用数字化核磁共振测井成果建立孔隙度渗透率模型

发现DK3井14块岩样的核磁共振孔隙度与其岩心孔隙度具有很好的线性相关性,他们的渗透率也是如此;常规测井的孔隙度／渗透率与岩心孔隙度／渗透率也具有很好的线性相关性。于是就假设核磁共振孔隙度／渗透率与常规孔隙度／渗透率之间同样具有很好的线性相关性。据此,以校正后的核磁共振测井的孔隙度／渗透率资料为准,建立起了常规测井的孔隙度／渗透率计算模型。在没有核磁共振测井原始数据时,可通过数字化软件从核磁共振测井成果图读取有关数据。这样建立的测井物性解释数学模型,既避免了取心作业与测井作业之间的深度误差,又不存在因岩心数据的不连续而带来的岩心孔隙度／渗透率值的误差,使该模型适于更准确评价塔巴庙地区上古生界盒3段致密砂岩储层的孔隙度／渗透率。     

基于Backus-Gilbert理论的孔隙介质核磁共振弛豫反演

孔隙介质核磁共振(NMR)弛豫数据的多指数反演在NMR测井和岩心分析中均非常重要.本文基于Backus-Gilbert(BG)理论,提出一种NMR弛豫多指数反演的新方法.从解的非唯一性出发,不仅构造出一种解估计,更重要的是评价各种可接受的解估计,通过引入解估计分辨率和解估计方差对解进行评价,找出最佳折中解.通过算例,比较了新方法与传统正则化方法的效果,结果表明新方法具有明显优越性,在低信噪比条件下解稳定.最后分析了新方法的影响因素.     

火成岩核磁共振数值模拟与影响因素分析

核磁共振(NMR)在储层孔隙结构评价和孔隙度计算方面具有明显的优势,但是在某些火成岩地层核磁共振孔隙度比实际孔隙度偏低,这就限制了核磁共振测井在该类储层的应用.针对这一问题,首先开展了核磁共振的弛豫机理研究,从理论上分析了磁化率引起的附加内部磁场梯度是核磁共振孔隙度偏小的主要原因.然后,模拟了不同磁化率、含不同流体岩石以及不同回波间隔的核磁共振横向弛豫时间(T2)分布,分析了磁化率对核磁共振孔隙度的影响.模拟结果表明,对同一流体的孔隙模型来说,磁化率越大,其引起的扩散弛豫在总弛豫中的比重越大,T2分布前移也越明显,计算的孔隙度就越小.此外,岩心实验也证明磁化率核磁共振的影响较大.此项研究剖析了火成岩核磁共振影响因素,为该类储层的核磁共振测井解释提供了依据.     

核磁共振谱的岩石孔喉结构分析

岩心核磁共振T2谱和压汞分析数据均在一定程度上反映了岩石的孔喉结构,理论分析表明,这两组数据具有相关性.应用岩心核磁共振T2谱研究岩石孔喉结构,关键是确定T2与Pc的转换系数.但以前的方法在T2与Pc的转化过程中,需要涉及某些岩石特性参数,实用中有一定困难.本次研究,直接利用岩心核磁共振T2谱和压汞分析数据之间的相关性,可以客观地确定T2与Pc之间的转换系数,避免了确定岩石特性参数的困难.应用本方法,对6块岩心的多种核磁共振分析数据进行了对比分析,作出了NMR(nuolearmagneticresonance)T2毛管力曲线和孔喉半径分布,并将这些结果与压汞分析的结果作了对比.研究结果表明,岩心NMRT2谱在实用性和评价精度上均略显有优势;至少是在饱含油的条件下,岩心的NMRT2谱可以用于研究孔喉结构分布,油气的驰豫特性作为影响背景值存在,对于评价结果没有明显的影响;全部6块岩心中,T2与Pc的转换系数位于2500～4000μs·MPa之间.     

