有效应力变化对致密砂岩孔隙结构及弹性波响应的影响规律

致密砂岩气藏具有裂缝发育和有效应力高的特征,研究不同有效压力下孔、裂隙介质地震波传播特征,有利于地震解释与地下储层的识别.但是前人的研究较少考虑岩石内部微观孔隙结构特征与孔隙、裂隙间流体流动的关系.本文首先通过选取四川盆地典型致密砂岩岩样,在不同有效压力下对岩石样本进行超声波实验测量.然后基于实验测得的纵、横波速度进行裂隙参数反演,得到不同有效压力下致密砂岩样本的裂隙孔隙度.再将裂隙孔隙度和样本岩石物理参数代入双重孔隙介质模型,模拟得到不同有效压力下饱水致密砂岩样本纵横波速度频散和衰减的变化规律.结果表明模型预测的速度频散曲线与纵波速度实验测量结果能够较好的吻合.最后统计分析了致密砂岩裂隙参数,得到了致密砂岩储层裂隙参数随有效压力及孔隙度变化特征.依据实际岩石物理参数建立模型,其裂隙参数三维拟合结果能够较好描述致密砂岩裂隙结构与孔隙度、应力的关联,可为实际地震勘探中预测储层裂缝性质提供基础依据.     

基于等效介质理论的煤层气储层岩石物理建模与应用

地震岩石物理建模作为表征油气储层物性参数与地震参数间映射关系的主流工具,鲜有应用于煤层气储层,关键制约因素在于煤层气储层特有的吸附气和双重孔隙的等效计算问题尚未有效解决.为此,本文将吸附气视为类似煤基质的固相,将双重孔隙分解为基质孔隙和裂隙两部分;尝试利用自相容近似模型计算煤基质、吸附气和基质孔隙混合后煤基质干骨架的等效纵、横波速度,通过Mori-Tanaka模型和Brown-Korringa各向异性流体替换理论加入裂隙和流体,以此构建煤层气储层岩石物理模型.在此基础之上,通过正演模拟分析基质孔隙参数、吸附气含量以及裂隙参数的等效纵、横波速度响应;基于模型反演基质孔隙和裂隙参数,并将基于模型预测的纵、横波速度与实测数据对比,论证所构建的煤层气储层岩石物理模型的合理性.进一步通过制作岩石物理量版,探讨煤层气"甜点区"界定的两个关键参数——吸附气含量和脆性指数与储层物性参数(基质孔隙度、裂隙孔隙度)以及地震参数间的关系.结果表明:吸附气含量的变化引起的纵、横波速度、纵横波速度比和纵波阻抗变化微弱,引起的流体因子参数(λρ和μρ)变化略显著;基质孔隙度变化引起的地震参数响应显著强于吸附气含量;裂隙孔隙度与两种脆性指数间均具有明显的负相关性,可认为是煤层气储层脆性的主要影响因素.     

龙马溪—五峰组富有机质页岩三维岩石物理模板分析及"甜点"预测

为识别四川盆地丁山区龙马溪—五峰组目的层富含页岩气的"甜点区",本文对页岩的有机碳含量、脆性、孔隙度及微裂隙等核心指标进行分析研究.对页岩展开岩石物性特征和岩石物理分析,结果显示"甜点区"具有TOC含量高、高孔隙度、低密度、脆性高(石英含量高)的特点,此外储层的拉梅常数和密度的乘积λρ分布范围是18～30 GPa·g·cm-3,泊松比v范围是0.18～0.22,剪切模量μ范围是13～18 GPa.根据储层的岩石物理特征,同时考虑孔隙度、裂隙纵横比和矿物组分对优质页岩敏感弹性参数的影响,采用等效嵌入体应力平均(EIAS)理论模型构建适合页岩气储层的三维岩石物理模板,进而预测储层的孔隙度、裂隙纵横比和石英矿物含量.基于测井数据,对构建的三维岩石物理模板进行校正,将校正后的模板应用到研究工区,选取过三口井的二维测线和三维区块,进行孔隙度、裂隙纵横比和石英矿物含量的定量预测.对比实际资料分析得出的优质页岩储层孔隙度预测范围与测井结果吻合较好,过三口井的目的层产气情况与预测结果一致性良好,目的层页岩具有高孔隙度、低裂隙纵横比和高石英含量的特征,可有效地指示优质页岩储层分布.     

