双相各向异性介质中弹性波方程的有限元解法及波场模拟

基于双相各向异性介质模型,首先推导了双相各向异性介质中弹性波传播的动力学方程及其Galerkin变分方程和有限元运动方程,然后给出了孔隙弹性波方程的有限元数值解法以及二维双相PTL介质中波场模拟的人为吸收边界条件. 最后,利用本文给出的有限元方法对双相PTL介质和双相各向同性介质中的弹性波传播进行了数值模拟. 结果表明:有限元方法和吸收边界条件有效、可行,在理想相界条件下,不论是从固体位移,还是从流体位移的波场快照都能看到明显的慢速拟P波;在黏滞相界情况下,能否观察到慢速拟P波,与含流体地层介质的耗散性质有关.对实际含流体介质,从流体位移分量的波场快照比从固体位移波场快照更容易观察到慢速拟P波.     

基于横向各向同性BISQ方程的弹性波传播数值模拟

Biot流动和喷射流动是含流体多孔隙介质中流体流动的两种重要力学机制. 近年来，利用同时处理这两种力学机制的BISQ(Biot-Squirt)模型，弹性波衰减和频散的问题已被广泛研究；然而基于BISQ方程的波场数值模拟尚未见到公开的报道．本文从BISQ方程出发，利用交错网格方法对横向各向同性孔隙介质中不同频率和相界情况，以及双层介质中的弹性波传播进行数值模拟，研究了在同时考虑两种流动机制作用情况下地震波和声波的传播特性及传播过程中出现的各种波动现象．      

横观各向同性饱和地基中埋置荷载的非轴对称瞬态响应

基于孔隙介质的Biot理论,首先利用Laplace变换,给出圆柱坐标系下横观各向同性饱和弹性多孔介质在变换域上的波动方程;将波动方程解耦后,根据方位角的Fourier展开和径向Hankel变换,求解了Biot波动方程,得到以土骨架位移、孔隙水压力和土介质总应力分量的积分形式的一般解;借助一般解,建立了有限厚度饱和土层和饱和半空间的精确动力刚度矩阵,并由土层的层间界面连续条件建立三维非轴对称层状饱和地基的总刚度方程;在此基础上,系统研究了横观各向同性饱和半空间体在内部集中荷载激励下的动力响应,并给出了问题的瞬态解答.该研究为运用边界元法求解饱和地基动力响应奠定了理论基础.     

基于Biot-Squirt方程的波场模拟

Biot流动和喷射流动是含流体多孔隙介质中流体流动的两种重要力学机制,对地震波和声波的传播均产生重要影响. Dvorkin和Nur提出了同时包含Biot流动和喷射流动力学机制的统一的BISQ(Biot-Squirt)模型,基于这一模型,尽管有关弹性波在多孔隙介质中的衰减和频散问题已被广泛研究,然而,基于BISQ波传播方程的波场数值模拟至今仍未见报道. 本文从同时包含两种力学机制的孔隙弹性波方程出发,利用FCT有限差分法对含流体孔隙各向同性介质中的地震波和声波进行了数值模拟,并与基于Biot流动的Biot理论之模拟结果进行比较. 数值模拟结果表明:同时包含Biot流动和喷射流动影响的地震波和声波速度比仅包含Biot流动作用的地震波和声波速度慢,慢P波的衰减比根据Biot理论模拟的慢P波衰减更强.     

孔隙介质弹性波频散—衰减理论模型

储层地球物理学中,孔隙介质的各类弹性波模型常用于了解地层岩石物理性质.本文介绍了含油、气、水等物质的多相孔隙介质弹性波频散和衰减研究进展,给出了流体饱和与部分饱和孔隙介质中波传播的物理模型综述.根据孔隙介质中的固、流体分布情况,从相关基础理论和实验研究工作等方面出发,在宏观、微观和介观尺度上对流体替换、Biot孔隙力学、喷射流、Biot喷射流(BISQ)、等效球体癍块饱和、双重孔隙介质局部流动等现有主要合流体孔隙介质速度频散和衰减理论进行了回顾.研究表明,应力松弛过程是弹性波频散和衰减的基本机理,该过程由平衡特征时间刻画.该特征时间与孔隙介质的渗透率、流体粘性和体积模量紧密相关.当波频较低时,特征时间小于波周期,压力平衡得以发生,可以用等效流体模型描述波速;反之,当波频较高时,局部压差始终保持较高水平。整个骨架体积模量升高,等效模型面临困难,发展出斑块饱和模型.在分析了各类模型理论框架适用性以及所面临困难后,我们对未来研究方向给出了一些有意义的探讨.     

