活动断裂地震变形与重大工程场地安全距离研究

在不考虑地表覆盖层的情况下，采用三维有限元方法计算了不同震级、不同断层活动方式以及不同断层倾角下断层上、下盘地表的地震位移及形变分布，通过设定的安全距离判定标准，研究了各种情况下工程场地距断层的安全距离。研究表明，活动断裂的安全距离应根据断裂性质、活动方式、活动强度、断裂上下盘等因素及工程设防要求共同确定。     

地震断层形态研究综述

随着我国工程建设事业的不断发展，一大批土木工程基础设施正不断向地下深部、深海和中西部地区延伸转移，如地铁工程、跨海跨湾工程铁路和铁路工程(如川藏铁路)等都具有里程长、规模大的显著特点，在我国特殊的地震地质构造背景下，会不可避免地遇到地表或地下深部地震断层的作用。断层的作用方式与断层破裂的形态关系密切，研究不同场地的地表断层形态对工程结构抗断层错断设计有重要意义。本文归纳了不同场地条件下地震地表断层的形态和断层的空间展布特征，总结了地震断层形态的研究现状，分析了影响地震断层形态的因素，探讨了当前研究工作的不足与今后的研究方向，以期能为相关研究工作提供参考。     

断裂性质与滑坡分布的关系——以汶川地震中的大型滑坡为例

越来越多的地震滑坡相对于地震断层的不对称分布震例让人们意识到断层上盘效应的存在。 然而,目前有关断裂运动方式与滑坡空间分布关系的研究还不够充分和深入。在收集大量地震滑坡震例资料并获得其分布规律的基础上,建立了一个简化的断层模型,以地震波在地表与断层面之间反射传播特性为基础,探讨断层倾角改变对地表地震动强度的影响。进而,以汶川地震触发的大型滑坡为例,研究了断层的几何特征和运动方式对诱发滑坡空间分布的影响。结果表明,断层的倾角对滑坡空间分布范围具有控制作用,随着倾角的增加,垂直断层走向的滑坡分布范围逐渐减小;并且,大型滑坡的初始坡面受到断裂运动方向的影响,与断裂运动方向一致的坡面更容易发生滑坡。所获结果不仅有助于提高区域性地震滑坡危险区域的预测精度,而且对认识大型滑坡的滑动机制、主控因素以及可能的滑动规模、滑距等也起到促进作用。通过对滑坡崩塌的认识来辅助提高对地质构造、地震断层等的认识,应是地震诱发滑坡崩塌研究的新的意义所在。     

库车坳陷东部秋里塔格背斜带的活动断层及其形成机制

在详细调查盐水沟以东秋里塔格背斜带地质、地貌特征的基础上,结合地震反射剖面揭示的深部构造形态,讨论了背斜区地表断层的分布特征、活动性及形成机制。盐水沟以东的秋里塔格背斜带包括库车塔吾背斜和东秋里塔格背斜。库车塔吾背斜核部断层是发育于古近系盐膏层中的滑脱断层向地表的延伸,在晚更新世仍持续活动。库车塔吾背斜北翼断层为受局部挤压应力控制而产生的褶皱调节断层,发育于北翼山前活动枢纽内,成组近平行出现,走向上展布不连续;探槽开挖结果表明,该断层全新世有过断错地表的古地震事件。发育于东秋里塔格背斜南翼靠近核部的博斯坦断层为较大规模的低倾角逆冲断层,向下可能与控制表层背斜生长的断坡相连。东秋里塔格背斜南翼断层是发育于断展褶皱陡倾前翼的剪切逆冲断层,亦平行成组出现,断续分布,在哥库洛克一带断层错断了全新世洪积扇。活动褶皱及其褶皱相关断层均为深部断层滑动经过复杂的褶皱变形传播到近地表的表现,是深部断层活动的指示构造。褶皱调节断层仅是褶皱过程中产生的局部变形,与控制褶皱生长的深部断层仅存在间接的关系。此类断层的滑动位移、速率等不代表深部控制背斜生长断层的运动学参数,但这些次级断层部分记录了活动褶皱区的古地震事件。     