基于等效介质理论的孔隙纵横比分布反演

孔隙纵横比是描述多孔岩石微观孔隙结构特征的重要参数,目前用于获取岩石完整孔隙纵横比分布的经典模型为David-Zimmerman(D-Z)孔隙结构模型,该模型假设岩石由固体矿物基质、一组纵横比相等的硬孔隙以及多组纵横比不等的微裂隙构成,并认为固体矿物基质和硬孔隙均不受压力影响,在此基础上,利用超声纵横波速度的压力依赖性反演岩石硬孔隙和各组微裂隙的孔隙纵横比及孔隙度.该方法的关键点在于以累积裂隙密度为桥梁,借助等效介质理论建立了岩石弹性模量和孔隙纵横比之间的内在联系.但在D-Z模型中,多重孔隙岩石累积裂隙密度的计算直接由单重孔隙裂隙密度公式实现,这种近似导致该模型在许多情况下难以获得良好的反演精度.为了完善经典D-Z模型,本文提出了一种基于虚拟降压的孔隙纵横比分布反演策略,通过多个假想降压过程实现累积裂隙密度的准确计算,并将基于DEM和MT的经典D-Z模型推广到KT和SCA中,结合四种等效介质理论建立了一套完整的反演流程.采用一系列砂岩和碳酸盐岩样品,测试了反演流程在实际岩芯孔隙纵横比提取中的应用效果,研究结果表明:与D-Z模型相比,本文方法的模拟结果与实际数据吻合更好,并同时适用于砂岩和碳酸盐岩;此外,通过分析四种等效介质理论的模拟结果发现,本文方法并不十分依赖于等效介质理论的选择,这些理论获得的孔隙结构参数随压力的变化趋势基本一致,数值上仅存在略微差异,且这种差异随着压力的增大逐渐消失.本文方法是经典D-Z孔隙结构模型的重要补充,对岩石孔隙结构表征、流体饱和岩石速度预测以及孔间喷射流效应的模拟具有十分重要的意义.     

致密砂岩气藏裂隙-孔隙型弹性岩石物理模板研究:以川西坳陷A区为例

相对于常规砂岩,致密砂岩在岩石物理性质、力学性质等方面具有明显差异,并呈现出很强的非均质性.岩石物理模型能将储层参数与地震特性信息联系起来,因此可以作为致密砂岩储层参数与地震特性信息转换的桥梁.常规的岩石物理模型通常只考虑单一因素(例如非均匀性,单一孔隙,单一尺度等),建立的岩石物理模板并不适用于致密砂岩.本文针对高饱和气、微裂隙发育、非均质性强的致密砂岩储层,利用Voigt-Reuss-Hill模型计算混合矿物的弹性模量,采用微分等效介质(DEM)模型描述含裂隙、孔隙岩石的骨架弹性模量,基于Biot-Rayleigh波动方程构建了岩石物理弹性模板,给出了致密砂岩储层弹性参数与物性的关系.基于测井数据和实验数据对岩石物理弹性模板进行校正,并将校正后的岩石物理弹性模板结合叠前地震资料应用于川西地区储层孔隙度与裂隙含量预测.结果显示,反演裂隙含量、孔隙度与储层试气报告、测井孔隙度基本吻合,表明该模板能够较合理地应用于致密砂岩储层孔隙度及裂隙含量解释中.     