饱和多孔微极介质的波动方程及其势函数方程

土是由一定尺寸大小颗粒所构成的多孔介质,具有明显的颗粒特性,当土颗粒间的孔隙被流体（如水或油）充满时则成为饱和土.利用微极理论和Biot波动理论的研究成果,把饱和土中多孔固体骨架部分近似地视为微极介质,孔隙中的流体部分视为质点介质,获得饱和多孔微极介质的弹性波动方程.借鉴Greetsma理论,建立了饱和多孔微极介质弹性本构方程力学参数与相应单相介质弹性参数的相互关系,使饱和多孔微极介质弹性波动方程中的物理参数具有明确的物理意义,易于在试验中确定.运用场论理论把饱和多孔微极介质的波动方程简化为势函数方程,建立了饱和多孔微极介质中五种弹性波的弥散方程,数值分析了五种简谐体波在无限饱和多孔微极介质中的传播特性. 结果表明,P1波、P2波和剪切S1波的波速弥散曲线与经典饱和多孔介质基本相同,当频率小于临界频率ω0时旋转纵波θ波和横波S2波不存在,当频率大于临界频率ω0时,θ波和S2波的传播速度随频率增加而减小.     

Biot流动和喷射流动耦合作用下波传播的FCT紧致差分模拟

本文从含流体多孔隙介质中同时包含Biot流动和喷射流动两种力学机制的BISQ(Biot-Squirt)方程出发,利用FCT(Flux-Corrected Transport)紧致差分方法数值模拟了在Biot流和喷射流共同作用下的波在含流体多孔隙各向同性介质中的传播.通过与仅受Biot流动作用下的波场结果对比,我们研究了...     

饱和流体多孔隙介质反射率法全波场模拟

本文从Biot提出的饱和流体多孔隙介质理论出发,在平面波入射和双相各向同性介质的假设条件下,推导了水平层状饱和流体多孔隙介质的频率—慢度域纵横波反射透射系数公式,制作了平面波和球面波的合成地震记录,解决了合成地震记录制作过程中的球面扩散和积分截断问题,分析了孔隙度和含气饱和度对纵横波正演模拟记录的影响.研究表明,迭代相似系数法压制截断效应效果良好,正演模拟前对测井曲线进行分层能提高计算效率.基于反射率法的饱和流体多孔隙介质全波场模拟不涉及波场解耦的问题,得到的三种波(快慢纵波和横波)能完全分离.模型和实际资料应用表明该方法能够准确实现层状饱和流体多孔隙介质的正演模拟及AVO正演模拟,为叠前波形反演奠定基础.     

含流体孔隙介质中面波的传播特性及应用

基于单相介质中地震波理论的高频面波法已广泛应用于求取浅地表S波的速度.然而水文地质条件表明,普遍的浅地表地球介质富含孔隙.孔隙中充填的流体会显著地影响面波在浅地表的传播,进而造成频散和衰减的变化.本文研究了地震勘探频段内针对含流体孔隙介质边界条件的面波的传播特性.孔隙流体在自由表面存在完全疏通、完全闭合以及部分疏通的情况.孔隙单一流体饱和时,任何流体边界条件下存在R1模式波,与弹性介质中的Rayleigh波类似,相速度稍小于S波并在地震记录中显示强振幅.由于介质的内在衰减,R1在均匀半空间中也存在频散,相速度和衰减在不同流体边界下存在差异.Biot固流耦合系数(孔隙流体黏滞度与骨架渗透率之比)控制频散的特征频率,高耦合系数会在地震勘探频带内明显消除这种差异.介质的迂曲度等其他物性参数对不同流体边界下的R1波的影响也有不同的敏感度.完全闭合和部分疏通流体边界下存在R2模式波,相速度略低于慢P波.在多数条件下,如慢P波在时频响应中难以观察到.但是在耦合系数较低时会显现,一定条件下甚至会以非物理波形式接收R1波的辐射,显示强振幅.浅表风化层低速带存在,震源激发时的运动会显著影响面波的传播.对于接收点径向运动会造成面波的Doppler频移,横向运动会造成面波的时频畸变.孔隙存在多相流体时,中观尺度下不均匀斑块饱和能很好地解释体波在地震频带内的衰减.快P波受到斑块饱和显著影响,R1波与快P波有更明显关联,与完全饱和模型中不同,也更易于等效模型建立.频散特征频率受孔隙空间不同流体成分比例变化的控制,为面波方法探测浅地表流体分布与迁移提供可能性.通常情况孔隙介质频散特征频率较高,标准线性黏弹性固体可以在相对低频的地震勘探频带内等效表征孔隙介质中R1波的传播特征,特别在时域,可在面波成像反演建模中应用.     

流体饱和多孔介质黏弹性动力人工边界

基于Biot流体饱和多孔介质本构方程，采用平面波和远场散射波经验叠加来反映外行波传播，以经验参数反映人工边界外行波动的衰减和多角度透射特性。在人工边界处分别施加反映固相和液相介质传播效应的弹簧及阻尼来模拟人工边界以外的无限域介质对来自有限域的外行波的能量的吸收作用。从而形成一种流体饱和多孔介质的黏弹性动力人工边界。数值算例表明：边界的精度和稳定性高于现有的黏性边界、黏弹性人工边界及一阶透射边界。     

基于临界孔隙度模型的地震波传播

基于岩石物里学中临界孔隙度模型,建立一种简洁的均匀弹性流体饱和孔隙介质模型,进行地震波传播研究.首先定义了构建目标模型的基本力学模型:介绍了全孔隙度区间内基本力学模型和目标孔隙介质的含义,其中基本力学模型除了完全弹性固体模型S和完全弹性流体模型F还包括临界孔隙模型C.然后通过等效力学模型推出了目标力学模型介质本构关系的组分表达形式.文中分别通过直接求取弹性参数的表达形式和运用应力应变关系两种方法得到介质模型的本构关系,进而得到该模型波动方程的组分表达形式.最后对这种介质模型进行了地震波传播的数值模拟,结合模拟结果分析孔隙对地震波传播的影响.     

