基于欧拉反褶积方法估算华北地区重力变化的等效源参数

利用华北地区2009—2014年绝对重力与相对重力多期重复观测资料, 得到不同时空尺度的华北区域重力场动态变化图像。 采用欧拉反褶积方法, 通过对理论模型试算, 获得最优反演参数, 对引起华北地区重力场变化的场源深度和空间分布规律进行了反演计算和分析。 结果表明: 当构造指数为1时, 适合对流动重力场变化数据进行反演。 实际资料的反演结果在2009—2014年间的场源位置集中于河套断裂带。 本文研究方法可以用于重力场反演和以场求源的定量研究。 本工作为流动重力变化信号的反演和解释提供一条新思路, 也为构建地震重力预报指标体系提供了定量依据。     

2018年宁强MS5.3地震前重力场变化特征分析

利用陕甘川地区2016—2018年5期流动重力观测资料,分析了陕西宁强MS5.3地震前半年和1年尺度的重力场变化特征。同时采用小波多尺度分解方法,对宁强MS5.3地震震中区的布格重力异常进行1～4阶小波分解,并对1～4阶小波细节图像进行分析。研究结果表明:①宁强MS5.3地震重力场呈现“正向变化—正向减弱—负向变化—负向减弱”演化过程,震前重力场呈现四象限分布特征,震中位于鞍部位置,符合走滑型地震特征;②布格重力异常2～3阶小波细节对宁强MS5.3地震孕震特征有较好的反映,对应的场源深度为10～15km,与本次地震震源深度11km有较好的对应关系。     

北天山中段时变重力场离散小波多尺度分解

利用北天山地区2016～2019年观测的4期流动重力观测资料,分析研究一年尺度的重力场动态变化特征,并利用小波分析方法,将不同场源深度的重力异常进行分离。通过功率谱分析,获取各阶小波重力细节对应的场源深度。研究结果表明,2017年8月9日精河M_S6.6地震前,震中位于负值集中区,四阶小波重力细节显示震中附近出现明显的四象限分布;2020年1月16日库车M_S5.6地震前,震中位于负值区,小波重力细节整体量值较小;功率谱估算的场源近似深度与2次地震的震源深度相近。     

小波多尺度分析尼泊尔MW7.8地震前卫星重力变化

利用GRACE重力卫星RL05月重力场数据,获取尼泊尔大地震前后震源区周缘2010-2015年每月重力变化,以及震中点位重力时间序列.基于小波多尺度分析方法对卫星重力场进行分解,获得重力场细节和近似部分.研究结果表明:尼泊尔地震前5年(2010-2014)内在震源区周边出现了比较明显的卫星重力异常正负交替和迁移现象,2014至2015年间,震区周边形成了明显正负异常区,正重力异常区重力增加现象明显.震中重力时间序列反映从2013年开始,重力变化处于稳定状态,且处在较高位;通过功率谱分析,计算多尺度分解各阶细节对应的场源深度,前4阶小波分解后的重力异常细节,反映了浅部地质体的位置和异常情形;5阶小波细节更加侧重于刻画地区构造形变和深部物质流动引起的重力变化.     

2000～2004年山西重力场变化及小波多尺度分解

利用山西流动重力测网资料和《GDPAS-MRG》软件,得到了2002年太原、2003年洪洞2次M_L5.0地震前后不同时空尺度的重力场动态变化图像,并利用小波变换方法将2000~2004年的山西重力场动态变化进行了多尺度分解,对不同时空小波尺度下的重力场变化进行了分析。结果表明:①这2次地震均发生在重力变化梯度带的"0"等值线附近;②通过小波变换可获得不同尺度下的重力场变化,且随着阶次的增加,深部构造活动信息更加突出。     

2017年九寨沟地震前重力场异常特征提取

2017年8月8日九寨沟发生7.0级地震,此次地震发生在塔藏断裂、岷江断裂和虎牙断裂附近,震源机制为走滑型。重力场静态异常和动态异常变化可为研究深地壳结构性质提供重要的物理场信息。本文利用WGM计算的布格重力异常数据及实测流动重力数据进行小波多尺度分解,分离得到不同深度场源特征的地壳介质横向不均匀性。结果表明,WGM布格重力异常数据和实测重力数据的小波多尺度结果较为一致,通过对比分析发现,九寨沟地震发生在区域重力场的四象限分布中心位置,不同时空尺度的重力场变化对于深入认识潜在地震危险性趋势具有一定的科学意义。     

