巴黎盆地下侏罗统的岩石磁学研究及其意义

通过下佛罗统磁性地层学研究,获得了一些能记录岩石形成时的地磁场的样品,根据常规的古地磁方法,等温剩磁和热退磁实验,说明这些岩石的主要载磁矿物为磁铁矿.磁滞回线参数的测量表明多数载磁矿物磁铁矿为假单磁畴,少量样品则可能为假单磁畴与多磁畴的混合物.通过与北美古生代重磁化岩石的磁滞回线参数比值对比,说明重磁化与非重磁化岩五磁滞回线参数比值的分布趋势有明显差别,这一差别可能用于判定岩石的重磁化和非重磁化性质.     

巴黎盆地下侏罗统的岩石磁学研究及其意义

通过下佛罗统磁性地层学研究,获得了一些能记录岩石形成时的地磁场的样品,根据常规的古地磁方法,等温剩磁和热退磁实验,说明这些岩石的主要载磁矿物为磁铁矿.磁滞回线参数的测量表明多数载磁矿物磁铁矿为假单磁畴,少量样品则可能为假单磁畴与多磁畴的混合物.通过与北美古生代重磁化岩石的磁滞回线参数比值对比,说明重磁化与非重磁化岩五磁滞回线参数比值的分布趋势有明显差别,这一差别可能用于判定岩石的重磁化和非重磁化性质.     

山东胶莱盆地鲁科一井上白垩统火山岩的岩石磁学和磁组构研究

通过对山东胶莱盆地鲁科一井钻孔上白垩统上、下火山岩进行岩石磁学研究,确定上火山岩的载磁矿物为粒径较细的假单畴磁铁矿,部分样品含赤铁矿;下火山岩的载磁矿物为粒径较粗的假单畴磁铁矿,大部分样品含赤铁矿,少量样品的载磁矿物以赤铁矿为主.磁化率各向异性结果显示,火山岩样品的磁化率各向异性度较低(1.002P_j1.209),磁面理大于磁线理,磁化率最大轴接近平行于水平面分布,最小轴接近垂直于水平面分布.这些结果说明火山岩样品保存了原始岩浆流动磁组构特征,并暗示火山岩地层接近水平.以上结果表明该钻孔上白垩统火山岩适合于古地磁和古强度研究.     

四川旺苍地区中三叠世雷口坡组重磁化机理初步研究

对四川北部旺苍地区中三叠世雷口坡组进行了古地磁学和岩石磁学研究,结果表明,主要载磁矿物为多畴磁铁矿和磁赤铁矿,所携带的特征剩磁在地理坐标下与近代地磁场方向接近,可能是由于后期白云岩化作用和热粘滞剩磁引起的重磁化所致.     

豫北早古生代灰岩的岩石磁学研究

对一些可分离出岩石形成时原生剩磁的样品进行深入的岩石磁学研究,发现天然剩磁的特征通常取决于磁铁矿的颗粒度(或单、多磁畴状态),单、多磁畴磁铁矿的含量不同,导致了中温与高温剩磁分量不同程度的叠加,也就造成了不同磁分量分离难易程度的不同     

北京密云水库表层沉积物磁性矿物的鉴别

本文对密云水库表层沉积物中的磁性矿物进行了岩石磁学和透射电子显微学的综合研究.本实验建立的磁选方法实现将70%~85%左右的磁性矿物从沉积物中分离出来.岩石磁学研究表明,密云水库沉积物中的磁性矿物以多畴和单畴磁铁矿为主,还含有少量高矫顽力弱磁性载磁矿物(可能为赤铁矿).对磁选矿物的透射电镜观测表明,样品中部分单畴磁铁矿具有纳米尺寸和化学纯度高等特点,为拉长的立方-八面体磁铁矿,是趋磁细菌产生的化石磁小体;多畴磁铁矿多数具有微米尺寸,形状不规则,为碎屑成因;超顺磁磁铁矿粒径约为5~20nm,且含硅、铝等元素,可能为自生成因.研究结果表明,岩石磁学和透射电子显微学的综合应用可以更全面、准确地分析沉积物中磁性矿物的成分、含量、粒径和化学成分等信息,为环境磁学、生物地磁学和古地磁学研究提供依据.     

北羌塘盆地雁石坪地区中-上侏罗统岩石磁学特征与沉积环境

羌塘盆地是中国海相中一上侏罗统最为发育的地区.本文对采自北羌塘盆地雁石坪地区侏罗系雁石坪群的沉积岩样品开展了系统热退磁和岩石磁学研究,其结果表明,中侏罗统雀莫错组(上、下段)主要载磁矿物为磁铁矿和赤铁矿;布曲组的主要磁性矿物是细颗粒磁铁矿;夏里组磁性矿物以磁铁矿为主;上侏罗统索瓦组以磁铁矿为主要载磁矿物.布曲组NRM远远高于其余各组(平均值为2.2×10~(-4)A/m)、索瓦组NRM次之(平均值为4.4×10~(-5)A/m)、雀莫错组和夏里组样品的NRM基本相当(平均值为2.2~2.4×10~(-5)A/m).本文认为细颗粒磁铁矿含量的增加可能是布曲组的NRM平均值远远高于索瓦组的主要原因,并且自生磁性矿(如针铁矿、铁的硫化物等)可能是引起布曲组、索瓦组NRM大于的雀莫错组和夏里组的原因之一.通过本研究与古水深和沉积相变化的对比分析,认为雁石坪地区中-上侏罗统磁性矿物组合变化主要受该区沉积环境变化的控制.本研究首次系统报道了羌塘盆地侏罗系雁石坪群各组的磁性矿物组成和组合规律,这将为羌塘盆地侏罗纪高精度磁性地层年代序列的建立以及特提斯沉积一构造演化等研究提供重要的依据.     