Low-frequency dilatational wave propagation through fully-saturated poroelastic media

The strong coupling of applied stress and pore fluid pressure, known as poroelasticity, is relevant to a number of applied problems arising in hydrogeology and reservoir engineering. The standard theory of poroelastic behavior in a homogeneous, isotropic, elastic porous medium saturated by a viscous, compressible fluid is due to Biot, who derived a pair of coupled partial differential equations that accurately predict the existence of two independent dilatational (compressional) wave motions, corresponding to in-phase and out-of-phase displacements of the solid and fluid phases, respectively. The Biot equations can be decoupled exactly after Fourier transformation to the frequency domain, but the resulting pair of Helmholtz equations cannot be converted to partial differential equations in the time domain and, therefore, closed-form analytical solutions of these equations in space and time variables cannot be obtained. In this paper we show that the decoupled Helmholtz equations can in fact be transformed to two independent partial differential equations in the time domain if the wave excitation frequency is very small as compared to a critical frequency equal to the kinematic viscosity of the pore fluid divided by the permeability of the porous medium. The partial differential equations found are a propagating wave equation and a dissipative wave equation, for which closed-form solutions are known under a variety of initial and boundary conditions. Numerical calculations indicate that the magnitude of the critical frequency for representative sedimentary materials containing either water or a nonaqueous phase liquid is in the kHz–MHz range, which is generally above the seismic band of frequencies. Therefore, the two partial differential equations obtained should be accurate for modeling elastic wave phenomena in fluid-saturated porous media under typical low-frequency conditions applicable to hydrogeological problems.     

A viscous-spring transmitting boundary for cylindrical wave propagation in saturated poroelastic media

Based on the u–U formulation of Biot equation and the assumption of zero permeability coefficient, a viscous-spring transmitting boundary which is frequency independent is derived to simulate the cylindrical elastic wave propagation in unbounded saturated porous media. By this viscous-spring boundary the effective stress and pore fluid pressure on the truncated boundary of the numerical model are replaced by a set of spring, dashpot and mass elements, and its simplified form is also given. A u–U formulation FEA program is compiled and the proposed transmitting boundaries are incorporated therein. Numerical examples show that the proposed viscous-spring boundary and its simplified form can provide accurate results for cylindrical elastic wave propagation problems with low or intermediate values of permeability or frequency content. For general two dimensional wave propagation problems, spuriously reflected waves can be greatly suppressed and acceptable accuracy can still be achieved by placing the simplified boundary at relatively large distance from the wave source.     

Elastic wave propagation in inhomogeneous anisotropic media

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A semi-analytical artificial boundary for time-dependent elastic wave propagation in two-dimensional homogeneous half space

This paper presents a time-dependent semi-analytical artificial boundary for numerically simulating elastic wave propagation problems in a two-dimensional homogeneous half space. A polygonal boundary is considered in the half space to truncate the semi-infinite domain, with an appropriate boundary condition imposed. Using the concept of the scaled boundary finite element method, the wave equation of the truncated semi-infinite domain is represented by the partial differential equation of non-constant coefficients. The resulting partial differential equation has only one spatial coordinate variable and time variable. Through introducing a few auxiliary functions at the truncated boundary, the resulting partial differential equations are further transformed into linear time-dependent equations. This allows an artificial boundary to be derived from the time-dependent equations. The proposed artificial boundary is local in time, global at the truncated boundary and semi-analytical in the finite element sense. Compared with the scaled boundary finite element method, the main advantage in using the proposed artificial boundary is that the requirement for solving a matrix form of Lyapunov equation to obtain the unit-impulse response matrix is avoided, so that computer efforts are significantly reduced. The related numerical results from some typical examples have demonstrated that the proposed artificial boundary is of high accuracy in dealing with time-dependent elastic wave propagation in two-dimensional homogeneous semi-infinite domains.     

Numerical simulation of elastic wave propagation based on the transversely isotropic BISQ equation

Introduction More real models are being developed by the modern seismology. As we all know, the earth is not a simple elastic body. Oil and gas reservoir, ground surface, seashore zone, sea bottom layer, etc, are porous solid media with fluids. It has been confirmed that there are two main fluid flow mechanisms in these media (Dvorkin, Nur, 1993), i.e., the Biot flow mechanism (Biot, 1956, 1962) based on the macroscopic property and the Squirt-flow mechanism (Mavko, Nur, 1979) based on the …