2014年景谷6.6级地震前重力场异常特征研究

地震的孕育发生过程伴随着构造运动、物质迁移和密度变化,将引起地球重力场变化,流动重力重复观测有可能捕捉到与地震孕育有关的前兆信息,从而为中短期地震预测提供重要依据。对云南地区流动重力观测资料进行整体计算分析,研究了2014年10月7日云南景谷6.6级地震前区域重力场动态演化特征,并利用小波多尺度分解技术对布格重力异常和区域重力场动态变化进行分解,并选取合适的小波基分离得到不同深度场源特征的地壳介质横向不均匀性。结果表明,EGM2008布格重力异常数据和实测重力数据的小波多尺度结果较为一致。对比分析发现,此次景谷地震发生在区域重力场负异常的边缘,由负向正变化的高梯度带附近。基于小波多尺度分解的重力场图像能较清晰地反映2014年景谷6.6级地震孕育、发生过程中震中区域深部物质密度变化引起的异常,为地球构造运动及孕震机理研究提供一定参考。     

四川地区流动重力资料的位场 分离与异常特征提取

用于监测四川地区重力场随时间变化的流动重力测网于2008年5月12日汶川M_S8.0地震后进行了全面改造, 形成了新的闭合环线并对整网点位每年实施2次重力观测工作. 该文以2010—2012年获取的5期流动重力资料为基础, 分别采用小波多尺度分解和三维视密度反演等位场分离方法, 对测区内重力场的动态变化进行多层次分解及异常特征提取, 以探求四川测区范围内重力异常动态变化特征以及地震前后不同深度范围内密度变化情况与重力场响应之间的关系. 结果表明, 对同一期资料进行小波分解得到不同阶次的细节图像, 揭示了不同深度处重力异常动态变化特征; 分解结果同时也表明了四川测区范围内重力场的变化形态与川内特有的断裂构造格架和深部结构环境及过渡带特征密切相关. 通过对不同时期的差分重力异常资料进行三维视密度反演对比研究发现, 在地震前后四川测区范围内由浅到深密度变化呈现出不同程度的差异, 震区附近出现较为明显的横向密度变化特征且浅层物质密度局部性的异常变化差异较为突出, 测区范围内中上地壳深度层密度反演切片显示出的趋势性差异基本上反映了地震前后测区内地下物质的动态变化趋势, 因此, 深刻认识不同深度范围内重力场的动态演化特征, 对研究壳内物质密度变化以及与地震的孕育和发展有关的深部介质环境具有积极的意义.      

华北克拉通地壳三维密度结构与地质含义

利用重力异常揭示地壳三维密度结构是重力资料地质解释的目标和任务,密度反演的好坏至关重要.本文对华北克拉通进行了重力异常多尺度密度反演研究,首先利用小波变换对重力异常进行多尺度分解,接着利用功率谱分析方法估算各层场源的平均深度,然后利用广义密度反演方法进行各层密度反演,对华北地区进行了多层密度反演,得到其密度结构,并进行地质解释和油气藏分析.结果显示了重力场多尺度密度反演方法的有效性,对华北地区密度结构的地质含义进行了初步分析,位于造山带中的低密度异常主要反映沿造山带展布的花岗岩体.对比华北东部区浅层密度扰动与油气坳陷位置,发现油气坳陷都表现为低幅度的低密度异常区.说明利用小波多尺度反演提取的密度信息对油气勘探的部署有一定指导意义.     

设定场源参数的区域重力微变化特征与模型实验

流动重力测量作为地震前兆监测手段之一, 所得到的区域重力场微变化信号反映地壳内部密度变化、 地壳变形、 流体运移等信息。 采用定量化和模型化方法研究与地震孕育相关的重力场变化信号时空特征, 对于构建地震预报定量化指标体系具有重要意义。 通过设定场源参数构建了数值模型, 正演得到了多组不同场源条件下的重力场变化模型; 通过模型对比, 分析了重力变化与重力梯度变化对不同类型场源参数的关系。 研究结果表明: 重力垂直梯度变化对异常体边界比较敏感, 特对浅部异常更为敏感, 适用于圈定异常体范围。 以此为基础提出了观测系统的优化测量方案, 以及对观测精度的需求。 研究结果对于构建地震预报指标参数, 优化流动重力观测系统具有一定参考意义。     

华北时变重力场离散小波多尺度分解

On the basis of the absolute and relative gravity observations in North China, spatial dynamic variation of regional gravity fields is obtained. A multi-scale decomposition technique is used to separate anomalies at different depths, and give some explanation to gravity variation at different time space scales. Gravity variation trends in North China are improved. Based on this result and the analysis of wavelet power spectrum, the images of the depth of wavelet approximation and detail are obtained. The results obtained are of scientific significance for the deep understanding of potential seismic risk in North China from gravity variations in different time space scales.     