走滑断层地震地表破裂带分布影响因素数值模拟研究——以1973年炉霍MS7.6地震为例

地震后在断层两侧的强变形与破裂带是地震灾害最严重的区域.为系统、定量研究同震地表变形带特征及其影响因素，本研究建立了走滑断层的三维有限元模型，分别探讨了断层位错量、断层倾角、错动方式、上覆松散层厚度、沉积层土性等因素的影响规律.模拟结果显示：走滑断层同震地表变形表现为以断层为中心的近似对称单峰分布，强地表变形集中在断层两侧各50 m宽度范围，地表变形量峰值随位错量增加而增大，破裂带宽度也随位错量增加而增大，但增量逐渐减小，并趋于一个渐近值；断层倾角对地表变形与破裂带宽度影响表现为随倾角减小变形量峰值点向上盘小距离偏移；走滑兼正断位错引起的变形量峰值最大，但地表破裂带宽度最小，走滑兼逆断引起的变形量峰值最小，但地表破裂带宽度最大，直立纯走滑断层的两参量都居中；走滑断层地表变形量峰值随上覆松散层厚度增大而减小，但随厚度减小的速率逐渐变小，松散层厚度从5 m增加到20 m时，破裂带宽度随厚度增加而缓慢增加，但自厚度大于20 m时，破裂带宽度开始随厚度增加而逐渐下降；当不同土性覆盖层（粗砂、粉砂、黏土）厚度相同时，地震引起的地表变形量峰值自粗砂、粉砂、黏土逐次增大，当粗砂厚度为60 m以上时，3.6 m的同震水平位错已不能形成地表破裂，而粉砂的厚度为70 m以上，黏土的厚度则为75 m以上.     

断层破裂方式对银川盆地强地面运动的影响

银川盆地是受断层控制的断陷性盆地,边缘和内部发育了多条断裂带,特别是其内部晚更新世-全新世活动的银川隐伏断层可能对银川市的建设规划和抗震设防影响较大.为了研究银川隐伏断层活动对银川盆地强地面运动特征的影响,本文以银川隐伏活动断层作为目标断层,模拟了断层发生Mw6.5特征地震时,在单侧破裂和双侧破裂两种方式下,银川盆地的强地面运动分布特征.分析结果表明在两种破裂方式下,盆地内强地面运动表现出不同形态的地震条带状分布特征和上盘效应;同时受到银川盆地边缘断裂"西陡东缓"构造特征的影响,地表强地震动分布和断层附近观测点的时程也呈现出独特的盆地边界反射作用.在单侧破裂和双侧破裂两种模式下,近场强地面运动集中区总体上呈现北强南弱的现象,银川市及附近的芦花台等地区是强地面运动分布的主要区域.     

断层破裂面倾角变化对断陷盆地强地面运动的影响

地震事件中,断层破裂面的倾角大小直接影响到地表强地震动的分布状态,尤其在断陷盆地中,强地面运动特征还可能受到盆地结构及盆地内多条围限断层的影响.本文模拟了银川断陷盆地内的活动断层--银川隐伏断层南段发生M_w6.5特征地震时,断层破裂面倾角在30°~85°范围内变化时引起的强地面运动,探讨了断层破裂面倾角变化对盆地内强地面运动分布特征和强度的影响.结果表明:破裂面倾角较缓时,银川盆地内的强地面运动分布区域不仅仅决定于发震断层的产状,同时还受到断层上盘距离最近的芦花台断层的影响,致使强地面运动集中于两条断层所围限的区域;随着发震断层破裂面的倾角逐渐增大,强地面运动以发震断层产状的影响为主,强震集中区向发震断层靠近并分布于发震断层上盘,且沿断层走向方向出现了强度不同的地震动反射区;尤其是发震断层破裂面倾角接近垂直时,受银川盆地"西陡东缓"结构和盆地西边界贺兰山东麓断裂反射作用的影响,竖向地震动反射区强度在远离发震断层的西北方向明显增大,致使芦花台断层附近区域与银川断层南段上盘区域成为地震发生时可能遭受震害最严重的地区.本文探讨结果提醒我们在类似区域的活动断层附近进行建(构)筑规划和地震工程设计时,有必要考虑发震断层破裂面倾角大小和盆地内其它断层构造的共同影响,综合评价潜在地震对盆地内近断层地表及各类建(构)筑物的危害性.     

