的区域上存在一个10km深的条带，这可能与红河断裂在北段形成的拉张区有关。     

Relation between the characteristics of strong earthquake activities in Chinese mainland and the Wenchuan earthquake

This paper studies the relations between the great Wenchuan earthquake and the active-quiet periodic characteristics of strong earthquakes, the rhythmic feature of great earthquakes, and the grouped spatial distribution of M_S8.0 earthquakes in Chinese mainland. We also studied the relation between the Wenchuan earthquake and the stepwise migration characteristics of M_S?≥7.0 earthquakes on the North-South seismic belt, the features of the energy releasing acceleration in the active crustal blocks related to the Wenchuan earthquake and the relation between the Wenchuan earthquake and the so called second-arc fault zone. The results can be summarized as follows: ① the occurrence of the Wenchuan earthquake was consistent with the activequiet periodic characteristics of strong earthquakes; ② its occurrence is consistent with the features of grouped occurrence of M_S8.0 earthquakes and follows the 25 years rhythm (each circulation experiences the same time) of great earthquakes; ③ the Wenchuan M_S8.0 earthquake follows the well known stepwise migration feature of strong earthquakes on the North-South seismic belt; ④ the location where the Wenchuan M_S8.0 earthquake took place has an obvious consistency with the temporal and spatial characteristic of grouped activity of M_S≥?7.0 strong earthquakes on the second-arc fault zone; ⑤ the second-arc fault zone is not only the lower boundary for earthquakes with more than 30 km focal depth, but also looks like a lower boundary for deep substance movement; and ⑥ there are obvious seismic accelerations nearby the Qaidam and Qiangtang active crustal blocks (the northern and southern neighbors of the Bayan Har active block, respectively), which agrees with the GPS observation data.     

利用Sentinel-1合成孔径雷达干涉测量技术监测海原断裂现今地壳变形特征

20世纪20年代,青藏高原东北发生了两次8级以上强震,其中1920年12月16日发生的海原M8.5地震距今已经100年。海原断裂带作为青藏高原东北缘最活跃的断裂带之一,至今仍控制着该区域微震及中强地震活动。本文基于ISCE软件和StaMPS平台,以2017年3月至2020年6月覆盖研究区的72景哨兵一号（Sentinel-1）SAR影像为数据源,采用PS-InSAR技术对海原断裂带进行时序形变监测,并以区域内GPS速度场进行校正,获取了其三年多来雷达视线向（Line of sight,LOS）的年平均形变速率。研究结果表明：①海原断裂带南北两盘形变速率差异明显,这与左旋走滑的运动性质相符;②毛毛山断裂、老虎山断裂西段处于闭锁状态,老虎山断裂中东段处于较为活跃状态,观测到蠕滑变形;海原地震破裂带部分断裂浅部处于愈合状态;③老虎山断裂中东段的蠕滑变形是青藏高原东北缘最为显著的区段,推断与1888年和1990年景泰的两次六级地震有关。     

青藏高原西北于田地区强震后地震迁移图像与活动构造关系讨论

本文通过整理和分析青藏高原西北于田地区强震后,地震迁移的空间分布,迁移特征,同时整理和分析与迁移地震相关的青藏高原主要活动构造的结构和地震活动,分析两者之间的关系。得到以下结论:①迁移地震空间分布具有不均匀性,主要分布在活动地块边界,受大型活动构造带控制;②迁移路径主要有三条,第二条路径更为重要,主要沿着昆仑山脉向唐古拉山、巴颜喀拉山及阿尼玛卿山,在若尔盖盆地东北侧折向东南,向岷山、龙门山迁移;③未来5年内在青藏高原西北于田地区可能发生1~2次6.5级左右地震,在龙门山南段等地震空区内可能发生迁移强地震;④1900年以来发生的地震沿先前存在的地震空区分布。     