Anomaly Feature Extraction of the Gravity Field before the Jiuzhaigou Earthquake in 2017

The M_S7.0 Jiuzhaigou earthquake occurred on August 8, 2017. The earthquake occurred in the vicinity of the Tazang fault, the Minjiang fault and the Huya fault, where the focal mechanism is of the strike slip type. The static and dynamic anomalies of the gravity field can provide important physical field information for studying the structural properties of deep crust. Multi-scale decomposition techniques are used to separate Bouguer gravity at different depths and give some explanation to gravity variations at different time space scales.The results indicate that the wavelet multi-scale results of the EGM2008 model and the measured gravity data are consistent. Through comparative analysis, it is found that the Jiuzhaigou earthquake occurred in the stress enhanced region. The variation of gravity field at different time scales has a certain scientific significance for further understanding potential earthquake risk trend.     

Estimating Field Source Parameters of Gravity Change in North China Based on the Euler Deconvolution Method

Based on the absolute and relative gravity observations in North China from 2009 to 2014, spatial dynamic variations of the regional gravity field are obtained. We employed the Euler deconvolution method and the theoretical model to get the best estimates of parameters. Gravity field change caused by the depth and distribution in North China is calculated by back analysis. The results show the structural index that equals 1 is suitable for inversion of the gravity variation data. The inversion results indicate that the depths of anomaly field sources are spread over the Hetao fault. The research method of this paper can be used in the quantitative study on the field source and may shed new light on the interpretations of gravity change, and also provide quantitative basis for earthquake prediction index criterions based on the gravity change.     

丽江7.0级地震过程的重力变化与小波分析

利用小波分析方法对云南西部地区的多期重力观测资料进行了计算,并将 计算前后的重力结果进行了对比分析,同时讨论了不同阶的小波分解结果的物理意 义及其与地震之间的对应关系．由对应于地壳浅层物质状态变化的一阶小波分解所 得结果显示,在地震前的１９９２～１９９３、１９９３～１９９４、１９９４～１９９５年等多期重力变化中 震源附近都有一定的异常,特别是１９９５～１９９６年的同震变化更加明显。而反映地球 深层物质状态变化的重力二、三阶小波的分解结果虽然对地震过程有一定的响应,但 不是特别明显,这与丽江７．０级地震发生在浅层（深约１０ ｋｍ）是一致的。     

STUDY ON CHARACTERISTICS OF GRAVITY VARIATION BEFORE AND AFTER HUTUBI MS6.2 EARTHQUAKE

The Hutubi M_S6.2 earthquake of December 8, 2016 is a pure thrust event in the northern Tianshan thrust fold belt. The earthquake occurred between the Qigu Fault and the Junggar southern margin fault, which are both thrust faults. Based on mobile gravity measurements from 2013 to 2018 in the northern Tianshan, the gravity net adjustment was accomplished using Urumqi absolute gravity observation point as the datum, and the absolute gravity value of surface observation points were obtained. In order to eliminate the seasonal effect on gravity variation, the paper uses the observation data in May per annual as studying objects and obtains the temporal-spatial dynamic evolution images of gravity field differences in the northern Tianshan at different time scales as well as the time series of gravity variation of some points in the adjacent area of the epicenter. The characteristics of regional gravity variation before and after the Hutubi M_S6.2 earthquake on December 8, 2016 and their relations are analyzed systematically. The results show that: 1)The gravity variations in the study area are dramatic in generally, and the contours of gravity variation are consistent with the main faults basically. There was a four-quadrant distribution near the epicenter before the earthquake, and the Hutubi M_S6.2 earthquake occurred near the center of the four-quadrant distribution and at the turn of the gravity variation contour. The three years' cumulative gravity variation before the earthquake and the gravity variation after the earthquake are inversed, and the variation amplitudes are equivalent, suggesting that the M_S6.2 earthquake has released the stress and the energy accumulated before the earthquake. 2)This paper focuses on the analysis of gravity variation at the observation points on both sides of the Junggar southern margin fault near the epicenter. Regional gravity variation and gravity time series show that gravity variations at the same side of the Junggar southern margin fault are basically consistent, however, gravity variations at the different sides of the Junggar southern margin fault are different from each other obviously, indicating the difference of material migration laws in different structural regions. In addition, the strain energy accumulated in the epicenter is basically released after the earthquake, and the area nearby the epicenter tends to be stable. 3)The Hutubi M_S6.2 earthquake occurred near the center of the four-quadrant and at the turn of the high-gradient zone of gravity variation, reflecting the location of strong earthquake is related to the distribution of four-quadrant of regional gravity variation, the high-gradient zone of regional gravity variation and its turn. It has a unique advantage in determining the location of strong earthquake using gravity variation results. The regional spatial-temporal gravity variation before the earthquake is manifested as a systematic evolution process of “steady state→regional gravity anomaly→four-quadrant distribution→earthquake occurring in the reverse process”. Studying the temporal-spatial evolution characteristics of gravity field before and after Hutubi M_S6.2 earthquake has important practical significance for understanding the occurrence law of large earthquakes and capturing the precursory information of earthquakes.     

