官厅水库秋季悬浮颗粒物和CDOM吸收特性

利用2012年9月5日在官厅水库采集的水体吸收系数数据,对总悬浮颗粒物、浮游植物色素颗粒物、非色素颗粒物和有色可溶性有机物的吸收特性进行研究.结果表明:秋季官厅水库的颗粒物吸收以浮游植物色素吸收为主,总颗粒物吸收光谱与浮游藻类吸收光谱相似;非色素颗粒物和有色可溶性有机物的吸收系数随波长的增大接近指数规律衰减;a_d(440)、a_d(675)与C_Chl.a呈显著相关,表明官厅水库秋季的非色素颗粒物主要来源于浮游藻类降解产物,陆源性输入较少;a ph(440)、a ph(675)与C_Chl.a存在显著线性关系,但其比吸收系数较为恒定,与C_Chl.a基本无关;不同采样点的不同组分吸收系数对总吸收系数的贡献不同,大致有4种表现类型.在富营养程度较高的妫库区,浮游植物色素是水体光谱吸收的主导因子;在富营养程度较低的中库区,颗粒物与有色可溶性有机物共同主导水体光谱吸收.     

淮河流域周村水库夏季CDOM吸收光谱特征、空间分布及其来源分析

基于2015年8月采集的24个淮河流域以周村水源水库为代表的表层水样的有色溶解性有机物(CDOM)吸收系数数据,研究了CDOM吸收光谱的空间分布特征,考察了CDOM的吸收系数与水质参数的相关关系,同时探讨了周村水库夏季CDOM的潜在来源.结果显示:依据CDOM的吸收光谱空间分布特性及采样点分布特征,周村水库分为入库口、过渡区和主库区3个特征水域;CDOM的吸收系数沿入库口到主库区依次递减,S值呈现相反的趋势;分析发现S240~500与a(355)和a*(355)呈极显著负相关(R~2=0.98、0.88);CDOM吸收系数a(355)与溶解性有机碳(DOC)浓度具有良好的线性相关,有利于建立DOC遥感反演模型;同时,CDOM吸收系数a(355)与a_(ph)(440)存在极显著正线性相关,表明浮游植物的新陈代谢及其降解产物是夏季周村水库CDOM的潜在来源.综上,通过对夏季周村水库水体CDOM的研究,丰富了关于水源水体CDOM的调查资料,可为日后水库的管理提供技术支撑.     

Phytoplankton absorption spectra along the water column in deep North Patagonian Andean lakes (Argentina)

During a summer period we studied the vertical variation of in vivo and chlorophyll a specific phytoplankton absorption spectra in relation to the underwater light climate of ten deep North Patagonian Andean lakes of Argentina. The lakes were thermally stratified, and the underwater light climate was characterized by extended euphotic zones which included highly illuminated epilimnetic layers (both UVR and PAR) and metalimnia exposed to dim blue-green light. Most of the lakes presented the development of Deep Chlorophyll Maxima (DCM) at the metalimnetic layers, near 1% of surface PAR irradiance. Analyzing the fourth-derivative plots of in vivo phytoplankton absorption spectra [d^IVa_ph(λ)], we were able to identify several maxima absorption values attributed to different pigments. Considering lakes with DCM, a significant positive linear relationship was found between d^IVa_ph (495–500 nm) normalized by chlorophyll a and downward irradiance. Indeed, a negative significant relationship was found between d^IVa_ph (495–500 nm) normalized by chlorophyll a and diffuse PAR attenuation coefficients. These results point out an increase in the relative concentration of different carotenoids at surface layers indicating the role of photoprotection of these pigments. On the other hand, significant negative linear relationships were found between fourth-derivative spectra normalized by chlorophyll a at 650, 590–595, 560–565 and 520–525 nm and downward irradiance. These results indicated an increase in the relative concentration of photosynthetic accessory pigments at deep layers of the euphotic zone. Furthermore, we found a decrease in depth of specific absorption spectra at 440, 670 nm and in the ratio a_ph* (440 nm) to a_ph* (670 nm). This pattern was associated with the package effect concept. The increase in relative photosynthetic accessory pigment concentrations and the decrease in values of specific absorption spectra at the bottom of the euphotic zone were attributed to changes in phytoplankton communities between surface and deep layers. These outcomes pointed out that the underwater light climate and temperature water structure are, like in marine systems, very important factors governing the distribution of phytoplanktonic organisms. In addition, the possession of specific photosynthetic accessory pigments suggests that dominant species in the DCM are well adapted to these dim blue-green light scenarios.     

