长春地磁台天文方位角测量及精度估计

本文论述了长春地磁台天文方位角的测量方法、原理及测量结果,同时做了测量精度估计,通过计算方位角理论最大误差为3.7″,实际观测最大误差为2.5″,能满足地磁偏角6″的精度要求。     

差分GPS在中国地磁监测网地理方位角测量中的应用

中国地磁监测网由地磁台站和流动地磁测点构成,实现对观测网内地磁场的相对记录和绝对观测。它的绝对观测采用世界上最先进的F、D、I测量仪器组合,其中地磁偏角D是地理北和地磁北的夹角。对地磁偏角D的绝对测量要求在地磁台站投入正常观测前必须完成观测墩和观测标志的地理方位角测量,流动地磁测点在每次地磁偏角D观测前后至少进行地理方位角测量各一次。据地磁监测网《观测规范》要求,地磁偏角D的观测精度必须≤6″,所以中国地磁监测网采用天文和差分GPS地理方位角两种测量方法,且两种方法观测精度相当,均≤6″。与天文测量相比,差分GPS观测不受天气等自然因素的限制,操作简单,观测快捷,数据处理计算机程序化。随着GPS技术的普及,中国地磁监测网差分GPS地理方位角测量方法已基本取代了天文方法。本文主要介绍差分GPS在中国地磁监测网地理方位角测量中的应用。     

肇庆地磁台天文方位角测量及精度估计

介绍了肇庆地磁台天文方位角的测量方法、方案及测量结果。同时，做了测量精度的估计，测量精度完全符合《地震及前兆数字观测技术规范》的要求。     

杭州地磁台方位角的复测检验

通过实际观测,描述了杭州地磁台方位角的检验结果,通过复测检验有两点认识:一种新技术新方法的应用,须经过不同方法的严格比较检验,验收合格后方可推广应用;如果采用简接法测定观测墩的方位角,其精度不完全决定于天文或GPS的观测精度,在很大程度上取决于水平角的观测精度.为此建议用此法测定观测墩的方位角,须有合理的观测程序和严密的观测技术,与此同时,尚须具备高于方位角精度要求的高精度精密光学经纬仪.     

大连地磁台天文方位角测量

论述大连地磁台天文方位角的测量原理、方法及观测结果,在地磁观测室未封顶的条件下,能在观测墩直接观测北极星,避免比测墩转角换算等因素增加的观测误差,观测精度提高.     

成都地磁台墩差、方位角的测量与评估

通过系统整理成都地磁台墩差及天文方位角的观测资料,对测量仪器比测方法、观测人员、测量精度等方面进行分析评估,提出了本项工作的主要技术成果,并以便查表的形式给出了成都台新旧观测室等11个仪器观测墩相互间的F、I、D、H、Z各地磁要素的墩差,以及各墩与目标、标志的方向角、方位角。本文还从另一方面证明了成都地磁台良好的观测技术条件和稳定的观测质量,这些资料对于台站标准化,数字化都是有重要意义的。     

静海地磁台天文方位角测量及其质量评估

为适应高精度新型地磁仪器对观测磁偏角和磁倾角条件的需要,应用经典的天文测量方法,精密测定了天津静海地磁台改造后的7个观测墩至4个方位标志的方位角,共取得了38个方位角参数,平均标准偏差达到±1.2".使该台在磁偏角测量或仪器验收中可供7套仪器同时观测,并可以做到全天候观测.     

大震前P波出射角和方位角的异常变化

给出了数字化地震记录Ｐ波初始部分平均出射角和方位角的分析处理方法，研究了山西大同Ｍｔ＝６．１级地震以及唐山Ｍｔ＝５．６级地震前出射角与方位角出现的异常变化，并对地震前地震波动力学特征的这一类前兆异常现象进行了初步讨论。     

四维整体大地测量和应变分析

本文研究了四维整体大地测量实用化和空间应变的一系列问题．利用整体大地测量和动态平差的理论，建立了实用模型和基础观测方程；进而导出了重力向量、天顶距、方位角、距离、正常高差和重力位差的观测方程，并解决了实用化的局部重力场协方差函数的求定问题：推导了三维应变的公式，并计算了应变参数；改进了德国学者Ｌａｎｄａｎ，Ｈｅｍ等人的ＯＰＥＲＡ软件，用Ｆｏｒｔｒａｎ语言编写了ＭＡＳＳＣＯＭＰ小型机上的程序，对一个一等三角锁环和部分二等三角点（共１２４个点）的三角网和重力、水准、天文测量的两期观测结果进行了整体平差，做了应变分析．取得了有参考价值的初步结果．     