天山北缘新近系沉积物岩石磁学研究

岩石磁学研究表明, 天山北缘塔西河剖面新近系可划分为湖相沉积型、河流相沉积型和冲积扇沉积型三种类型, 分别对应于剖面的底部(沙湾组和塔西河组中下部)、中部(塔西河组顶部和独山子组中下部)和上部(独山子组顶部和西域组), 其中湖相沉积岩石磁学性质复杂, 除与沉积物物源密切相关外, 还可能受风化作用、原地磁性矿物自生或成岩作用以及生物活动的影响, 天然剩磁强度为10^-3~10^-2 A/m, 主要磁性矿物为磁铁矿, 高矫顽力磁性矿物可能为针铁矿. 磁性矿物颗粒由假单畴和单畴(PSD+SD)或单畴和超顺磁混合组成(SD+SP); 河流相沉积天然剩磁强度为10^-2~10^-1 A/m, 主要磁性矿物为磁铁矿和赤铁矿, 磁性矿物颗粒为假单畴(PSD), 450~580℃可获得稳定的特征剩磁方向, 特征剩磁载磁矿物为磁铁矿; 冲积扇沉积天然剩磁强度介于湖相和河流相沉积之间, 主要磁性矿物也为磁铁矿和赤铁矿, 580~680℃获得稳定特征剩磁方向, 特征剩磁载磁矿物为赤铁矿, 磁性矿物颗粒为假单畴(PSD).     

大荔人遗址黄土-古土壤剖面岩石磁学性质研究

自从大荔人化石被发现以来,其遗址剖面便成为研究热点.先前的研究主要集中在地层的对比划分与头盖骨年龄的推断方面,然而对于载磁矿物的鉴定及其古气候含义方面的研究却相对较少.鉴于此,本文运用热磁分析、饱和等温剩磁和剩磁矫顽力谱分析、磁滞回线分析、频率磁化率分析、热退磁分析等方法,对大荔人遗址剖面进行了系统的岩石磁学性质研究,鉴定出其主要载磁矿物为磁铁矿,赤铁矿,磁赤铁矿,磁畴状态主要是似单畴.磁铁矿,赤铁矿是样品中特征剩磁的携带者;主要起源于成土作用的超顺磁颗粒和新生成的亚铁磁性矿物,是古土壤样品磁化率增强的主要贡献者;古土壤中软磁性矿物的含量高于黄土.样品中磁赤铁矿的含量并不高.黄土-古土壤样品的频率磁化率曲线,古里雅冰芯氧同位素、细微粒浓度曲线,岐山五里铺剖面有机质含量曲线在古气候记录方面具有一致性,都展示出至少从MIS5以来,气候从冰期到间冰期的变化是渐变的,反之则表现了突变特征.上述岩石磁学研究丰富了大荔剖面的磁学领域研究内容,为相关课题的深入研究提供了依据.     

苏北盆地兴化1#钻孔沉积物的岩石磁学特征

对苏北盆地兴化1#钻孔岩心沉积物进行了质量磁化率、频率磁化率、变化曲线、等温剩磁和磁滞回线等参数的测试分析，结果表明，粘土质沉积物中的主要载磁矿物为磁铁矿和赤铁矿；砂质沉积物中的磁性矿物除了磁铁矿和赤铁矿外，还含有少量的磁赤铁矿和针铁矿.针铁矿普遍存在于钻孔下部的样品中.整个钻孔沉积物中的磁性矿物颗粒都是介于单畴和多畴之间的准单畴颗粒，但粘土质沉积物中的磁性矿物颗粒更趋近于单畴颗粒，而砂质沉积物中的磁性矿物颗粒更趋近于多畴.根据不同的磁性矿物组合特征，选择合理的温度和磁场强度区间对古地磁退磁结果进行分析，得到沉积物可靠的特征剩磁方向，为古地磁年代学提供依据.     