Histortical seismicity of the offshore Fujian-Guangdong region

The earthquakes offshore Fujian and Guangdong Provinces concentrated along the two segments near Nan’ao in the south and Quanzhou in the north of the off coast fault, which is very active since the late Pleistocene. In 1918 and 1906, two earthquakes with magnitudes 7.3 and 6.1 respectively occurred in the south and the north regions. With the instrumentally determined seismic parameters of these two earthquakes as standards, the author evaluated the parameters of the historical earthquakes by comparing their macroseismic materials with consideration of the geological background. As a result, chronological tables of historical earthquakes of the south and the north regions were compiled. The seismic activity of the two regions synchronized basically, and their strongest recorded earthquakes were both aroundM _s 7.3. Seismic activity usually intensified before the occurrence of strong events. Aftershocks were frequent, but strong aftershocks usually occurred one to several years after the main shock. Two high tides of seismic activity occurred since the late 15th century. Around 1600, eight earthquakes each with magnitudes over 4.3 occurred in both of the two regions. The magnitude of the strongest shock in the south region is 6.7, that in the north region is 7.5. The second high tide occurred at the early 20th century. Among the 18 earthquakes occurred in the south region, one was of magnitude 7.3; whilst only two earthquakes with magnitudes 6.1 and 5.5 respectively occurred in the north region. Further, medium to strong earthquakes never occurred since 1942. Whether this is the “mitigation effect” of strong shocks, or a big earthquake is brewing in the north region is worth intensive study. The Chinese version of this paper appeared in the Chinese edition ofActa Seismologica Sinica,13, 505–515, 1991. This work is supported by Chinese Joint Seismological Science Foundation.     

Earthquake Source Zones in Northeast India: Seismic Tomography, Fractal Dimension and b Value Mapping

We have imaged earthquake source zones beneath the northeast India region by seismic tomography, fractal dimension and b value mapping. 3D P-wave velocity (Vp) structure is imaged by the Local Earthquake Tomography (LET) method. High precision P-wave (3,494) and S-wave (3,064) travel times of 980 selected earthquakes, m _d ≥ 2.5, are used. The events were recorded by 77 temporary/permanent seismic stations in the region during 1993–1999. By the LET method simultaneous inversion is made for precise location of the events as well as for 3D seismic imaging of the velocity structure. Fractal dimension and seismic b value has been estimated using the 980 LET relocated epicenters. A prominent northwest–southeast low Vp structure is imaged between the Shillong Plateau and Mikir hills; that reflects the Kopili fault. At the fault end, a high-Vp structure is imaged at a depth of 40 km; this is inferred to be the source zone for high seismic activity along this fault. A similar high Vp seismic source zone is imaged beneath the Shillong Plateau at 30 km depth. Both of the source zones have high fractal dimension, from 1.80 to 1.90, indicating that most of the earthquake associated fractures are approaching a 2D space. The spatial fractal dimension variation map has revealed the seismogenic structures and the crustal heterogeneities in the region. The seismic b value in northeast India is found to vary from 0.6 to 1.0. Higher b value contours are obtained along the Kopili fault (~1.0), and in the Shillong Plateau (~0.9) The correlation coefficient between the fractal dimension and b value is found to be 0.79, indicating that the correlation is positive and significant. To the south of Shillong Plateau, a low Vp structure is interpreted as thick (~20 km) sediments in the Bengal basin, with almost no seismic activity in the basin.     

Temporal stress variations along a seismogenic megasplay fault in the subduction zone: An example from the Nobeoka Thrust,southwestern Japan

The Nobeoka Thrust, an ancient megasplay fault in the Shimanto Belt, southwestern Japan, contains fault rocks from the seismogenic zone, providing an accessible analog of active megasplay faults in deep subduction settings. In this study, the paleostress along the Nobeoka Thrust was analyzed using multiple inversion techniques, including k‐means clustering of fault datasets acquired from drillcores that intersected the thrust. The six resultant stress orientation clusters can be divided into two general groups: stress solutions with north–south‐trending σ₁ axes, and those with east–west‐trending σ₁ axes. These groups are characterized by the temporal changes for the orientations of the σ₁ and σ₃ principal stress axes that involve alternation between horizontal and vertical. The findings are probably due to a change in stress state before and after earthquakes that occurred on the fault; similar changes have been observed in active tectonic settings, such as the 2011 Tohoku‐Oki earthquake (Japan).     