松辽盆地北部反转构造的几何特征、变形机制及其地震地质意义——以大安-德都断裂为例

松辽盆地北部发育的中-新生代反转构造代表着盆地继伸展裂陷阶段、热冷却拗陷阶段之后的第3个构造演化阶段。系统收集了布设在覆盖大安-德都断裂及其附近的14个3维地震工区,30条区域地震反射大剖面,在此基础上准确追踪解释了T06、T1、T11、T2、T3、T4、T5等7个地震反射层位。同时基于52口钻孔的资料对重点反射层的地质年代进行了重新厘定,分析了不同时期断层展布特征及分布规律,重点就松辽盆地中新生代反转构造的几何学形态、变形特征与机制进行了研究。研究结果认为,该反转构造为大安-德都断裂在中生代末期和新生代早期的主要变形模式,符合"逆断层-褶皱"构造的几何形态和变形机制。松辽盆地内部的构造变形主要集中在该构造反转带上。此外,重点选择了2条典型剖面开展了野外实验性浅层人工地震勘探。根据勘探结果并结合该地区第四纪地层厚度分析认为,广泛发育在背斜顶部且断错T06界面的小断裂可能代表了大安-德都断裂强变形带的最新活动性,勘探剖面揭示的上断点断错最年轻地层为中更新统,并据此初步判定该断裂最新活动时代可能为中更新世。此外,综合人工地震勘探结果、现代地震活动性和震源机制解研究结果认为,大安-德都断裂的"逆断层-褶皱"构造反转带最新的活动已明显影响到了近地表的反射层,清楚断错了早-中更新世地层,控制着断裂附近中强地震的发生,是松辽盆地内部或整个东北地区重要和典型的发震构造之一。     

2019年10月12日广西玉林北流MS 5.2地震深部孕震环境

正地震是地壳或岩石圈构造变形的一种方式,施加于边界断层及其活动块体内的力决定了它们的变形方式(伸展、挤压、走滑),而变形(或地震)的空间分布受岩石圈流变学控制,尤其是受断层和其间块体强度以及这些块体与岩石圈耦合作用的控制(Thatcher,2009)。而火山岩浆作为低粘度熔体,其活动通常也会产生地震,地震类型和大小与岩浆活动深度有关。在上地幔顶部,岩浆活动会引起颤动(tremor),在地壳较深部位时,     

新书介绍——《西藏中部活动断层》

《西藏中部活动断层》是对西藏中部地区的活动断层、地震地表破裂研究的全面总结。书中详细论述了西藏中部主要活动断层及沿其分布的地震地表破裂的几何学、运动学特征;讨论了强震的发震构造;总结了西藏中部主要构造盆地类型及其特征,并探讨了拉分盆地和地堑系的发展演化;最后,根据不同方向活动断层、地震地表破裂的力学性质和运动特征,结合粘土实验、数学模拟结果,讨论了西藏中部的现今受     

THE RESEARCH OF THE SEISMOGENIC STRUCTURE OF THE LUSHAN EARTHQUAKE BASED ON THE SYNTHESIS OF THE DEEP SEISMIC DATA AND THE SURFACE TECTONIC DEFORMATION

The seismogenic structure of the Lushan earthquake has remained in suspensed until now. Several faults or tectonics, including basal slipping zone, unknown blind thrust fault and piedmont buried fault, etc, are all considered as the possible seismogenic structure. This paper tries to make some new insights into this unsolved problem. Firstly, based on the data collected from the dynamic seismic stations located on the southern segment of the Longmenshan fault deployed by the Institute of Earthquake Science from 2008 to 2009 and the result of the aftershock relocation and the location of the known faults on the surface, we analyze and interpret the deep structures. Secondly, based on the terrace deformation across the main earthquake zone obtained from the dirrerential GPS meaturement of topography along the Qingyijiang River, combining with the geological interpretation of the high resolution remote sensing image and the regional geological data, we analyze the surface tectonic deformation. Furthermore, we combined the data of the deep structure and the surface deformation above to construct tectonic deformation model and research the seismogenic structure of the Lushan earthquake. Preliminarily, we think that the deformation model of the Lushan earthquake is different from that of the northern thrust segment ruptured in the Wenchuan earthquake due to the dip angle of the fault plane. On the southern segment, the main deformation is the compression of the footwall due to the nearly vertical fault plane of the frontal fault, and the new active thrust faults formed in the footwall. While on the northern segment, the main deformation is the thrusting of the hanging wall due to the less steep fault plane of the central fault. An active anticline formed on the hanging wall of the new active thrust fault, and the terrace surface on this anticline have deformed evidently since the Quaterary, and the latest activity of this anticline caused the Lushan earthquake, so the newly formed active thrust fault is probably the seismogenic structure of the Lushan earthquake. Huge displacement or tectonic deformation has been accumulated on the fault segment curved towards southeast from the Daxi country to the Taiping town during a long time, and the release of the strain and the tectonic movement all concentrate on this fault segment. The Lushan earthquake is just one event during the whole process of tectonic evolution, and the newly formed active thrust faults in the footwall may still cause similar earthquake in the future.     