Attenuation of UVR and PAR in a clear and deep lake: Spatial distribution and affecting factors

Light attenuation is considered as a sentinel for environmental change in lakes and has a profound influence on aquatic ecosystems. However, the spatial distribution of ultraviolet radiation (UVR) and photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) attenuation, and the underlying mechanisms are still not fully understood. We carried out a field investigation with 60 sampling sites covering the entire Lake Qiandaohu from November 29 to December 1, 2013, during the weak stratification period to elucidate the spatial pattern and driving mechanisms. The diffuse attenuation coefficient of UVB (K_d(313)), UVA (K_d(340)) and PAR (K_d(PAR)) varied from 1.48 to 4.63 m⁻¹, 1.09 to 3.43 m⁻¹, and 0.26 to 0.94 m⁻¹, respectively. The corresponding ranges for the 1% attenuation depths were from 0.10 to 3.11 m, 1.34–4.21 m and 4.87–17.58 m, respectively. Total suspended matter (TSM) concentration was highly significantly correlated with K_d(313), K_d(340) and K_d(PAR) indicating that TSM was the main driver of UVR and PAR attenuation in Lake Qiandaohu in the late autumn and early winter. TSM concentration, K_d(313), K_d(340) and K_d(PAR) had obvious horizontal spatial heterogeneity presenting a decreasing trend from the estuary area to the center area in the lake. These results suggested that the spatial distribution of TSM from the inflow drived the spatial distribution of UVR and PAR attenuation. Significantly positive correlations were also observed between the chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) absorption coefficient and K_d(313). TSM and CDOM absorption spectra showed that in the UVR waveband (350–400 nm), the mean relative contribution rates of CDOM (a_g(λ)), non-algal particles (a_nap(λ)), phytoplankton (a_ph(λ)) and pure water (a_w(λ)) to the total absorption were 67.5 %, 24.0 %, 5.0 % and 3.5 %, respectively. In the PAR waveband, the mean relative contribution rates of a_g(λ), a_nap(λ), a_ph(λ) and a_w(λ) to the total absorption were 25.4 %, 18.6 %, 9.4 % and 46.6 %, respectively. Our findings could provide support for ecological environment protection in Lake Qiandaohu considering the importance of UVR and PAR attenuation in aquatic ecosystems.     

A Preliminary Study of Chromophoric Dissolved Organic Matter (CDOM) in Lake Taihu,a Shallow Subtropical Lake in China

The optical properties and spatial distribution of chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) in Meiliang Bay of Lake Taihu were evaluated and compared to the results in literature. Concentrations of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) ranged from 8.75 to 20.19 mg L^?1 with an average of (13.10 ± 3.51) mg L^?1. CDOM absorption coefficients a(λ) at 280 nm, 355 nm, and 440 nm were in the range 11.28...33.46 m^?1 (average (20.95 ± 5.52) m^?1), 2.42...7.90 m^?1 (average (4.92 ± 1.29) m^?1), and 0.65...2.44 m^?1 (average (1.46 ± 0.44) m^?1), respectively. In general, CDOM absorption coefficient and DOC concentration were found to decrease away from the river inflow to Meiliang Bay towards the lake center. The values of the DOC‐specific absorption coefficients a*(λ), given as absorption coefficient related to mass concentration of organic carbon (C) ranged from 0.28 to 0.47 L mg^?1 m^?1 at 355 nm. The determination coefficients between CDOM absorption and DOC concentration decreased with the increase of wavelength from 280 to 550 nm. The linear regression relationship between CDOM absorption at 280 nm and DOC concentration was following: a(280 nm) = 1.507 L mg^?1 m^?1 · DOC + 1.215 m^?1. The spectral slope S values were dependent on the wavelength range used in the regression. The estimated S values decreased with increasing wavelength range used. A significant negative linear relationship was found between CDOM absorption coefficients, DOC‐specific absorption coefficients and estimated S values especially in longer wavelength range. The linear regression relationship between DOC‐specific absorption coefficients at 440 nm and estimated S values during the wavelength range from 280 to 500 nm was following: a*(440 nm) = (–0.021 μm · S + 0.424) L mg^?1 m^?1.     