Characteristics of seismic activity before the MS8.0 Wenchuan earthquake

The characteristics of spatio-temporal seismicity evolution before the Wenchuan earthquake are studied. The results mainly involve in the trend abnormal features and its relation to the Wenchuan earthquake. The western Chinese mainland and its adjacent area has been in the seismically active period since 2001, while the seismic activity shows the obvious quiescence of M≥?7.0, M≥?6.0 and M?≥5.0 earthquakes in Chinese mainland. A quiescence area with M?≥7.0 has been formed in the middle of the North-South seismic zone since 1988, and the Wenchuan earthquake occurred just within this area. There are a background seismicity gap of M?≥5.0 earthquakes and a seismogenic gap of M_L?≥4.0 earthquakes in the area of Longmenshan fault zone and its vicinity prior to the Wenchuan earthquake. The seismic activity obviously strengthened and a doughnut-shape pattern of M?≥4.6 earthquakes is formed in the middle and southern part of the North-South seismic zone after the 2003 Dayao, Yunnan, earthquake. Sichuan and its vicinity in the middle of the doughnut-shape pattern show abnormal quiescence. At the same time, the seismicity of earthquake swarms is significant and shows heterogeneity in the temporal and spatial process. A swarm gap appears in the M4.6 seismically quiet area, and the Wenchuan earthquake occurred just on the margin of the gap. In addition, in the short term before the Wenchuan earthquake, the quiescence of earthquake with M_L≥?4.0 appears in Qinghai-Tibet block and a seismic belt of M_L?≥3.0 earthquakes, with NW striking and oblique with Longmenshan fault zone, is formed.     

地震方法探测太行山山前断裂的活动特征(英文)

太行山山前断裂位于太行山脉与华北平原过渡地带,是华北及我国东部地区一条重要的构造带,有关该断裂带的活动性有以下观点:1)它属深大断裂带;2)它是活动断裂带和地震构造带;3)它不是地震构造带。。为研究和评价该断裂的活动性,利用最近获得的地震资料和钻探联合剖面研究了太行山山前断裂的深部构造背景和第四系以来的活动特征。钻探验证以及研究结果与表明:太行山山前断裂不是岩石圈深大断裂,该断裂在第四系仅错断了中更新世QP2早期,中更新世QP2晚期和晚更新世地层没有发生错断。由此得出,太行山山前断裂不是活动断裂,也不是岩石圈深大断裂。该研究结果为跨越太行山山前断裂的城市进行规划和建设提供了重要的地质和地球物理资料,对于首都圈地震危险性评价也具有十分重要的意义。     

2011年日本MW9.0地震对沂沭断裂带及其两侧地区地壳运动的同震影响研究

2011年日本M_W9.0地震（简称日本地震）后沂沭断裂带及其两侧地区地震活动显著增强,研究日本地震对该地区地壳运动及地震潜势的影响十分必要.为此,本文通过112个连续GPS观测站获取了研究区高空间分辨率的日本地震同震形变场并得到如下认识：（1）8个定点地球物理观测的同震响应验证了本文同震形变场的可靠性;日本地震的东向拉张使研究区整体上处于张性同震应变状态,但存在局部挤压区域,其中莱州湾至海州湾的挤压条带穿过沂沭断裂带并对断裂带南北两段产生了不同的同震作用,对南段具有拉张作用,对北段产生挤压作用;（2）同震形变场在鲁东隆起和鲁西断块产生了显著的剪应变,地震b值显示上述区域的构造应力在日本地震后增强,因此同震形变场可能改变了这些区域的应力特征;（3）地震矩张量叠加分析显示,同震形变场短期内对鲁西断块、鲁东隆起区和沂沭断裂带南段累积了地震矩,可能有助于上述区域在日本地震以后的地震活动增强;日本地震对沂沭断裂带北段的地震矩具有释放作用,或许是该区域地震活动减弱的原因.     

Study on Potential Strong Earthquake Risks Around the Mabian Area,Southern Sichuan

Based on seismic data from the regional network for the last 34 years,we analyzed the present fault behavior of major fault zones around the Mabian area,southern Sichuan,and identified the risky fault-segments for potential strong and large earthquakes in the future.The method of analysis is a combination of spatial distribution of b-values with activity background of historical strong earthquakes and current seismicity.Our results mainly show:(1) The spatial distribution of b-values indicates significant heterogeneity in the studied area,which reflects the spatial difference of cumulative stress levels along various fault zones and segments.(2) Three anomalously low b-value areas with different dimensions were identified along the Mabian-Yanjin fault zone.These anomalies can be asperities under relatively high cumulated stress levels.Two asperities are located in the north of Mabian county,in Lidian town in western Muchuan county,and near Yanjin at the south end of the fault zone.These two areas represent potential large earthquake seismogenic sites around the Mabian area in the near future.Besides them,the third relatively smaller asperity is identified at southern Suijiang,as another potential strongearthquake source.(3) An asperity along the southwestern segment of the Longquanshan fault zone indicates the site of potential moderate-to-strong earthquakes.(4) The asperity along the segment between Huangmu town in Hanyuan county and Longchi town in Emeishan city on Jinkouhe-Meigu fault has potential for a moderate-strong earthquake.     