孔隙介质核磁共振弛豫测量多指数反演影响因素研究

孔隙介质核磁共振（NMR）弛豫信号的多指数反演在NMR岩芯分析与测井解释中起着关键作用.为了在不同信噪比条件下快速反演出高分辨率的弛豫时间谱，本文利用NMR正演模拟信号以及实验室NMR岩芯分析数据，研究横向弛豫时间布点数、原始回波采集个数、时间域数据压缩方式等对反演结果的影响.同时，在不同信噪比（SNR）下对不同的反演算法(SVD、BRD、SIRT)进行比较，考察反演算法对信噪比的敏感程度，并讨论了相应的校正方法.另外，还分析了信噪比对长、短弛豫组分的影响.研究表明在充分采集有用回波的情况下，减少回波个数，反演得到的弛豫时间谱趋向发散；增加布点数可以提高分辨率，但是需要更多的计算时间；时间域数据压缩可以加快反演计算速度；不同算法对信噪比的敏感程度不同，发展相应的校正方法可以提高反演质量.     

核磁共振成像岩心分析方法研究

利用核磁共振成像技术、图像处理技术进行了岩心分析方法研究。阐述了核磁共振成像原理及图像处理软件功能。通过岩心测试分析计算方法研究,建立了核磁共振成像测试分析计算岩心内部结构,岩心孔隙度参数和孔隙度分布图像、渗透率分布图像,可动流体百分数图像,油水识别图像方法。表明:核磁共振图像不仅能够给出岩心总孔隙度,渗透率物性参数,而且能够给出岩心孔隙度,渗透率分布信息。根据可动流体百分数图像,可观察到可动流体在岩心中的分布情况。核磁共振成像油水识别方法,给出了油水在岩心中的分布情况,并可计算油、水饱和度。建立的岩心磁共振成像分析研究方法,可应用于油田储层评价,开发试验以及提高采收率研究。     

测井评价碳酸盐岩储层有效厚度的新方法

盐下碳酸盐岩产层有效厚度标准对于估算勘探区块的储量和资产价值有重大意义.工程实践中,常存在缺乏相对渗透率等特殊岩心分析和单层测试资料的情况,常规方法确定碳酸盐岩产层的物性和饱和度下限的难度较大.本文基于MDT、NMR新技术,结合常规岩心分析(孔隙度、渗透率)以及测井资料开发了一种确定碳酸盐岩物性下限和饱和度下限的方法和技术流程.工程应用效果表明,应用该方法确定的下限与实验室分析结果和试油结果吻合的很好.     

数字岩心逆建模理论下的储层参数定量预测方法

数字岩心微观孔隙结构十分复杂,有限元模拟物性参数与弹性参数之间关系是非线性的,直接反演其物性参数准确度低、稳定性差.本文发展了一种数字岩石物理逆建模方法,实现了基于数字岩心的储层参数有效预测.从数字岩心基函数的构建出发,基于有限元方法,计算了一系列具有等间距物性参数值(孔隙度、泥质含量和含水饱和度)的数字岩心弹性参数(体积模量、剪切模量和密度),通过插值算法建立了数字岩心弹性参数三维数据集,从而实现了弹性模量的有限元数值解的快速构建;然后搜索弹性参数的单值等值面,通过等值面的空间交会得到交点,完成储层参数预测.测试结果表明:基于数字岩心逆建模理论的储层参数预测结果与实际模型一致,具有可行性,并且可以通过增加插值点数目提高预测的准确性;孔隙度和泥质含量预测结果稳定性很好,而含水饱和度对噪声的加入较为敏感.     

一种真复电阻率谱参数的求解方法

本文建立了地下半空间中存在二种可极化介质时,真谱与视谱间一种新的关系式,它将视谱直接以待求的真谱参数表出,而无需任何中间量的介入.在此基础上利用改进的广义逆法实现真谱的反演.文中以四种简单地电模型为例,考察了极化体形态、规模、产状、埋深、测点位置、装置类型和大小以及极化体相对围岩的电阻率不同时的反演效果.结果表明,只要初值选择合适,真谱参数的反演效果是良好的.     