人造砂岩制作方法及其声学性质研究

人造砂岩具有参数可控特点,可广泛的应用于物理模拟及实验研究领域,文章介绍了压制法制作人造砂岩的基本流程.对人造砂岩物理参数及声学性质进行实验研究.测量了密度、孔隙度等参数,给出压制压力与密度、纵波速度关系图.利用超声波透射法测量人造砂岩纵横波速度,对人工砂岩在饱含气与饱含水状态下速度变化进行定量分析,给出纵横波速度随孔隙度变化曲线.饱含气状态变化到饱含水状态后,纵波速度上升,横波速度下降.利用Gassmann方程对流体替换后速度进行预测,实际测试数据的纵波速度与预测计算数据比较吻合.纵横波速度变化规律与天然砂岩基本一致.     

裂缝-孔隙介质储层渗透率表征及其影响因素分析

含裂缝多孔介质渗透率预测是非常规油气资源勘探开发的一个紧迫问题.现有多孔介质岩石物理模型通常利用圆形孔管模拟宏观岩石孔隙空间,难以定量描述软孔隙/裂缝在压力作用下的闭合情况,缺乏裂缝/孔隙间流量交换的连通机制.本文提出含三维裂缝/软孔隙网络多孔介质模型,将储层岩石裂缝/软孔隙表示为椭圆截面微管,建立了周期性压力作用下微观裂缝流量表达式,通过网络模型和流量守恒条件,得到含有三维裂缝/软孔隙网络的多孔介质渗透率计算方法.数值算例表明,预测结果与实验数据分布范围吻合很好,能够给出不同类型岩心对应孔隙纵横比的分布图.三维裂缝/软孔隙网络模型建立了宏观可观测量与裂缝参数之间关系,能够定量分析岩石渗透率随裂缝体密度、纵横比、孔隙流体类型和围压等因素的变化规律,为复杂条件下储层渗透率预测提供了一种有效方法.     

致密砂岩衰减岩石物理图板分析:储层微裂隙预测

致密砂岩储层普遍具有孔隙度低、微裂隙发育的特点,岩石内部常含有强烈的结构非均质性.致密砂岩发育的微裂隙使储层具有良好的连通性,促成高饱和气的天然气成藏.针对川西某探区须家河组高含气饱和度致密砂岩,本文选取致密砂岩岩心样本,进行了不同围压下的超声波实验测量.考虑储层完全饱气情况下的粒间孔隙、微裂隙双重孔隙结构,采用Biot-Rayleigh双重孔隙方程,构建致密砂岩岩石物理模型,进而分析了裂隙含量对纵波频散和衰减的影响.基于地震波衰减,构建了致密砂岩多尺度岩石物理图板.采用谱比法和改进频移法估算致密砂岩样本及储层衰减,对超声和地震频带下的图板进行校正.将校正后的图板应用到研究工区,选取二维测线和三维区块,进行储层孔隙度和裂隙含量的定量预测.对比实际资料进行分析,结果显示,本文预测的孔隙度和裂隙含量与三口测井的孔隙度曲线和实际产气情况基本吻合,基于孔隙-裂隙衰减岩石物理模型有效地预测了优质储层的分布区域.     

多孔可变临界孔隙度模型及储层孔隙结构表征

碳酸盐岩、致密砂岩和页岩等储层具有孔隙类型多样、孔隙结构复杂和非均质性强等特征,属于典型的多重孔隙储层,孔隙结构表征是多重孔隙储层预测和流体识别的关键.现有的孔隙结构表征方法大多利用孔隙纵横比或者构建一种新参数来描述孔隙结构.岩石临界孔隙度模型是一种常用的岩石物理模型,具有一定的物理意义和地质含义.本文推导了岩石临界孔隙度与岩石孔隙结构(孔隙纵横比)之间的关系,进而利用极化(形状)因子建立临界孔隙度与弹性参数之间的关系,构建了能够包含多种孔隙类型的多孔可变临界孔隙度模型.利用多孔可变临界孔隙度模型由储层的弹性参数反演不同孔隙类型的体积含量.实验室测量数据和实际测井数据表明,多孔可变临界孔隙度模型能够适用于多重孔隙储层岩石物理建模和孔隙结构表征.     