Variations in light absorption properties during a phytoplankton bloom in the Pearl River estuary

From 15 to 28 August in 2007, a Chaetoceros socialis bloom was detected in the Pearl River Estuary water with chlorophyll a concentration (Chl a) up to 30 mg m⁻³ and cell density up to 10⁶ cells L⁻¹. Time series of bio-optical measurements was obtained at a single site (114.29°E, 22.06°N) with the mooring of marine optical buoy. Light absorption properties of seawater experienced large variability throughout the algal bloom. Absorption by colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM) was one of the dominant optical components of the light absorption (30–70%) especially for pre- and post-bloom waters, and it tended to decrease with Chl a during the algal bloom. Absorption by phytoplankton was another dominant optical component (18–50%) and increased rapidly with Chl a. Phytoplankton and accompanying material played dominant roles in light absorption as indicated by the relationship between absorption coefficient and Chl a. At high pigment concentrations, water samples showed significantly lower specific phytoplankton absorption, compared with pre- and post-bloom conditions, with the specific phytoplankton concentration at 443 nm varied between 0.011 and 0.022 m² mg⁻¹ and that at 676 nm between 0.007 and 0.018 m² mg⁻¹; small values of blue-to-red ratio of phytoplankton were also observed. These lower values were associated with variations in phytoplankton size structure. Spectral variability of phytoplankton absorption and total absorption (not including the fixed background absorption by pure water itself) could be expressed as simple linear functions linking absorption at one wavelength to the absorption at the other wavelengths, with the slope of the relationship changing with wavelength. The absorption coefficients by non-algal particles and CDOM follow the general exponential functions with remarkably limited variability in the exponent with means of 0.0105 and 0.0166 nm⁻¹, respectively. These spectral dependencies of absorption coefficients provide useful information for retrieving inherent optical properties from reflectance data in a remote-sensing context.     

兴凯湖春季水体悬浮颗粒物和CDOM吸收特性

为了分析兴凯湖水体光学活性物质的吸收特性、来源和空间分布以及对400~700 nm范围内总吸收的贡献,于2013年5月对该水体进行野外实验,对水体中浮游藻类、非藻类颗粒物和有色可溶性有机物的吸收特性和水质参数进行测定.结果表明:总悬浮颗粒物的吸收光谱与非藻类颗粒物相似,色素颗粒物含量较少且单一,非藻类颗粒物在总悬浮颗粒物吸收中占主导地位,其贡献率始终在50%以上.CDOM吸收曲线的拟合函数斜率值Sg均高于其它水体.440 nm处总悬浮颗粒物和非藻类颗粒物的吸收系数ap(440)、ad(440)与总悬浮颗粒物、无机悬浮颗粒物和有机悬浮颗粒物浓度相关性均较好,与叶绿素a(Chl.a)浓度的相关性较差.兴凯湖与其它Ⅱ类水体的差异性表现在440 nm处CDOM吸收系数ag(440)与Chl.a浓度、溶解性有机碳(DOC)浓度均无显著相关性,说明DOC以无色部分为主.总体上,大兴凯湖各吸收系数和水质参数均值均低于小兴凯湖,后者水质受农耕区退水及周围渔业、旅游业的影响较大.     

太湖冬季有色可溶性有机物吸收荧光特性及遥感算法

基于2006年和2007年1月两次太湖采样,对50个点位的有色可溶性有机物(CDOM)光谱吸收、荧光、溶解性有机碳(DOE)浓度及遥感反射率进行测定与分析,探讨冬季太湖CDOM的吸收荧光特性及空间分布,建立CDOM吸收系数的遥感反演算法.结果表明,太湖冬季CDOM在355nm处吸收系数a(355)变化范围和均值分别为1...     