蒙城地磁台测量标志方位角测定

采用差分GPS和高精度水平角观测技术,精确测定蒙城地震台2个室内观测墩至7个室外观测标志的方位角,获取14个方位角参数,观测精度符合地磁技术规范要求。     

SCIENCE CHINA Earth Sciences SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 57(2014)

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Distribution of throughfall and stemflow in multi‐strata agroforestry,perennial monoculture,fallow and primary forest in central Amazonia,Brazil

The partitioning of rain water into throughfall, stemflow and interception loss when passing through plant canopies depends on properties of the respective plant species, such as leaf area and branch angles. In heterogeneous vegetation, such as tropical forest or polycultural systems, the presence of different plant species may consequently result in a mosaic of situations with respect to quantity and quality of water inputs into the soil. As these processes influence not only the water availability for the plants, but also water infiltration and nutrient leaching, the understanding of plant effects on the repartitioning of rain water may help in the optimization of land use systems and management practices. We measured throughfall and stemflow in a perennial polyculture (multi‐strata agroforestry), monocultures of peach palm (Bactris gasipaes) for fruit and for palmito, a monoculture of cupuaçu (Theobroma grandiflorum), spontaneous fallow and primary forest during one year in central Amazonia, Brazil. The effect on rain water partitioning was measured separately for four useful tree species in the polyculture and for two tree species in the primary forest. Throughfall at two stem distances, and stemflow, differed significantly between tree species, resulting in pronounced spatial patterns of water input into the soil in the polyculture system. For two tree species, peach palm for fruit (Bactris gasipaes) and Brazil nut trees (Bertholletia excelsa), the water input into the soil near the stem was significantly higher than the open‐area rainfall. This could lead to increased nutrient leaching when fertilizer is applied close to the stem of these trees. In the primary forest, such spatial patterns could also be detected, with significantly higher water input near a palm (Oenocarpus bacaba) than near a dicotyledonous tree species (Eschweilera sp.). Interception losses were 6·4% in the polyculture, 13·9 and 12·3% in the peach palm monocultures for fruit and for palmito, respectively, 0·5% in the cupuaçu monoculture and 3·1% in the fallow. With more than 20% of the open‐area rainfall, the highest stemflow contributions to the water input into the soil were measured in the palm monocultures and in the fallow. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A Monte Carlo study of rainfall forecasting with a stochastic model

A procedure for short-term rainfall forecasting in real-time is developed and a study of the role of sampling on forecast ability is conducted. Ground level rainfall fields are forecasted using a stochastic space-time rainfall model in state-space form. Updating of the rainfall field in real-time is accomplished using a distributed parameter Kalman filter to optimally combine measurement information and forecast model estimates. The influence of sampling density on forecast accuracy is evaluated using a series of a simulated rainfall events generated with the same stochastic rainfall model. Sampling was conducted at five different network spatial densities. The results quantify the influence of sampling network density on real-time rainfall field forecasting. Statistical analyses of the rainfall field residuals illustrate improvement in one hour lead time forecasts at higher measurement densities.     

Anthropogenic Eutrophication and Red Tide Outbreak in Lacustrine Systems of the Kashmir Himalaya

Red tide, a recurrent phenomenon has become conspicuous in several Kashmir lake ecosystems since 1991. The responsible organism (Euglena pedunculata), a rare flagellate rediscovered in the Kashmir Himalaya (Khan 1993) caused first and unprecedented red tide outbreak, constituting a maximum of 96% of resident numerical phytoplankton density in Dal Lake. At present, conflicting hypotheses exist on the generation of causal assemblage(s) imparting redness to waters: Jeeji Bai (1991) linked its origin to acid precipitation – a fallout of burning oil‐fields during the Gulf War – whilst Khan (1993) holds local factor(s) responsible. Field/experimental studies support the latter contention that the influx of untreated sewage, in unison with warm temperatures, high levels of PhAR, iron and interruption to hydrological flow‐pattern together with absence/or reduction in grazing activity created conducive environmental milieu for red tide outbreak. Dal Lake “red tide” drifted the bloom‐inoculum to other waters, including Lake Wular, where additional ecological niches were carved out, threatening the aesthetic value and biological diversity of Kashmir lakes. Ecological monitoring indicates frequent seasonal red tide occurrence in Dal Lake (including summer‐autumn event of 1998) which testifies its unabated eutrophication status. Further studies are needed on ecological adaptability and biogeographic distribution of this rare and unique red tide‐causing flagellate.