孔隙-裂隙性质和黏土含量对页岩油层系致密岩石弹性波耗散规律的影响研究

作为一种非常规油气资源,页岩油储量丰富、分布范围广,具有巨大的勘探开发潜力,是近年来油气产业关注的重点与热点.然而,页岩油储层具有岩石矿物组分多样、低孔低渗、孔隙结构复杂、非均质性强等特征,与常规油气资源存在明显差异.本研究选取鄂尔多斯盆地中生界延长组长7油层组的10块致密砂岩样本,基于X射线衍射分析得到各样本的矿物组分,开展不同围压和流体条件下的超声波实验观测,进而获得样本的纵、横波速度和纵波衰减逆品质因子.基于实验测量获得变压力条件下的孔隙度,结合线性外推的方法,估算各样本的裂隙孔隙度,代入EIAS(Equivalent Inclusion-Average Stress,等效嵌入体应力平均)模型,求取对应的裂隙纵横比和裂隙密度,分析页岩油储层孔隙-裂隙性质对纵波衰减的影响.结果显示相对于衰减,致密砂岩总孔隙度、裂隙纵横比、裂隙密度和衰减变化量(不同围压下的衰减观测值与最大围压下的衰减观测值的差)之间的相关性更加明显.基于薄片分析,结果显示致密样本存在孔内黏土包体、微裂隙包体和粒间孔的三重孔隙结构,因此本文引入三重孔隙结构模型,定量估算各样本的孔内黏土含量,进而分析孔内黏土含量及总黏...     

利用含可控裂缝人工岩样研究裂缝密度对各向异性的影响

利用新方法制作出含可控裂缝的双孔隙人工砂岩物理模型,具有与天然岩石更为接近的矿物成分、孔隙结构和胶结方式,其中裂缝密度、裂缝尺寸和裂缝张开度等裂缝参数可以控制以得到实验所需要的裂缝参数,岩样具有真实的孔隙和裂缝空间并可以在不同饱和流体状态下研究流体性质对于裂缝介质性质的影响.本次实验制作出一组具有不同裂缝密度的含裂缝人工岩样,对岩样利用SEM扫描电镜分析可以看到真实的孔隙结构和符合我们要求的裂缝参数,岩样被加工成八面棱柱以测量不同方向上弹性波传播的速度,用0.5 MHz的换能器使用透射法测量在饱和空气和饱和水条件下各个样品不同方向上的纵横波速度,并得出纵横波速度、横波分裂系数和纵横波各向异性强度受裂缝密度和饱和流体的影响.研究发现流体对于纵波速度和纵波各向异性强度的影响较强,而横波速度、横波分裂系数和横波各向异性强度受饱和流体的影响不大,但是对裂缝密度的变化更敏感.     

An equivalent medium model for wave simulation in fractured porous rocks

Seismic wave propagation in reservoir rocks is often strongly affected by fractures and micropores. Elastic properties of fractured reservoirs are studied using a fractured porous rock model, in which fractures are considered to be embedded in a homogeneous porous background. The paper presents an equivalent media model for fractured porous rocks. Fractures are described in a stress‐strain relationship in terms of fracture‐induced anisotropy. The equations of poroelasticity are used to describe the background porous matrix and the contents of the fractures are inserted into a matrix. Based on the fractured equivalent‐medium theory and Biot's equations of poroelasticity, two sets of porosity are considered in a constitutive equation. The porous matrix permeability and fracture permeability are analysed by using the continuum media seepage theory in equations of motion. We then design a fractured porous equivalent medium and derive the modified effective constants for low‐frequency elastic constants due to the presence of fractures. The expressions of elastic constants are concise and are directly related to the properties of the main porous matrix, the inserted fractures and the pore fluid. The phase velocity and attenuation of the fractured porous equivalent media are investigated based on this model. Numerical simulations are performed. We show that the fractures and pores strongly influence wave propagation, induce anisotropy and cause poroelastic behaviour in the wavefields. We observe that the presence of fractures gives rise to changes in phase velocity and attenuation, especially for the slow P‐wave in the direction parallel to the fracture plane.     