南北地震带北段近期强震趋势研究

2008年5月12日汶川8.0级地震后,南北地震带可能进入新一轮的强震活跃期.从汶川8.0级地震以来ML≥5.0地震活动空间分布特征来看,近期南北地震带北段与中、南段存在较大差异.由南北地震带强震前孕震区中强地震活动特征,并结合当前5级地震活动情况,认为应同时关注南北地震带中、南段和北段的强震危险性.甘东南地区出现的4级地震空区被2011年2月23日迭部-岷县交界ML4.4地震打破后,2011年11月1日空区周边又发生了青川Ms5.4地震,表明该空区及周边地区的地震活动增强.类比1990年共和7.0级地震前的空区演化过程,认为甘东南地区存在发生7级地震的可能.结合对甘东南地区主要大型断裂7级地震复发周期的综合分析认为,需关注南北带北段毛毛山断裂和金强河断裂、香山-天景山断裂东段、黄河断裂灵武段、西秦岭北缘断裂、六盘山-宝鸡断裂和东昆仑断裂东段玛沁-玛曲段发生7级地震的可能.     

Review of the source characteristics of the Great Sumatra–Andaman Islands earthquake of 2004

The December 26, 2004 Sumatra–Andaman Island earthquake, which ruptured the Sunda Trench subduction zone, is one of the three largest earthquakes to occur since global monitoring began in the 1890s. Its seismic moment was M ₀ = 1.00 × 10²³–1.15 × 10²³ Nm, corresponding to a moment-magnitude of M _w = 9.3. The rupture propagated from south to north, with the southerly part of fault rupturing at a speed of 2.8 km/s. Rupture propagation appears to have slowed in the northern section, possibly to ∼2.1 km/s, although published estimates have considerable scatter. The average slip is ∼5 m along a shallowly dipping (8°), N31°W striking thrust fault. The majority of slip and moment release appears to have been concentrated in the southern part of the rupture zone, where slip locally exceeded 30 m. Stress loading from this earthquake caused the section of the plate boundary immediately to the south to rupture in a second, somewhat smaller earthquake. This second earthquake occurred on March 28, 2005 and had a moment-magnitude of M _w = 8.5.     

龙门山中央断裂南段盐井—五龙断裂的浅层地球物理方法探测

在2008年5月12日汶川MS8.0地震和2013年4月20日芦山MS7.0地震中,龙门山中央断裂南段的盐井—五龙断裂均未发现地表破裂现象,加之该断裂浅层地球物理资料极度匮乏,在一定程度上限制了对龙门山断裂带南段地震危险性的评价和发震能力的评估。针对龙门山中央断裂南段的盐井-五龙断裂经过区段的主要乡(镇)所在地多为宽度不大于300m的山间峡谷地区,且探测场区存在交通条件不便、场地工作面狭窄等问题,在浅层地震反射波法探测工作中采用小道间距、小偏移距、多道短排列接收和共反射点多次覆盖观测的地震数据采集方式,并经数据处理后获得地震反射剖面图像。浅层地震探测定位结果结合高密度电阻率成像断面、探槽开挖和钻孔联合剖面资料,共同揭示了NE向的盐井—五龙断裂在宝兴县五龙乡东风村一带精确的空间展布位置、产状规模和近地表构造形态。探测结果表明盐井—五龙断裂于五龙乡北东风村西河两岸的T1阶地处隐伏通过,性质为倾向NW的逆冲断裂,近地表倾角50°~60°,上断点埋深19m。该断裂断错宝兴西河T2、T3阶地,西河右岸T1阶地断裂通过处两侧基岩的断距6~8 m,其破碎带及其影响带宽度约30m。本文浅层地球物理探测成果可对判定盐井—五龙断裂的近地表构造活动提供可靠的地震学证据,也为地震重灾区(宝兴县城)的灾后工程选址重建、地震危险性评价和制定抗震防灾规划提供了科学的基础资料。