页岩气储层岩心孔隙度测量影响因素分析

在页岩气储层柱塞状岩心孔隙度测量中发现一些特有的现象:用核磁共振法、液体饱和法和波义尔定律双室法三种方法得到的核磁孔隙度、盐水孔隙度和氦气孔隙度不能很好的对应,三者存在较大的差异,而在常规砂岩岩心中三者对应较好.利用不同分析方法研究了差异产生的原因,1)核磁孔隙度偏大的原因是页岩气储层岩心干样具有核磁信号,而干样核磁信号的来源是黏土矿物,主要为蒙脱石所含的大量层间水.2)、氦气孔隙度偏小的原因是页岩具有较强的吸附能力且大量发育纳米级微孔隙,导致其容易吸附空气中的氧气和氮气分子而堵塞,使测量气体未能完全充填页岩的微孔隙.3)洗油洗盐后的岩心具有亲水性,饱和液体法能使岩心完全饱和,充分反映岩心的孔隙空间.因此,在进行类似于页岩等黏土含量高、孔径较小的非常规油气储层岩心孔隙度测量时,应该以盐水孔隙度为准,重视黏土对核磁孔隙度、吸附对氦气孔隙度的影响,在此类非常规储层核磁测井时应充分考虑岩石本身的影响.     

Numerical simulation of (T 2, T 1) 2D NMR and fluid responses

One-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance (1D NMR) logging technology is limited for fluid typing, while two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance (2D NMR) logging can provide more parameters including longitudinal relaxation time (T ₁) and transverse relaxation time (T ₂) relative to fluid types in porous media. Based on the 2D NMR relaxation mechanism in a gradient magnetic field, echo train simulation and 2D NMR inversion are discussed in detail. For 2D NMR inversion, a hybrid inversion method is proposed based on the damping least squares method (LSQR) and an improved truncated singular value decomposition (TSVD) algorithm. A series of spin echoes are first simulated with multiple waiting times (T _W s) in a gradient magnetic field for given fluid models and these synthesized echo trains are inverted by the hybrid method. The inversion results are consistent with given models. Moreover, the numerical simulation of various fluid models such as the gas-water, light oil-water, and vicious oil-water models were carried out with different echo spacings (T _E s) and T _W s by this hybrid method. Finally, the influences of different signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) on inversion results in various fluid models are studied. The numerical simulations show that the hybrid method and optimized observation parameters are applicable to fluid typing of gas-water and oil-water models.     

（T2,D）二维核磁共振测井识别储层流体的方法

当地层孔隙中油气和水同时存在时,在核磁共振T₂分布上不同流体信号往往重叠,很难有效识别.本文采用改变回波间隔测量多组自旋回波串序列实现了（T₂,D）二维核磁共振方法,为有效识别储层流体提供了基础.通过数值模拟系统研究了（T₂,D）方法在不同储层、不同测量信噪比以及不同外加磁场梯度条件下识别流体的效果.结果表明：（T₂,D）方法识别中、低黏度油层具有优势,随着信噪比增加和外加磁场梯度加大,分辨油和水的效果将变好.在气层,对磁场梯度有一定要求,并且,测量数据的信噪比越高,分辨气与水的效果越好,当测量数据信噪比低于70时（T₂,D）方法在气层可能失效.在2MHz共振频率下,利用MARAN核磁共振岩芯分析仪器,对含顺磁性物质的饱和流体岩样进行了实验测量,验证了（T₂,D）方法的有效性.     

核磁共振双TW测井数据联合反演与流体识别

针对核磁共振测井双TW观测数据分析和流体识别的需要,研究了基于全局搜索的遗传算法和局部搜索的最小二乘法的联合反演算法,实现了核磁共振双TW观测数据处理.首先,研究了饱和油气水岩石物理模型的核磁共振双TW观测模式的测井响应机理;然后,利用全局搜索性能优良的遗传算法, 对核磁共振回波差数据进行了反演,计算出了流体的核磁弛豫性质及其体积;最后,以遗传算法的反演结果为初值, 利用阻尼最小二乘方法对双TW回波串进行更精细的反演,计算出了双TW的T₂分布、孔隙度和流体饱和度.理想模型的合成数据和实际测井资料应用表明,遗传算法与最小二乘方法相结合是一种行之有效的联合反演方法,能较好地实现核磁共振测井双TW观测数据的处理和流体评价.     