Matrix diffusion-derived plume attenuation in fractured bedrock

Matrix diffusion can attenuate the rate of plume migration in fractured bedrock relative to the rate of ground water flow for both conservative and nonconservative solutes of interest. In a system of parallel, equally spaced constant aperture fractures subject to steady-state ground water flow and an infinite source width, the degree of plume attenuation increases with time and travel distance, eventually reaching an asymptotic level. The asymptotic degree of plume attenuation in the absence of degradation can be predicted by a plume attenuation factor, beta, which is readily estimated as R' (phi(m)/phi(f)), where R' is the retardation factor in the matrix, phi(m) is the matrix porosity, and phi(f) is the fracture porosity. This dual-porosity relationship can also be thought of as the ratio of primary to secondary porosity. Beta represents the rate of ground water flow in fractures relative to the rate of plume advance. For the conditions examined in this study, beta increases with greater matrix porosity, greater matrix fraction organic carbon, larger fracture spacing, and smaller fracture aperture. These concepts are illustrated using a case study where dense nonaqueous phase liquid in fractured sandstone produced a dissolved-phase trichloroethylene (TCE) plume approximately 300 m in length. Transport parameters such as matrix porosity, fracture porosity, hydraulic gradient, and the matrix retardation factor were characterized at the site through field investigations. In the fractured sandstone bedrock examined in this study, the asymptotic plume attenuation factors (beta values) for conservative and nonconservative solutes (i.e., chloride and TCE) were predicted to be approximately 800 and 12,210, respectively. Quantitative analyses demonstrate that a porous media (single-porosity) solute transport model is not appropriate for simulating contaminant transport in fractured sandstone where matrix diffusion occurs. Rather, simulations need to be conducted with either a discrete fracture model that explicitly incorporates matrix diffusion, or a dual-continuum model that accounts for mass transfer between mobile and immobile zones. Simulations also demonstrate that back diffusion from the matrix to fractures will likely be the time-limiting factor in reaching ground water cleanup goals in some fractured bedrock environments.     

Seismic dispersion and attenuation in layered porous rocks with fractures of varying orientations

Wave‐induced fluid flow plays an important role in affecting the seismic dispersion and attenuation of fractured porous rocks. While numerous theoretical models have been proposed for the seismic dispersion and attenuation in fractured porous rocks, most of them neglect the wave‐induced fluid flow resulting from the background anisotropy (e.g. the interlayer fluid flow between different layers) that can be normal in real reservoirs. Here, according to the theories of poroelasticity, we present an approach to study the frequency‐dependent seismic properties of more realistic and complicated rocks, i.e. horizontally and periodically layered porous rock with horizontal and randomly orienting fractures, respectively, distributed in one of the two periodical layers. The approach accounts for the dual effects of the wave‐induced fluid flow between the fractures and the background pores and between different layers (the interlayer fluid flow). Because C₃₃ (i.e., the modulus of the normally incident P‐wave) is directly related to the P‐wave velocity widely measured in the seismic exploration, and its comprehensive dispersion and attenuation are found to be most significant, we study mainly the effects of fracture properties and the stiffness contrast between the different layers on the seismic dispersion and attenuation of C₃₃. The results show that the increasing stiffness contrast enhances the interlayer fluid flow of the layered porous rocks with both horizontal and randomly orienting fractures and weakens the wave‐induced fluid flow between the fractures and the background pores, especially for the layered porous rock with horizontal fractures. The modelling results also demonstrate that for the considered rock construction, the increasing fracture density reduces the interlayer fluid flow while improves the dispersion and attenuation in the fracture‐relevant frequency band. Increasing fracture aspect ratio is found to reduce the dispersion and attenuation in the fracture‐relevant frequency band only, especially for the layered porous rock with horizontal fractures.     