汶川M_S 8.0地震断层与地震灾害初步分析

对于特大地震近断层地震场的空间分布的复杂性学术界一直很关注,由于样本地震数量和资料的不足,至今还没有非常清晰的结论。通过参加汶川MS8.0地震的应急科学考察,对震中区和高烈度区断层破裂带附近的地震灾害情况进行了现场调查。文中以典型事例为主线介绍了现场考察的结果,结合既往的研究成果和汶川地震的震源特性,分析讨论了地表破裂带、地震动以及建筑物震害之间的关系。结果表明:1)地震断层发生强变形和地表破裂对建筑物的损害现象非常明显,对具有大震级发震危险的断裂带,今后应该考虑进行一定宽度的破裂避让或采取针对性的必要措施。2)初步探讨了紧邻断裂带的建筑物没有倒塌的可能机理,第一,出现地表破裂的大部分区域为基岩或坚硬的场地,场地条件相对较好;第二,存在导致地表破裂的浅部有效应力降和破裂速率相对较低,导致了1s附近的地震动相对低下的可能性     

Direct estimation of rupture depths of earthquake faults from coseismic surface deformation

The rupture dimensions of earthquake faults are important parameters for characterizing earthquake ruptures and ground motions. Two key parameters to be determined are the rupture depth and dip angle of earthquake faults. Dislocation theory in an elastic half space indicates that if a seismic rupture directly runs up to the ground surface, there exist zero points of horizontal strain in the surface deformation, which correspond to the rupture depths, except for pure strike-slip faults. In this study, we use numerical simulations to investigate the possibility of inferring rupture depths from zero-strain points for cases of buried faults and heterogeneous media. The results show that the correspondence of zero-strain points to the rupture depths can be influenced by the heterogeneity of the underground media and the stress field. For buried faults, the correspondence relationship is approximately valid when the fault depth is <1 km. In addition, the range of earthquake fault dip angles can be estimated by horizontal displacements on the ground. We also study how to determine the rupture depths of faults from InSAR data after large earthquakes, and successfully apply the method to the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake. The method proposed here, which determines the parameters of fault geometry according to surface deformation, is simple and easy to perform. With independent of aftershocks, it can provide valuable constraints to kinematic inversions.     

2001年施甸地震地质背景与发震构造分析

在讨论地震地质背景基础上，综合分析了震区的深部构造、地表活动断裂、地面形变、极震区展布方向、震害、余震分布、震源机制解等发震构造标志，并且进一步探讨了发震机制。初步认为北北西向罗明坝－太平断裂和北东向飞陵－丙麻断裂是2001年施甸地震的主要发震构造，二者具有共回轭构造活动的特征。     