核磁共振测井探测岩石内部磁场梯度的方法

岩石内部磁场梯度对核磁共振测井横向弛豫T₂分布有较大的影响.本文提出了一种利用自旋回波脉冲序列探测岩石内部磁场梯度的二维核磁共振方法,发展了相应的反演方法,得到了含顺磁性物质的饱和水砂岩和泥质砂岩的内部磁场梯度分布规律.结果表明,随顺磁物质含量的增加,岩石内部磁场梯度增大.含顺磁物质的饱和水砂岩颗粒均匀,不含粘土矿物,内部磁场梯度呈单峰分布特征.含绿泥石粘土矿物的饱和水泥质砂岩,T₂分布呈双峰特征,束缚水峰明显,小孔短T₂对应的梯度值大于大孔长T₂对应的梯度值.当绿泥石含量小于15%时,随绿泥石含量的增加,对应束缚水峰的短T₂组分明显增多,T₂分布展宽;当绿泥石含量大于15%以后,较大的岩石内部磁场梯度使短弛豫信息衰减迅速,表现出随绿泥石含量的增加,短T₂组分减少,T₂分布变窄.     

核磁共振多回波串联合反演方法

提出一种核磁共振多回波串数据联合反演方法,分别对核磁共振孔隙度测量的两组回波串数据、变等待时间多回波串数据以及变回波间隔多回波串数据进行了处理.结果表明,这样处理得到的一维核磁共振T₂分布不但连续,而且能够揭示短横向弛豫组分的细微特征,提高了核磁共振孔隙度的精度.处理变等待时间或变回波间隔下的多回波串数据,可以得到孔隙流体的 (T₂, T₁)或(T₂, D) 二维核磁共振分布图.与一维核磁共振T₂分布相比,二维核磁共振提高了识别流体的效果.     

Permeability Prediction for Low Porosity Rocks by Mobile NMR

Estimating permeability from NMR well logs or mobile NMR core scanner data is an attractive method as the measurements can be performed directly in the formation or on fresh cores right after drilling. Furthermore, the method is fast and non-destructive. Compared to T ₁ relaxation times, commonly measured T ₂ distributions are influenced by external and internal magnetic field gradients. We performed two-dimensional T ₁ and T ₂ relaxation experiments on samples of Rhaetian sandstone, a rock with low porosity and small pore radii, using a mobile NMR core scanner which operates within a nearly homogeneous static magnetic field. Because small pore sizes are associated with high internal magnetic field gradients, standard methods from NMR logging in the oil industry cannot be applied for accurate permeability prediction. Therefore, a new model theory was developed, which describes the pore radius dependence of the surface relaxivity ρ ₂ by both an analytical and a more practical empirical equation. Using corrected ρ ₂ values, permeability can be predicted accurately from the logarithmic mean of the T ₂ distribution and the physically based Kozeny-Carman equation. Additional core plug measurements of structural parameters such as porosity, permeability, specific inner surface area and pore radius distributions supported the NMR results.     

Comparison of COSPEC and two miniature ultraviolet spectrometer systems for SO2 measurements using scattered sunlight

The correlation spectrometer (COSPEC), the principal tool for remote measurements of volcanic SO₂, is rapidly being replaced by low-cost, miniature, ultraviolet (UV) spectrometers. We compared two of these new systems with a COSPEC by measuring SO₂ column amounts at Kīlauea Volcano, Hawaii. The two systems, one calibrated using in-situ SO₂ cells, and the other using a calibrated laboratory reference spectrum, employ similar spectrometer hardware, but different foreoptics and spectral retrieval algorithms. Accuracy, signal-to-noise, retrieval parameters, and precision were investigated for the two configurations of new miniature spectrometer. Measurements included traverses beneath the plumes from the summit and east rift zone of Kīlauea, and testing with calibration cells of known SO₂ concentration. The results obtained from the different methods were consistent with each other, with <8% difference in estimated SO₂ column amounts up to 800 ppm m. A further comparison between the COSPEC and one of the miniature spectrometer configurations, the ‘FLYSPEC’, spans an eight month period and showed agreement of measured emission rates to within 10% for SO₂ column amounts up to 1,600 ppm m. The topic of measuring high SO₂ burdens accurately is addressed for the Kīlauea measurements. In comparing the foreoptics, retrieval methods, and resultant implications for data quality, we aim to consolidate the various experiences to date, and improve the application and development of miniature spectrometer systems.     