长江中下游大型湖泊水体固有光学特性:Ⅰ.吸收

吸收系数是水体固有光学特性的重要组成部分,也是构建水色参数高精度遥感模型的基础,具有重要的研究意义.本文针对长江中下游三大淡水湖——鄱阳湖(2010 10、2011 08)、太湖(2008 10、2011 08)和巢湖(2009 10)进行5次野外实验,以International Ocean Colour Coordinating Group(IOCCG)2000年报告"Remote Sensing of Ocean Colour in Coastal,and Other Optically-Complex,Waters"为基础,对水体不同光学主导类型进行分类;并根据a_d(非色素颗粒物吸收)、a_ph(浮游植物色素吸收)、a_g(有色可溶性有机物吸收)等不同主导类型光谱曲线特征差异,引入a_d-g(主导类型a_d、a_g、a_d-a_g的合并类型)和a_ph-related(主导类型a_d-a_ph、a_d-a_ph-a_g的合并类型)类型,对主导类型进行归纳合并.结果显示:秋季,鄱阳湖、太湖、巢湖的主导类型较为单一,分别为a_d、a_d-a_g、a_d-a_ph-a_g;夏季,鄱阳湖和太湖同为两种类型共同主导,分别为a_d、a_d-a_g,a_d-a_ph-a_g、a_d-a_ph.总体来说,鄱阳湖夏、秋季和太湖秋季主导类型都属于a_d-g类型,而太湖夏季和巢湖秋季则属于a_ph-related类型.另外,分别针对Gons和Gitelson叶绿素a模型假设条件进行验证,发现不同湖泊水体及不同主导类型下其适用性程度不一致.     

抚仙湖秋、冬季光衰减特征及其与有色可溶性有机物的关系

为了研究抚仙湖紫外辐射(UVR)和光合有效辐射(PAR)衰减的时空特征及其与有色可溶性有机物(CDOM)、悬浮物(SS)、浮游植物(叶绿素a表征)等因子的关系,于2014年10月(秋季)、2015年1月(冬季)开展现场调查,结果显示:秋季不同波长(段)的漫射衰减系数Kd(305)、Kd(340)和Kd(PAR)分别为1.27±0.12、0.68±0.11和0.32±0.13 m-1,冬季分别为1.13±0.10、0.63±0.07和0.36±0.07 m-1;秋季CDOM的不同波长吸收系数ag(254)、ag(305)和ag(340)分别为4.09±0.26、1.18±0.09和0.57±0.05 m-1,冬季分别为2.95±0.24、0.61±0.11和0.11±0.07 m-1,秋季ag(254)、ag(305)和ag(340)显著高于冬季;秋季Kd(305)显著大于冬季,这与秋季(雨季)较高的CDOM丰度、浮游植物生物量(及SS浓度)有关.秋季ag(305)/Kd(305)、ag(340)/Kd(340)均显著高于冬季;秋季及秋冬季整体而言,ag(254)与Kd(305)、Kd(340)呈显著正相关,各多元逐步回归方程中均包含ag(254),说明CDOM吸收对UVR的衰减有重要贡献.空间差异方面,秋季北部的ag(254)、Kd(305)和Kd(340)显著高于南部,冬季南北部无明显差异,或与雨旱季北岸河流输入的CDOM和SS的情况有关.此外,浮游植物对UV-B衰减的影响和SS(与CDOM的交互作用)对UV-A衰减的影响更在于季节变化方面,而影响UVR、PAR衰减的各因子的相对贡献有待进一步量化.     

Some effects of sewage discharge upon phytoplankton in Hong Kong

The coastal waters of Hong Kong constitute a transition from estuarine conditions in the west to more oceanic conditions in the east, with a major discharge of untreated sewage located at the mid-point. Chlorophyll a was determined and net phytoplankton was sampled at 45 stations throughout this transition. Over a period of 20 months, chlorophyll a values rarely exceeded 2 μg l.^?1 in unpolluted coastal waters. Estuarine waters generally contained 2–6 μg l.^?1 and, in waters influenced by sewage discharge, values sometimes exceeded 20 μg l.^?1. There was no evidence of a reduction in taxonomic diversity in polluted areas except in summer, when the net phytoplankton was dominated by Chaetoceros spp. In the autumn and early winter, Skeletonema costatum was abundant in the central polluted areas.     