MECHANISM OF THE 2016 HUTUBI,XINJIANG, MS6.2 MAINSHOCK AND RELOCATION OF ITS AFTERSHOCK SEQUENCES

A strong earthquake with magnitude M_S6.2 hit Hutubi, Xinjiang at 13:15:03 on December 8th, 2016(Beijing Time). In order to better understand its mechanism, we performed centroid moment tensor inversion using the broadband waveform data recorded at stations from the Xinjiang regional seismic network by employing gCAP method. The best double couple solution of the M_S6.2 mainshock on December 8th, 2016 estimated from local and near-regional waveforms is strike:271°, dip:64ånd rake:90° for nodal plane I, and strike:91°, dip:26ånd rake:90°for nodal plane Ⅱ; the centroid depth is about 21km and the moment magnitude(M_W)is 5.9. ISO, CLVD and DC, the full moment tensor, of the earthquake accounted for 0.049%, 0.156% and 99.795%, respectively. The share of non-double couple component is merely 0.205%. This indicates that the earthquake is of double-couple fault mode, a typical tectonic earthquake featuring a thrust-type earthquake of squeezing property.The double difference(HypoDD)technique provided good opportunities for a comparative study of spatio-temporal properties and evolution of the aftershock sequences, and the earthquake relocation was done using HypoDD method. 486 aftershocks are relocated accurately and 327 events are obtained, whose residual of the RMS is 0.19, and the standard deviations along the direction of longitude, latitude and depth are 0.57km, 0.6km and 1.07km respectively. The result reveals that the aftershocks sequence is mainly distributed along the southern marginal fault of the Junggar Basin, extending about 35km to the NWW direction as a whole; the focal depths are above 20km for most of earthquakes, while the main shock and the biggest aftershock are deeper than others. The depth profile shows a relatively steep dip angle of the seismogenic fault plane, and the aftershocks dipping northward. Based on the spatial and temporal distribution features of the aftershocks, it is considered that the seismogenic fault plane may be the nodal plane I and the dip angle is about 271°. The structure of the Hutubi earthquake area is extremely complicated. The existing geological structure research results show that the combination zone between the northern Tianshan and the Junggar Basin presents typical intracontinental active tectonic features. There are numerous thrust fold structures, which are characterized by anticlines and reverse faults parallel to the mountains formed during the multi-stage Cenozoic period. The structural deformation shows the deformation characteristics of longitudinal zoning, lateral segmentation and vertical stratification. The ground geological survey and the tectonic interpretation of the seismic data show that the recoil faults are developed near the source area of the Hutubi earthquake, and the recoil faults related to the anticline are all blind thrust faults. The deep reflection seismic profile shows that there are several listric reverse faults dipping southward near the study area, corresponding to the active hidden reverse faults; At the leading edge of the nappe, there are complex fault and fold structures, which, in this area, are the compressional triangular zone, tilted structure and northward bedding backthrust formation. Integrating with geological survey and seismic deep soundings, the seismogenic fault of the M_S6.2 earthquake is classified as a typical blind reverse fault with the opposite direction close to the southern marginal fault of the Junggar Basin, which is caused by the fact that the main fault is reversed by a strong push to the front during the process of thrust slip. Moreover, the Manas earthquake in 1906 also occurred near the southern marginal fault in Junggar, and the seismogenic mechanism was a blind fault. This suggests that there are some hidden thrust fault systems in the piedmont area of the northern Tianshan Mountains. These faults are controlled by active faults in the deep and contain multiple sets of active faults.     

Wenchuan earthquake fault and seismic disaster

Major cases of the MS8.0 Wenchuan earthquake are obtained through field investigations of the epicenter and high-intensity areas, and the relationships among earthquake faults, ground motion and earthquake disasters near fault zones are analyzed.Both strong deformation and ground rupture lead to significant damages of the buildings, indicating that it is necessary to keep safe distance away from active faults and to take other necessary measures.There are two reasons for that the buildings near the surface ...     

2013年芦山MS7.0地震的地震地质 灾害和发震断裂探讨

在对2013年4月20日芦山M_S7.0地震灾区大量地震地质灾害实地考察及调查的基础上, 总结了滑坡、 崩塌、 砂土液化、 地裂缝、 地表变形等地震地质灾害的分布及发育特点, 探讨了地震地质灾害与发震断裂之间的关系. 极震区和重灾区的崩塌和滑坡特别严重, 是地震巨大破坏作用的外在表现形式; 砂土液化点较少, 分布范围和规模有限; 地裂缝和地表变形并非真正意义上的地震地表破裂带. 根据极震区和重灾区地震地质灾害的分布和发育特点, 认为芦山地震最有可能的发震断裂为龙门山前山断裂的双石—大川断裂, 也有可能是龙门山山前隐伏断裂的大邑断裂, 还有可能是双石—大川断裂与大邑断裂两者共同触发的结果.      

活断层地震地表破裂“避让带”宽度确定的依据与方法

基于不同类型活断层产生的地震地表破裂带宽度和跨断层探槽地质剖面的地层强变形带宽度等观测事实 ,结合地面建筑设施毁坏带与活断层密切的空间位置关系 ,采用统计分析方法 ,确定了活断层“避让带”宽度为 30m。各活断层更为准确的避让带宽度可通过分析跨断层探槽地质剖面上地层的变形特征加以验证或修订 ;活断层斜列阶区、平行次级断层围限区、走向弯曲区等特殊地域的避让带宽度为这些地域宽度与两外侧各 15m之和。建议有关部门进行活断层“避让带”立法与执法管理 ,并加强活断层鉴定及其地表活动线几何结构形态的准确定位工作 ,积极而有效地减轻地震灾害     

华北地区震源断层与深浅构造关系的初步研究

使用地震资料（等震线、地表破裂带、地形变、余震平面和剖面分布及震源机制）描述强震震源断层的立体特征。发现震源断层的上界即为由地震测深资料得到的Ｇ界面，并与该界面之下的高倾角深断裂吻合，证明地震时深断裂发生了剪切错动。震源断层与Ｇ界面之上的铲形正断层构成不连接的两套断裂系统，它们之间存在有对应和无对应的复杂关系。