华北地区重力场变化特征研究

通过对1992~2008年间各期观测资料进行全时空扫描,分析华北地区网区重力场的演化特征,总结震前异常的形态、持续时间和变化幅度,指出重力场空间变化易于发生地震的部位,并对一些问题进行讨论。结果显示:华北地区重力场总体变化不具明确规律性;大量测点存在明显的背景性趋势性异常变化;重力场变化与网区及周边地区中强地震的活动联系密切,较明显的重力场异常反应多发生在震前2年左右时间,且常伴有大面积高值异常区出现。重力变化"0"线、高梯度带、异常中心(含极值)附近是重力场空间变化易于发震的部位。     

The relative roles of climate variations and human activities in vegetation change in North China

Using SPOT-VEGETATION Normal Difference Vegetation Index (SPOT/NDVI) data from 1998 to 2011 and climate data obtained from 223 weather stations in or near North China, vegetation variation characteristics within North China were analyzed. Vegetation variation characteristics under the influence of climate variations and human activities were distinguished through a residual analysis. Based on the results of that analysis, the relative roles of climate variations and human activities in vegetation variation were calculated. The results showed that NDVI observed by remote sensing (SPOT/NDVI) increased from 1998 to 2011. The relative roles of climate variations and human activities in vegetation increase were 30.82% and 69.18%, respectively, indicating that human activities played a major role. And observed NDVI showed an increasing trend for different land cover types overall. While NDVI increase in shrub was mainly caused by climate variations, NDVI increases in forest, grassland, farmland, deserts and urban were all primarily caused by human activities. For areas with increasing vegetation, as identified by remote sensing observations in North China, the relative roles of climate variations and human activities in vegetation change were calculated at 14.85% and 85.15% respectively, again indicating that human activities played an important role in vegetation increase. For areas of decreasing vegetation, as identified by remote sensing observations in North China, the relative roles of climate variations and human activities in vegetation change were calculated at 87.72% and 12.28% respectively, indicating that climate variations had large negative effects on vegetation condition. In addition, the relative roles of climate variations and human activities on vegetation variation have obvious spatial differences in North China. Human activities played a positive role in vegetation growth in North China. However, we cannot ignore the function of human destruction on vegetation variation in some areas.     

Multi-scale variability and trends of precipitation in North China

The issue of water shortage and related eco-environmental degradation in North China is one of the major emerging problems in China. Precipitation is the most key factor for water resources. Based on the historical flood/dryness grade dataset during the period of 1470–2000 obtained from 25 gauging stations in North China, the multi-scale variability and trends are analyzed by means of power spectral and continuous wavelet transform. It is found that the precipitation is characterized by obvious seasonal changes, quasi biennial oscillations, inter-annual 4–7 year component and inter-decadal 19-year periodicity. The MK test results showe that step changes occurred around 1914 and 1964 in the annual precipitation. As for the historical flood/dryness grade time series, it is characterized by 4∼5 year ENSO mode inter-annual oscillation, quasi-10 year inter-decadal variability, quasi-24 year component and 50–80 year centurial periodicity. However, the scales of these variations have decreased significantly since the 1970s. The trend for precipitation change in North China has been negative for last 30 years. Further research shows that North China will continue to become dryer until 2015 and may change to a wetter regime after 2020. These findings should be helpful for future decision-making to ensure sustainable water resource management in North China.     

鄂尔多斯南缘地区重力变化场源特征

以鄂尔多斯南缘地区布格重力异常数据及2014—2017年相对重力观测数据为基础,采用欧拉反褶积方法,对引起重力变化的场源深度进行反演,并对空间分布规律予以解释。通过构建理论模型,反演得到最优模型参数,并对实际数据进行计算和分析。为了减弱和消除欧拉解的发散性,利用水平梯度滤波法优化反演结果。结果表明:①构造指数为1时,适合对相对重力数据进行反演,当滑动窗口选择4—8倍测点间距时,可以获得较为可靠的场源参数;②在主要断裂附近,不同时间尺度的场源呈较好的一致性特征;③引起重力变化的场源深度集中在10—30 km,与鄂尔多斯南缘地区的震源深度基本一致;④不同时间尺度的场源位置相对分散,表明引起重力变化的物质流动具有随机性和波动性。