太湖沿岸水体CDOM吸收光谱特性

有色可溶性有机物(CDOM)吸收光谱特性研究对于水色定量遥感反演具有重要作用.通过2007年6月10日至6月18日太湖沿岸68个CDOM吸收光谱曲线和水质参数实测数据,分析了CDOM吸收光谱曲线特征以及ag(440)、Sg值及其相关关系等,结果表明:太湖沿岸水体CDOM吸收光谱曲线表现为两种类型,贡湖湾CDOM吸收系数明显高于太湖其他沿岸水域,ag(440)最高值即出现在贡湖湾;同时,梅梁湾、贡湖湾、镇湖湾、光富湾等ag(440)高于沿岸水体平均值,而南部3个湖湾皆低于平均值.另外,贡湖湾Sg值较小,且与ag(440)呈现出较好的关系;而沿岸其它水体Sg值与ag(440)虽然呈现负相关,但关系不明显.这对于了解太湖水体CDOM特件以及定量反演有一定的意义和作用.     

基于CDOM吸收特性的东北地区水库DOC浓度遥感估算

有色溶解性有机物(CDOM)广泛存在于水体中,占溶解有机碳(DOC)10%～90%,其浓度影响水环境碳循环过程、污染物质迁移以及水生生物群落的结构和功能。为分析东北地区水库DOC碳循环情况,本文于2015—2020年对第二松花江流域典型水库白山水库和丰满水库进行5次现场观测和室内实验,在分析CDOM吸收特性的基础上,基于Landsat系列卫星利用波段比值法建立CDOM浓度反演模型(R²=0.82),根据实测值CDOM与DOC的强相关性(R²=0.78),进而估算水库DOC浓度。结果表明：(1)利用野外实测数据和Landsat系列卫星能够对东北内陆水库CDOM浓度进行良好反演,(2)2000—2020年白山水库和丰满水库年际CDOM和DOC浓度变化不大,在2010年之后表现出轻微上升趋势,CDOM浓度从支流和干流的汇入到主库区呈现逐渐减少趋势,(3)白山水库和丰满水库M值(CDOM在250和365 nm处吸收系数比值)和S_275～295(CDOM在275～295 nm波段处的吸收光谱的斜率)较小、SUVA_254<...     

Planktonic algae and epiphyton of the littoral in lake Peipsi, Estonia

The littoral plankton of Lake Peipsi (3555 km², mean depth 7.1 m) was studied in summer 1980 and 2000–2002, and the epiphyton was studied on two dominating macrophytes, Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud. and Potamogeton perfoliatus L., in 2000. The purpose of the study was to estimate to what extent the littoral phytoplankton and epiphytic algae (their biomass, chlorophyll a content and dominant species) can be used as a criterion for the trophic state of the lake. In wind-open areas, phytoplankton biomass in the littoral is commonly more than ten times higher than in open water due to the presence of the macroscopic cyanobacterium Gloeotrichia echinulata (J.S. Smith) P. Richter. This alga is abundant in the moderately eutrophic northern lake's part and rare in the strongly eutrophic southern part; hence also biomass in the southern part is considerably lower. In open water, phytoplankton biomass increases southward with increasing trophy. Algal biomass in the littoral depends on wind direction and can change completely in a few days. Epiphyton biomass and Chla content increased southward with increasing trophic state. They both revealed significant Spearman correlations (P < 0.05) with wind index and transparency (negative), and with abundance of the host plant, both reed and pondweed (positive). The phytoplankton biomass of the littoral of the large and shallow Lake Peipsi can not be used as a criterion of trophic state, however, the species composition of the dominants, particularly cyanobacteria, is well applicable for this purpose. The biomass and Chla content of the epiphyton can be used as a criterion for trophic state.     