Self-diffusion studies of pore fluids in unconsolidated sediments by PFG NMR

The self-diffusion of water and hexadecane in medium and coarse sands from glacial sand deposits in central Germany were investigated by pulsed field gradient nuclear magnetic resonance (PFG NMR). Due to the restriction of the diffusion path at the pore/grain interface, the measured apparent self-diffusion coefficients (D(Δ)) in the pore space depend on the observation time (Δ) in the PFG NMR experiment. Although the bulk self-diffusion coefficients of water and hexadecane differ by about one order of magnitude, the apparent self-diffusion coefficients in the pore space obey the same characteristic time-behaviour, which depends only on geometrical properties of the pore system. Using the “short-time diffusion” model, surface-to-volume (S/V) ratios and inherent self-diffusion coefficients (D₀) of the pore fluids were extracted from these diffusion measurements. The S/V ratios obtained are independent of the pore fluid used and agree with known geometrical properties of the sand grains. Moreover, the D₀ values are consistent with the corresponding bulk self-diffusion coefficients measured separately. In contrast to these results of PFG NMR, simultaneous investigations of longitudinal (T₁) nuclear magnetic relaxation reveal that the relaxation time of the pore fluid is a less suitable parameter for a quantitative estimation of geometrical properties of the pore/grain interface in these unconsolidated sediments since it depends on chemical properties of the fluid/grain interface.     

NMR Measurements in Carbonate Rocks: Problems and an Approach to a Solution

Carbonate rocks are well known for their complex petrophysical behavior where, in contrast to siliciclastic rocks, different parameters, including porosity and permeability, usually are not directly related. This behavior is the result of thorough reorganization of porosity during diagenesis, and it turns prediction of reservoir quality of carbonate rocks into a challenge. The study presented here deals with the problem of utilizing NMR techniques in prediction of petrophysical properties in carbonates.We employ a visual porosity classification as a priori knowledge for better interpreting NMR data for prediction purposes. This allows for choice of suitable T₂ cutoff values to differentiate movable from bound fluids adapted for the specific carbonate rock, thus resulting in better interpretation of NMR data. The approach of using a genetic pore type classification for adapting the conventional method for T₂ cutoff determination, which originally was developed for siliciclastic rocks, is promising. Similarly, for permeability determination on the basis of NMR measurements, the classification of carbonate rocks based on porosity types also shows potential. The approach implemented here has the promise to provide a basis of standardized interpretation of NMR data from carbonate rocks.Acknowledgment We are grateful to Baker Hughes INTEQ, Celle, for permission to publish the results of this work. This study was part of I.S.s Masters Thesis at Hannover University that was carried out in collaboration with Baker Hughes INTEQ, Celle, Germany. We appreciate comments of an anonymous referee and PAGEOPH editor Brian J. Mitchell.     

(T2,D)二维核磁共振测井混合反演方法与参数影响分析

一维核磁共振(1D NMR)测井技术在流体识别中具有一定的局限性.二维核磁共振(2D NMR)测井能同时测量到多孔介质中横向弛豫时间(T₂)和扩散系数(D)等信息,利用这两个参数区分流体性质,较一维核磁共振测井技术具有明显的优越性.针对梯度场下的2D NMR测井弛豫机理和数学模型,提出了适用于求解大型稀疏矩阵方程的反演方法-基于非负最小二乘法(LSQR)和截断奇异值分解(TSVD)法的混合算法.为验证方法的有效性,先根据多回波观测模式合成回波串数据,然后再用混合反演算法进行反演,反演得到横向弛豫时间(T₂)和扩散系数(D),并构建T₂-D二维谱图.结果对比表明,该混合反演算法得到的T₂-D二维谱与流体模型一致性好,计算精度均比单一反演方法有较大改善,表明该混合反演方法可用于油气储集层2D NMR测井的反演和流体识别.此外,分别对油水同层和气水同层模型进行了正演模拟和反演实验, 系统考察了不同磁场梯度、不同回波间隔组合对反演效果的影响,为2D NMR参数设计提供依据.