基于碳酸盐岩裂缝岩石物理模型的横波速度和各向异性参数预测

高角度缝隙充填的碳酸盐岩储层可以等效为具有水平对称轴的横向各向同性介质.本文提出了适用于裂缝型碳酸盐岩的岩石物理模型构建流程,重点介绍了在碳酸盐岩各向同性背景中,综合利用微小裂隙模型和线性滑动模型添加缝隙系统,并分析了当缝隙充填不同流体时,各向异性参数随纵横波速比的变化特征.同时本文讨论了裂缝密度和缝隙充填流体对地震反射系数的影响,推导了不同类型流体充填时储层反射系数与裂缝密度的近似关系式,阐述了各向异性流体替换理论,最终实现饱含流体碳酸盐岩裂缝储层的纵横波速度和各向异性参数的估测.选取某碳酸盐岩工区A井对该方法进行试算,结果表明基于碳酸盐岩裂缝岩石物理模型估算的纵横波速度值与测井值吻合较好,而且估测所得的各向异性参数值也能够较好地反映出裂缝储层位置.     

Numerical Modeling of Thermal Conductive Heating in Fractured Bedrock

Numerical modeling was employed to study the performance of thermal conductive heating (TCH) in fractured shale under a variety of hydrogeological conditions. Model results show that groundwater flow in fractures does not significantly affect the minimum treatment zone temperature, except near the beginning of heating or when groundwater influx is high. However, fracture and rock matrix properties can significantly influence the time necessary to remove all liquid water (i.e., reach superheated steam conditions) in the treatment area. Low matrix permeability, high matrix porosity, and wide fracture spacing can contribute to boiling point elevation in the rock matrix. Consequently, knowledge of these properties is important for the estimation of treatment times. Because of the variability in boiling point throughout a fractured rock treatment zone and the absence of a well-defined constant temperature boiling plateau in the rock matrix, it may be difficult to monitor the progress of thermal treatment using temperature measurements alone.     

Weathering and erosion of fractured bedrock systems

We explore the contribution of fractures (joints) in controlling the rate of weathering advance for a low‐porosity rock by using methods of homogenization to create averaged weathering equations. The rate of advance of the weathering front can be expressed as the same rate observed in non‐fractured media (or in an individual block) divided by the volume fraction of non‐fractured blocks in the fractured parent material. In the model, the parent has fractures that are filled with a more porous material that contains only inert or completely weathered material. The low‐porosity rock weathers by reaction‐transport processes. As observed in field systems, the model shows that the weathering advance rate is greater for the fractured as compared to the analogous non‐fractured system because the volume fraction of blocks is < 1. The increase in advance rate is attributed both to the increase in weathered material that accompanies higher fracture density, and to the increase in exposure of surface of low‐porosity rock to reaction‐transport. For constant fracture aperture, the weathering advance rate increases when the fracture spacing decreases. Equations describing weathering advance rate are summarized in the ‘List of selected equations’. If erosion is imposed at a constant rate, the weathering systems with fracture‐bounded bedrock blocks attain a steady state. In the erosional transport‐limited regime, bedrock blocks no longer emerge at the air‐regolith boundary because they weather away. In the weathering‐limited (or kinetic) regime, blocks of various size become exhumed at the surface and the average size of these exposed blocks increases with the erosion rate. For convex hillslopes, the block size exposed at the surface increases downslope. This model can explain observations of exhumed rocks weathering in the Luquillo mountains of Puerto Rico. Published 2017. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA     

裂缝型储层流体识别方法

裂缝型储层的描述包括预测裂缝分布特征和识别裂隙充填物.依据等效介质理论计算的纵波速度随裂缝密度的增大而减小.正演地震记录显示,裂缝介质含气时反射振幅最大,且变化程度比含油或含水时大.叠前方位AVO反演所得的各向异性梯度Bani与裂缝密度成正比,可用于描述有效裂缝发育强度.对于不同的裂缝密度,各向异性梯度Bani与各向同性梯度Biso的比值I(1)fluid近似为常数,且对流体敏感.经裂缝纵横比和背景介质拉梅常数修正后,流体因子Ifluid既不随纵横比变化,又不受背景介质的影响,是裂缝型储层敏感的流体识别因子.在塔里木盆地塔北哈拉哈塘地区热瓦普区块碳酸盐岩储层裂缝发育区域,运用该参数在井点处的流体识别效果与钻井结果一致.