青藏高原典型湖库光学吸收特性与光合有效辐射衰减系数初步研究

青藏高原地区分布的湖泊数量众多、面积较大、分布范围广泛.受制于恶劣的自然条件,对该地区湖泊的光学吸收特性以及光合有效辐射衰减系数(Kd(PAR))的研究鲜有成果.本文依据2014和2015年间采集的13个典型高海拔、湖泊面积较大的湖库的现场实测数据和实验室测定数据,分析了采样湖库各个采样点的Kd(PAR)特征以及有色可溶性有机物(CDOM)、藻类颗粒物吸收及非色素颗粒物吸收特性,计算并分析了Kd(PAR)与透明度以及光学活性物质的关系.研究结果表明:青藏高原地区各湖库平均各项颗粒物吸收系数均较低,总颗粒物吸收系数在400~700 nm波段内不超过0.14 m~(-1)、CDOM吸收系数在355 nm波长处最高,为1.23 m~(-1)、最低接近于0、藻类颗粒物吸收特性不明显;实验数据完整的巴木错、格仁错和班公错的主导吸收组分各异,其中巴木错为CDOM吸收主导,格仁错与班公错为非色素颗粒物吸收主导;青藏高原采样湖泊总体Kd(PAR)平均值较小,仅为0.26 m~(-1),样点最大值出现在可鲁克湖(1.17 m~(-1)),最小值出现在普莫雍错(0.10 m~(-1));在采样湖泊中Kd(PAR)与透明度呈显著相关;Kd(PAR)与CDOM的相关性最强,叶绿素a浓度次之,与总悬浮颗粒物浓度的相关性最不显著.     

Vertical distributions of chlorophyll in deep, warm monomictic lakes

The factors affecting vertical distributions of chlorophyll fluorescence were examined in four temperate, warm monomictic lakes. Each of the lakes (maximum depth >80 m) was sampled over 2 years at intervals from monthly to seasonal. Profiles were taken of chlorophyll fluorescence (as a proxy for algal biomass), temperature and irradiance, as well as integrated samples from the surface mixed layer for chlorophyll a (chl a) and nutrient concentrations in each lake. Depth profiles of chlorophyll fluorescence were also made along transects of the longest axis of each lake. Chlorophyll fluorescence maxima occurred at depths closely correlated with euphotic depth (r ² = 0.67, P < 0.01), which varied with nutrient status of the lakes. While seasonal thermal density stratification is a prerequisite for the existence of a deep chlorophyll maximum (DCM), our study provides evidence that the depth of light penetration largely dictates the DCM depth during stratification. Reduction in water clarity through eutrophication can cause a shift in phytoplankton distributions from a DCM in spring or summer to a surface chlorophyll maximum within the surface mixed layer when the depth of the euphotic zone (z _eu) is consistently shallower than the depth of the surface mixed layer (z _SML). Trophic status has a key role in determining vertical distributions of chlorophyll in the four lakes, but does not appear to disrupt the annual cycle of maximum chlorophyll in winter.     

Modeling the timing of spring phytoplankton bloom and biological production of the Gulf of St. Lawrence (Canada): Effects of colored dissolved organic matter and temperature

The effects of colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM) from freshwater runoff and seasonal cycle of temperature on the dynamic of phytoplankton and zooplankton biomass and production in the Gulf of St. Lawrence (GSL) are studied using a 3-D coupled physical-plankton ecosystem model. Three simulations are conducted: (1) the reference simulation based on Le Fouest et al. (2005), in which light attenuation by CDOM is not considered and maximum growth rate (_μmax${\mu }_{\max }$) of phytoplankton and zooplankton are not temperature-dependent (REF simulation); (2) light attenuation by CDOM is added to REF simulation (CDOM simulation); and (3) in addition to CDOM, the _μmax${\mu }_{\max }$ of phytoplankton and zooplankton are regulated by temperature (CDOM+TEMP simulation). CDOM simulation shows that CDOM substantially reduces phytoplankton biomass and production in the Lower St. Lawrence Estuary (LSLE), but slightly reduces overall primary production in the GSL. In the LSLE, the spring phytoplankton bloom is delayed from mid-March to mid-April, resulted from light attenuation by CDOM. The CDOM+TEMP simulation shows that the spring phytoplankton bloom in the LSLE is further delayed to July, which is more consistent with observations. Annual primary production is reduced by 33% in CDOM+TEMP simulation from REF and CDOM simulations. Zooplankton production is the same in all three simulations, and export of organic matter to depth is reduced in CDOM+TEMP simulation, suggesting that temperature controlled growth of phytoplankton and zooplankton enhances the coupling between primary production and zooplankton production under the seasonal temperature cycle of the GSL.