含黏粒砂土的循环弹塑性本构模型及其动力数值研究

首先完善上下负荷面中超固结状态参量R与结构性状态参量R*的定义表达,并以此重新推导了应力诱导各向异性上下负荷面模型,并在数值程序中再现该模型,实现土的统一本构的数值化模拟。分析了黏土以及砂土的力学特性,及其在数值模型状态变量中的差异,为模拟含黏粒砂土的实现进行理论分析。通过参数试算找出含黏粒砂土的不同黏粒含量分别所对应的模型参数。     

含黏粒砂土的循环弹塑性本构模型及其动力数值研究

首先完善上下负荷面中超固结状态参量R与结构性状态参量R*的定义表达,并以此重新推导了应力诱导各向异性上下负荷面模型,并在数值程序中再现该模型,实现土的统一本构的数值化模拟。分析了黏土以及砂土的力学特性,及其在数值模型状态变量中的差异,为模拟含黏粒砂土的实现进行理论分析。通过参数试算找出含黏粒砂土的不同黏粒含量分别所对应的模型参数。     

砂土液化大变形本构模型及在ABAQUS软件上的实现

基于Yang和E lgam al等人提出的砂土液化大变形本构模型,对该模型的建立过程进行了详细的推导,基于新的嵌套屈服面硬化规则,对原有模型的硬化规则的不连续性做了改进,把该本构模型扩展应用到三维液化大变形的数值分析中,实现了基于ABAQUS大型商用软件计算平台上砂土液化大变形的计算子程序的开发,基于该计算平台和开发的本构模型,对动三轴试验体系中砂土试样的液化过程进行了数值试验分析,给出了试验过程中试样的竖向动位移、整体竖向应力应变关系滞回曲线和动孔压时程曲线的数值计算结果。文中初步验证了该模型在ABAQUS上开发的子程序的可靠性和数值计算模型的可行性,模型的可靠性及其子程序的稳定性还需通过试验结果和数值计算结果的对比分析与进一步验证。     

砂土液化大变形本构模型的三维化及其数值实现

基于砂土液化大变形机理和适用于二维条件的边界面弹塑性本构模型,发展了符合三维应力空间中边界面和剪胀面上的应力映射规则,建立了三维应力空间中砂土液化大变形本构模型.针对模型特点采用半显式的Cutting Plane算法进行应力积分,并采用Pegasus求根算法根据映射规则计算边界面上的应力映射点,在OpenSees开源有限元平台上实现了三维模型的数值化.结合完全耦合的u-p格式有限元单元,对饱和砂土不排水循环扭剪试验进行了模拟,并进行了一个真三维倾斜地基的动力反应分析.计算结果表明模型和所采用的数值算法具有很好的模拟和分析三维条件下砂土液化后大变形的能力.     

主应力轴旋转情况下土的各向异性研究进展

从理论和实验两个方面对国内外主应力轴旋转情况下土的各向异性研究进行了对比和总结,并提出了一些研究建议。指出:在理论方面,应对屈服面方程采用应力分量表示的模型在三维空间里进行屈服面性状的描述,并考虑不同加载方向下屈服面的变化特性以及旋转硬化的问题;而实验方面,则应多以粘性土为研究对象,结合理论进行对加载方向变化时土体屈服面变化特性的实验研究以及旋转硬化规律的实验验证。     

基于OpenSees的砂土本构模型对比研究

饱和砂土液化是由地震引起的一种最常见的工程地质现象,也是造成重大地震灾害的主要原因之一。由于成因的复杂性和所造成灾害的严重性,饱和砂土液化一直是土动力学和岩土地震工程研究领域的重要课题。针对饱和砂土液化问题,基于开源地震工程数值计算平台OpenSees,对材料库中的4种砂土本构模型进行数值计算。采用二维u-p单元模拟土颗粒位移和孔隙水压力,分析和对比4种模型在循环动力荷载作用下的加速度、超孔隙水压力、位移、剪应力-剪应变和平均有效应力路径方面的响应结果。研究结果表明:(1)砂土对输入加速度表现出一定的放大效应,对于不同的模型,该放大效应存在一些差异;(2) Stress Density模型在循环动力荷载作用下易产生永久变形;(3)在循环动力荷载作用下,PDMY模型和CycLiqCPSP模型的强度逐渐降低,直到完全消失;(4) Stress Density模型和Manzari Dafalias模型在循环动力荷载下表现出明显的剪胀效应。研究成果对砂土液化的数值模拟问题具有重要的理论价值,可为饱和砂土的液化模拟和砂土本构模型的选取提供参考。     

非饱和土的固结与水力特性研究

采用平均土骨架应力代替Bishop的非饱和土的有效应力,基于分析体积变形连续性条件建立了简化的一维非饱和土固结方程,分析计算了非饱和土在固结过程中孔隙压力、平均土骨架应力、饱和度的变化情况。同时建立了耦合水力特性的非饱和土本构模型和屈服方程。算例计算结果表明本文提出的非饱和土简化固结理论和耦合水力特性的非饱和土应力应变本构模型的有效性。     

长沙地区典型砂卵石土动力参数计算模型研究

为研究长沙地区典型砂卵石土动力参数计算模型,基于大型动三轴试验,研究了围压、固结应力比及振动频率对砂卵石土动应力—动应变关系的影响,结合动参数模型及试验数据拟合出砂卵石土动弹性模量及阻尼比的经验公式,研究结果表明:围压对砂卵石土动本构关系影响显著;固结应力比大于1.0时,初始剪应力存在对砂卵石土的动强度增加不利;振动频率试验数据表现出良好的归一性,对砂卵石土动本构关系影响小;砂卵石土动力参数经验公式具有良好的可靠性。     