Erosional unloading,hillslope geometry,and the height of the Cascade Range,Washington State,USA

Peaks in the Cascade Range in northern Washington State are on average ～800 m higher than in southern Washington. The influences of differential valley excavation and variations in hillslope length and average slope on these altitudinal trends were tested using a 3‐dimensional model for isostatic rock uplift and calculations of hillslope length and slope respectively. The magnitude of isostatic peak uplift calculated by the model is highly dependent on the flexural rigidity (D) and the related effective elastic thickness (T_e) of the crust of this region. Crustal rigidity was constrained using published estimates and by estimating the depth of the seismogenic zone in the area (D > 1 × 10²³ Nm and T_e > 24 km). With these constraints, isostatic compensation due to differential erosion added < 700 m and 300 m, or < 25% overall, of height to peaks in the northern and southern Cascades, respectively. Deeper valley incision in the northern Cascades accounts for < 300 m of the 800 m difference in peak altitudes between north and south. Similarly, variation in valley spacing and slope account for < 350 m of the difference in mean altitude between northern and southern regions. Hence, at least several hundred m difference in altitude between the northern and southern regions of the Cascades in Washington must be due to tectonic, geologic, or geophysical factors rather than surficial and geomorphic effects like isostatic response to valley incision and hillslope geometry. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Volcanoes, the stratosphere, and climate

A list of volcanic eruption plumes observed to ascend into or near the stratosphere since 1883 shows that the volcanoes divide readily into two groups, one at low and one at higher latitudes. A model for the rise of a buoyant volcanic plume rise as applied to volcanic eruptions is corrected for realistic temperature profiles and for the finite vertical extent of the resultant debris clouds. The utility of the model can be questioned, however, owing to the highly uncertain and variable nature of the efficiency of use of heat energy of buoyant rise. The observed correlation of stratospheric plumes with climatic effects indicates that those plumes nearer the equator have the largest impact on surface temperatures. Analysis of the observations also suggests that injection of debris into the stratosphere is more important in determining the effect on climate than either the total volcanic explosivity of the eruption or the actual height reached within the stratosphere.     

On the theory of the axially-symmetric,time-average,state of the atmosphere

Summary A possible formal approach to a closed steady-state theory of the mean axially-symmetric variables is outlined. The approach involves alternating iterative solutions of the energy and momentum equations. In these equations the effects of transient eddy phenomena of all frequencies are assumed to be parameterized in terms of the mean symmetric variables.     

Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni and Pb in the water column and sediments of the Ob-Irtysh Rivers, Russia

Concentrations of Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni and Pb were determined in filtered water, suspended particulate matter, and bottom sediments from a 2000 km section of the Ob and Irtysh Rivers. Dissolved Cd, Cr, Cu and Ni concentrations are similar to, or higher than, results from other Russian Arctic and large world river-estuaries. Concentrations of Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni and Pb in suspended particulate matter are generally comparable to results from other Russian Arctic and large world rivers and estuaries. Comparison of trace metal ratios in crustal material and suspended particulate matter and bottom sediment suggests that the source of Cr, Cu and Ni is continental weathering. Particulate Cd and Pb are elevated relative to their crustal abundance, suggesting a source of these metals to the Ob-Irtysh in addition to continental weathering.     

Subducted lithosphere,hotspots, and the geoid

The earth's largest positive geoid height anomalies are associated with subduction zones and hotspots. Although the correlation with subduction has been noted for many years, the correlation with hotspots is fully evident only when the subduction-related geoid highs are removed from the observed field. Using the assumption that subducted lithospheric slabs are uncompensated and are thermally re-equilibrated with the asthenosphere at the maximum depth of earthquakes, the expected geoid anomaly over subduction zones is calculated. This field provides a satis-factory fit to the observed circum-Pacific high. Subtraction of this predicted anomaly leaves a residual field which is correlated, at greater than the 99% confidence level, with the distribution of hotspots. Broad residual geoid highs occur over the central Pacific and the Africa/eastern Atlantic regions, the same areas where the hotspots are concentrated. The mass anomalies associated with hotspots and subducted slabs apparently control the location of the earth's spin axis.     

Pore water testing and analysis: the good,the bad,and the ugly

The increasingly common practice of collecting and assessing sediment pore water as a primary measure of sediment quality is reviewed. Good features of this practice include: pore water is a key exposure route for some organisms associated with sediments; pore water testing eliminates particle size effects; pore water analyses and tests can provide useful information regarding contamination and pollution. Bad features include: pore water is not the only exposure route; pore water tests lack chemical or biological realism: their "sensitivity" relative to other tests may be meaningless due to manipulation and laboratory artifacts; many sediment and surface dwelling organisms are not directly influenced by pore water. Bad features can become ugly if: other exposure pathways are not considered (for toxicity or bioaccumulation); manipulation techniques are not appropriate; pore water tests are inappropriately linked to population-level effects. Pore water testing and analyses can be effective tools provided their limitations are well understood by researchers and managers.     

Mechanism of the June 4, 2000 Southern Sumatra, Indonesia, earthquake

Introduction The June 4, 2000 southern Sumatra, Indonesia, earthquake (16h28min26.2s UTC, 4.72, 102.09, 33 km, MS=8.0 [IRIS]) occurred under the Indian Ocean, near the Mentawai fault, along the well-known Sumatran subduction zone and the great Sumatran fault, all of which trend northwest-southeast. 1 800 houses were totally destroyed, 10 196 were heavily damaged, and 18 378 were slightly damaged by the earthquake. At least 97 people were killed, 1 900 were injured, and 122 000 were left…