滩海桶形基础承载力三维弹塑性有限元仿真

在经典的D rucker-Prager(以下简称D-P)弹塑性本构模型基础上,通过将线性屈服准则改为抛物线型屈服准则来模拟静水压力对土体的屈服与破坏,并根据实验确定的硬化曲线建立了改进的D-P模型,使该本构模型能很好地模拟大港滩海软土的应力应变关系。利用MARC程序作为平台,建立了滩海桶形基础承载力有限元分析模型,计算了实验桶形基础的承载力。将计算结果进行了与模型试验结果的比较,证明了该模型的有效性。     

基于Prager硬化的钢管混凝土非线性梁单元

根据三类钢管混凝土构件的荷载位移曲线论述了Prager硬化规则应用于钢管混凝土材料非线性分析的合理性,由随动硬化材料屈服面方程的全微分出发,采用塑性势理论推导了钢管混凝土梁单元的非线性刚度矩阵。建立了钢管混凝土梁单元的初始屈服面方程,由Prager硬化规则建立了后继屈服面方程,并推导了屈服面移动量的计算公式。根据钢管混凝土的特点,探讨了确定硬化参数的方法。算例的结果有良好的精度。     

SCIENCE CHINA Earth Sciences SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 57(2014)

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Distribution of throughfall and stemflow in multi‐strata agroforestry,perennial monoculture,fallow and primary forest in central Amazonia,Brazil

The partitioning of rain water into throughfall, stemflow and interception loss when passing through plant canopies depends on properties of the respective plant species, such as leaf area and branch angles. In heterogeneous vegetation, such as tropical forest or polycultural systems, the presence of different plant species may consequently result in a mosaic of situations with respect to quantity and quality of water inputs into the soil. As these processes influence not only the water availability for the plants, but also water infiltration and nutrient leaching, the understanding of plant effects on the repartitioning of rain water may help in the optimization of land use systems and management practices. We measured throughfall and stemflow in a perennial polyculture (multi‐strata agroforestry), monocultures of peach palm (Bactris gasipaes) for fruit and for palmito, a monoculture of cupuaçu (Theobroma grandiflorum), spontaneous fallow and primary forest during one year in central Amazonia, Brazil. The effect on rain water partitioning was measured separately for four useful tree species in the polyculture and for two tree species in the primary forest. Throughfall at two stem distances, and stemflow, differed significantly between tree species, resulting in pronounced spatial patterns of water input into the soil in the polyculture system. For two tree species, peach palm for fruit (Bactris gasipaes) and Brazil nut trees (Bertholletia excelsa), the water input into the soil near the stem was significantly higher than the open‐area rainfall. This could lead to increased nutrient leaching when fertilizer is applied close to the stem of these trees. In the primary forest, such spatial patterns could also be detected, with significantly higher water input near a palm (Oenocarpus bacaba) than near a dicotyledonous tree species (Eschweilera sp.). Interception losses were 6·4% in the polyculture, 13·9 and 12·3% in the peach palm monocultures for fruit and for palmito, respectively, 0·5% in the cupuaçu monoculture and 3·1% in the fallow. With more than 20% of the open‐area rainfall, the highest stemflow contributions to the water input into the soil were measured in the palm monocultures and in the fallow. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A Monte Carlo study of rainfall forecasting with a stochastic model

A procedure for short-term rainfall forecasting in real-time is developed and a study of the role of sampling on forecast ability is conducted. Ground level rainfall fields are forecasted using a stochastic space-time rainfall model in state-space form. Updating of the rainfall field in real-time is accomplished using a distributed parameter Kalman filter to optimally combine measurement information and forecast model estimates. The influence of sampling density on forecast accuracy is evaluated using a series of a simulated rainfall events generated with the same stochastic rainfall model. Sampling was conducted at five different network spatial densities. The results quantify the influence of sampling network density on real-time rainfall field forecasting. Statistical analyses of the rainfall field residuals illustrate improvement in one hour lead time forecasts at higher measurement densities.     

Anthropogenic Eutrophication and Red Tide Outbreak in Lacustrine Systems of the Kashmir Himalaya

Red tide, a recurrent phenomenon has become conspicuous in several Kashmir lake ecosystems since 1991. The responsible organism (Euglena pedunculata), a rare flagellate rediscovered in the Kashmir Himalaya (Khan 1993) caused first and unprecedented red tide outbreak, constituting a maximum of 96% of resident numerical phytoplankton density in Dal Lake. At present, conflicting hypotheses exist on the generation of causal assemblage(s) imparting redness to waters: Jeeji Bai (1991) linked its origin to acid precipitation – a fallout of burning oil‐fields during the Gulf War – whilst Khan (1993) holds local factor(s) responsible. Field/experimental studies support the latter contention that the influx of untreated sewage, in unison with warm temperatures, high levels of PhAR, iron and interruption to hydrological flow‐pattern together with absence/or reduction in grazing activity created conducive environmental milieu for red tide outbreak. Dal Lake “red tide” drifted the bloom‐inoculum to other waters, including Lake Wular, where additional ecological niches were carved out, threatening the aesthetic value and biological diversity of Kashmir lakes. Ecological monitoring indicates frequent seasonal red tide occurrence in Dal Lake (including summer‐autumn event of 1998) which testifies its unabated eutrophication status. Further studies are needed on ecological adaptability and biogeographic distribution of this rare and unique red tide‐causing flagellate.